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HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Library of the

Museum of

Comparative Zoology

Printed in England by
Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA. Tel: 0277-224610.

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND

Edited by
P. A. SOKOLOFF, rres.

Vol. 102
1990

CONTENTS

100 Years ago, 95, 150, 203

1989 - A year for the Holly Blue, Celastrina
argiolus L. B.R. Baker, 40

A chance find D.Dey, 201

A note on the difference between Perizoma
affinitata Steph. and P. alchemillata L.
(Lep.: Geometridae) A. Spalding, 44

Abundance of Aporophyla nigra Haw. (Lep.:
Noctuidae) in Oxfordshire. D.F. Owen, 76

Abundance of Leptura livida F. (Col.:
Cerambycidae) in a S.E. London Locality.
A.A. Allen, 304

Aleochara binotata Kr., not A. verna Say
(Col.: Staphylinidae) a British insect. R. C.
Welch, 225

Another case of mistaken identity? A.G.
Duff, 296

Another spring Humming-bird Hawkmoth.
A. Kennard, 238

Apion ervi Kirby (Col.: Apionidae) feeding
on apple. R.C. Welch, 45

Apion urticarium Hbst. (Col.: Apionidae) in
a suburban garden A.A. Allen, 248

Aplota palpella Haw. (Lep.: Oecophoridae)
in Kent. J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, 4

Argyrotaenia ljungiana Thunb. (Lep.:
Tortricidae) in the London area C. Plant, 188

Around Greece in fourteen days-1988.
C.J.Luckens, 77

Atheta puncticollis Benik (Col.:
Staphylinidae) : a postscript. A.A.Alan, 46

Bledius germanicus Wagner (Col.:
Staphylinidae) new to Nottinghamshire.
S.Wright, 226

Brachypterolus linariae (Steph.) (Col.:
Nitidulidae) in Surrey. J.A. Owen, 16

British species of Ampedus Germ. (Col.:
Elateridae), notes on easily confused, with
corrections of some erroneous records.
A.A. Allen, 121

Burnished Brass moth, Diachrysia chrysitis
(Lep.: Noctuidae) a nettle specialist?
P Waring, 103

Caloptilia rufipennella Hbn. (Lep.:
Gracillariidae) in Hampshire R.Dickson 201

Carpelimus halophilus Kies. (Col.:
Staphylinidae) and other coleoptera from
North Somerset. P.F.Whitehead, 292

Celastrina year. D.G. Down, 120

Cercyon bifenestratus Kuster (Col.:
Hydrophilidae) new to Gloucestershire
(v.c.33) with notes on C. marinum
Thomson. P.F. Whitehead, 248

Cercyon tristis (Illiger) (Cole
Hydrophilidae) new to Cheshire P.F.
Whitehead, 198

Claviger testaceus Preys. (Col.: Pselaphidae)
in pitfall traps near Folkestone, Kent. R.C.
Welch, 23

Clytus Laich. and Anaglyptus Muls. (Col.:
Cerambycidae) in the British Isles. R.R.
Uhthoff-Kaufmann, 111

Collecting notes 1989. M.D.Bryan, 75

Convolvulus Hawk-moth in West Sussex.
J.K. Knott, 305

Cossonus linearis F. (Col.: Curculionidae) in
Surrey and West Kent. A.A. Allen, 300

Courtship and mating of butterflies. S.F.
Henning, 205

Crocidosema plebejana Zell. (Lep.:
Tortricidae) in Sussex J.T. Radford, 184

Current Literature, 46-47, 91-93, 148-149, 202-203

Cyclophora pendularia” Ga (eepe
Geometridae) near Sandbanks Dorset.
G.G. Eastwick-Field, 106

Cynaeda dentalis D. & S. (Lep.: Pyralidae)
in Lincolnshire C. Penney, 188

Dates of emergence of Abraxas
grossulariata L. (Lep.: Geometidae) in
South Cumbria. N.L. Birkett, 144

Death-feigning in Exochomus
quadripustulatus L. (Col.: Coccinellidae).
A.A. Allen, 23

Death-feigning in ladybirds (Col.) A.J.
Baldwin, 192

Defoliation of willow’ trees’ in
Northamptonshire by Willow Ermine
moth, Yponomeuta rorrella Hiibn. (Lep.:
Yponomeutidae) S. Chesser, 117

Delayed emergence in Chloroclystis v-ata
Haw. (V-pug) (Lep.: Geometridae). A.M.
Riley, 38

Dolerus megapterus Cameron, Pontania
tuberculata Benson and other rare
sawflies (Hym.: Symphyta) in
Warwickshire A. Wright, 287

Dotted Rustic (Rhyacia simulans Hufn.
Lep.: Noctuidae) in the west of Scotland.
E.G. Hancock, 285

Double-brooded Eupithecia tripunctaria
H.-S. (Lep.: Geometridae). M.F.V.
Corley, 88

Dwarfism in heterocera - physological
response to climatic change in mid-Wales
1989 P.M.Miles, 182

Dystebenna stephensi (Staint.) (Lep.:
Cosmopterigidae) in N.W. Kent.
D.O'Keeffe, 286

Earliest capture of Cis dentatus Mell. (Col.:
Cisidae); with diagnostic notes A.A.
Allen, 177

Early butterflies in 1990 R.R. Cook, 224

Early garden carpet. C. Penney, 128

Early Holly Blue P. Miles, 238

Early Meadow Brown, Maniola jurtina L.
M.G. Morris, 249

Early occurrence of Red Admiral Vanessa
atalanta L. in Cardiganshire in 1990.
P.M. Miles, 299

Early or late larva of Pieris brassicae (Lep.:
Pieridae) A. Archer-Lock, 251

Early record of Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep.:
Nymphaldae) C. Hart, 193

Early sightings of butterflies in the Isle of
Wight S.A Knill-Jones, 196

Early sightings of Red Admirals (Vanessa
atalanta) R.C. Dening 297

Early Spring migration S.A. Knill-Jones, 190

Ecological distinctness of Asaphidion
flavipes L. and A. Curtum Hey. (Col.:
Carabidae) P.F. Whitehead, 197

Ectropis consonaria Hbn. (the Square Spot),
ab. waiensis Richardson (Lep.::
Geometridae) in North Wales. J. Platts, 195

Editorial 3

Effects of the mild 1988-1989 winter on
beetless in, Worcestershine: . PF.
Whitehead, 169

Eilema pygmaeola pygmaeola Doubl. (Lep.:
Arctiidae) in Lincolnshire C. Penney, 172

Elachista eskoi Kyri & Karvonen (Lep.:
Elachistidae) - a further record M.J.
Sterling, 192

Entomological patter. E.H. Wild, 110

Epermenia_ insecurella_ Staint. (Lep.:
Epermediidae) in Wiltshire SM. Palmer, 290

ill

Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) (Lep.:
Tortricidae) in Leicestershire. J.
McPhail, 73

Epirrita filigrammeria H.-S. (Lep.:
Geometridae) in Worcestershire. P.
Garner, 193

Epirrita, the November moths (Lepidoptera:
Geometridae), in Bernwood Forest on the
Oxon./Bucks border. P. Waring, 7

Essex Emerald moth, Thetida smaragdaria
maritima Prout (Lep.: Geometridae) —
an update. P. Waring, 71

Ethmia jrerminella, Fletch (Lep::
Oecophoridae. Ethmiinae) in Essex. B.
Goodey, 69

Eucosmomorpha albersana Hibn. in v.c. 60
(West Lancaster). N.L. Birkett, 46

Eudonia mercurella L. (Lep.: Pyralidae)
and kidney vetch. R. Barnett, 301

Eudonia mercurella L. (Lep.: Pyralidae)
reared from kidney vetch. J. Robbins, 166

Euonymus japonicus — yet another
foodplant of the Holly Blue butterfly,
Celastrina argious L. in the London area
C.W. Plant, 244

Eupithecia abietaria Goeze., the Cloaked
Pug (Lep.: Geometridae) in N.W. Hants.
G.G. Eastwick-Field, 90

Eupithecia tripunctaria Herrich-Schaffer,
the awhite-spottedi pues (ee pe:
Geometridae), a review of the phenology.
A.M. Riley and G.M. Prior, 49

Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S. (Lep.:
Geometridae) — a partial second brood.
B.P. Henwood, 87

Evergestis extimalis Scop. (Lep.: Pyralidae)
in the Isle of Wight . S.A. Knill-Jones, 304

Evergestis limbata L. (Lep.: Pyralidae) new
to the British Isles T.D.N. Peet, 302

Further to the search for a safe pest-
repellent. A.A. Allen. 297

Garden Tiger moth, Arctia caja L. (Lep.:
Artciidae) - a clue to the ideal habitat for
the species? P. Waring, 173

Greenhouse effect? Occurrence of Cosmia
pyralina D. & S. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in
Yorkshire , S.L. Sutton, 90

Habitats of t he Madeiran Grayling, Hipp-
archia aristeus maderensis (Lep.:
Satyrinae) A.G. Smith & T.G. Shreeve, 275

Occurrence of three new pests of maize in
India L.M. Mathur , M.C. Joshi & M. Arif,
279

Haploglossa picipennis (Gyll.) (Col.:
Staphylinidae) in the nests of Red Kites
A.P. Fowles & J.A. Owen, 186

Hazards of butterfly collecting —
Ecuadorian Amazonia 1987. T. B. Larsen,
178

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Iraq 1972.
T.B. Larsen, 293

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Yemen,
Ibb, 1980. T.B. Larsen 141

Hazards of butterfly collecting —
Kakamega, Kenya, 1988. 7.B. Larsen, 246

Hazards of butterfly collecting in tropical
places. R.C. Dening, 250

Hazards of butterfly collecting, Tsavo—May
1988. T.B. Larsen, 39

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Ecuador,
1987. T.B. Larsen, 86

Hazel as an important larval foodplant of the
Barred Umber, Plagodis pulveraria L.
(Lep.: Geometridae). P. Waring, 127

Hellula undalis Fabr. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in
1989. B. Skinner. 146

Hemicoelus nitidus (Herbst) (Col.:
Anobiidae) at Windsor. J.A. Owen, 274

Hippotion celerio L. (Lep.: Sphingidae)
Silver-striped Hawk-moth in Dorset. B.
Skinner, 159

History, ecology and habits of Thecla
betulae L. (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in
Worcestershire. J.E. Green, 253

Holly Blue, Celastrinus argiolus L.
ovipositing on Pyracantha A.A. Allen, 146

Homoneura hospes Allen (Dipt.:
Lauxaniidae) : a postscript. A.A. Allen,
127

Hummingbird Hawkmoth in Kent. E.G.
Philp, 102

Hydraecia petasitis Doubl. (Lep.: Noctuidae)
the Butterbur in Angus. B. Skinner, 152

Immigrant Lepidoptera in mid-Kent,
September 1989. D. Chambers, 147

immigration of Lepidoptera to the British
Isles in 1989 R.F. Bretherton & J.M.
Chalmers-Hunt, 153, 215

Insects and swimming pools. P.F.
Whitehead, 295

Interesting behaviour of Vanessa atalanta L.
under drought conditions. #H.L.
O'Heffernan, 45

Introduction to Volume 1, 1

Is the population of Mythimna pallens L.
(Lep.: Noctuidae) sometimes reinforced
by immigration? AM. Emmet, 43

Larva of Chrysodeixis chalcites Esp. (Lep.:
Noctuidae), Golden Twin-spot in Essex.
P. Smytheman, 195

Larvae of the Brown Argus, Aricia agestis D.
&S. (Lep.: Lycaenidae) feeding on seeds
of Geranium molle B.P. Henwood, 45

Larvae of the Marsh moth, Athetis pallustris
Hb (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Lincolnshire C.
Penney, 189

Larval case and natural pabulum of
Coleophora therinella Teng. J.M.
Chalmers-Hunt, 189

Lasius brunneus Lat. (Hym.: Formicidae)
rediscovered in Monks Wood NNR. R.C.
Welch & J.N. Greatorex-Davies, 291

Late appearance of Pieris brassicae L. the
Large White butterfly. A.C.R. Redgrave, 90

Late records of summer moths, and an
appeal for information D.F. Owen, 43

Late summer movement of insects in south-
east London in 1958 J.F. Burton, 10

Lepidoptera in Vice-county 74 (Wigtown),
June 1989. E.F. Hancock, 107

Lepidoptera new to Buckingham Palace
Garden in 1989. J.D. Bradley, 118

Lepidoptera on Colonsay and Oronsay, Inner
Hebrides. M.R. Young, M.W. Harper & 1.
Christie, 281

Lepidoptera records for May 1990. M.C.
Townsend & A.M. Riley, 214

Lepidoptera records in Wales and Scotland.
M.W. Harper, 243

Leptacinus intermedius Donis (Col.:
Staphylinidae), a species little known in
Britain. A.A. Allen, 289

Leptocerus tineiformis Curtis: a caddisfly
new to Ireland from Pollardstown Fen,
Co. Kildare. J.P. O'Connor, J.P. Good &
K.G.M. Bond, 115

Lomographa species (Lep.: Geometridae)
and Eriogaster lanstris L. (Lep.:
Lasciocampidae) overwinter fully
developed in the pupa B.P. Henwood, 159

Lozotaeniodes formosanus Geyer (Lep.:
Tortricidae) in Somerset. B.E. Slade 147
Maruca testulalis Geyer (Lep.: Pyralidae) in
Kent. B.K. West, 44

Melanic form of Carabus clathratus L.
(Col.: Carabidae) A.A. Allen, 214

Melanic form of Paradarsia extersaria Hbn.
(Lep.: Geometridae) in N.W. Kent B.K.
West, 160

Melanism in Biston betularia L. (Lep.:
Geometridae) in Kent B.K. West, 175

Microlepidoptera - a review of the year
1988. D. Agassiz, 129

Migrant butterflies in 1989. A.J. Showler, 114

Migrant Lepidoptera from the Sussex coast
in October 1989. A.P. Foster, 142

Migrant moths in Devon. M.D. Bryan, 36

Mordellistena nanuloides Ermish (Col.:
Mordellidae) from the Isle of Grain, Kent.
J.A. Owen, 24

More abnormal courting behaviour in
butterflies? /.L. Brydon, 297

Morophaga choragella D. & S. (Lep.:
Tineidae) and Ditomyia fasciata Meigen
(Dipt.: Mycetophagidae) new to
Gloucestershire K.N. A.Alexander, 190

Mothmanship (how to be one-up amongst
lepidopterists). Part III: migrants F.H.
Wild, 171

Moths and bats: the diet of Lady Ursula Eak.
A. Spalding, 19

Nacia cilialis Hbn. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in
Hampshire P.M. Potts, 191

Nathriusy, Brethes and Molorchus F. (Col.:
Cerambycidae) in Great Britain. R.R.
Uhthoff-Kaufmann, 239

New exotic species of Corticariinae (Col.:
Latridiidae). C. Johnson, 11

New lepidoptera for Guernsey. A.M. Riley,
294

New microlepidoptera records from
Nottinghamshire (v.c. 56) A.S. Boot, 278

Non-feeding final instar of Lycophotia
porphyrea (D. & S.) (Lep.: Noctuidae).
A.M. Emmet, 128

Notes on Orthoptera from Jersey, Channel
Isles. J.F. Burton, 39

Notes on the species pair Cis festivus Panz.
and C. vestitus Mell (Col.: Cisidae) A.A.
Allen, 177

Notes on three species of Aleochara (s.g.
Coprochara Muls. & Rey) (Col.: Staphy-
linidae) including two new to Britain. J.A.
Owen, 227

Oak Eggar moth — Highflier or upwardly
mobile climber? G.M. Haggett, 74

Obituary: J.E. Green, 204

Obituary: R.E.M. Pilcher, 93

Obituary: S.N.A. Jacobs, 5

Occurrence of a Cacyneus species (Lep.:
Lycaenidae) in Majorca. E.M. Raynor, 250

Occurrence of the Callidini tribe (Col.:
Cerambycidae) in the British Isles R.R.
Uhthoff-Kaufmann, 161

Parascotia fuliginaria L. (Lep. :Noctuidae)
in Shropshire A.M. Riley, 199

Partial second generation or delayed
emergence in the White Spot (Hadena
albimacula) (Lep.: Noctuidae). M.M.
Parsons, 194

Perizoma_ blandiata Schiff. (Lep.:
Geometridae) in West Sussex. J.T.
Radford, 147

Philonthus*atratuss = (Grave (Cok:
Staphylinidae) new to both Worcestershire
(v.c. 37) and Gloucestershire (v.c. 33) P.
Whitehead, 242

Phyllonorycter leucographella (Zell.), (Lep.:
Gracillariidae). AM. Emmet, 143

Plusia putnami gracilis Lempke and Agrotis
ripae Hb. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Ireland. B.
Skinner, 147

Possible overwintering in Britain of
Autographa gamma L. (Lep.: Noctuidae)
the Silver Y. A.M. & D.K. Riley, 299

Possible second brood Orange-tip butterfly.
M. Easterbrook, 193

Presumed occurrence of late broods of
Lepidoptera in 1989. S.P. Clancy, 70

Protracted emergence of Eupithecia pusillata
D. & S. (Lep.: Geometridae), Juniper Pug.
B. Skinner, 213

Purple Hairstreak in swimming pools. H.
Mackworth-Praed, 152

Purple Hairstreaks attracted to a swimming
pool. M.J. Percival, 4

Pyracantha as a possible foodplant of Holly
Blue butterflies Ce/astrina argiolus L.
(Lep.: Lycaenidae) in the London area.
C.W. Plant, 41

Vi

Queen of Spain Fritillary (/ssoria lathonia L.)
(Lep.: Nymphalidae) on Madeira —
resident or migrant? 7.G. Shreeve & A.G.
Smith, 151

Quest for Anarta melanopa Thunb. (Lep.:
Noctuidae), the Broad-bordered Yellow
Underwing. E.C.L. Simson, 37

Reappearance of Triplax aenea Schaller (Col.:
erotylidae) in Surrey. D.A. Prance, 248

Recent records of Eupithecia abietaria Goeze
(Lep.: Geometridae). A.M. Riley, 238

Recent records of three Lepidoptera in Jersey.
R. Long, 84

Record of Gyrinus minutus (Col.: Gyrinidae)
from Cumbria. R.W_J. Read, 64

Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta L.) attracted
to a lighted window. J. Koryszko, 89

Return of Eilema sororcula Hufn. (Lep.:
Lithosiinae) to N.W. Kent. B.K. West, 251

Return of the White-letter Hairstreak. M.S.
Harvey, 74

Rheumaptera hastata hastata L. (Lep.:
Geometridae) — a welcome return to
Herefordshire. M.W. Harper, 89

Rheumaptera hastata L. (Lep.: Geometridae)
in Ireland. B.K. West , 17

Rothamsted farmland light trap network :
interesting Lepidoptera Records for May
1990. M.C. Townsend, A.M. Riley, 214

Rothamsted farmland light trap network J.P.
Woiwod, A.M. Riley & M.C. Townsend, 201

Safe and practical pest-repellent for insect
collections M.G. Morris, 298

Satyrid butterfly in a light trap. P. Roche, 114

Scaphisoma assimile Erichson (Col.:
Scaphidiidae) in Kent E.G. Philp, 116

Scopula imitaria Hubn. (Lep.: Geometridae)
—anote on voltinism. B.K. West, 109

Scydmaenus rufus Mull. & Kunze. (Col.:
Scymaenidae) apparently new to Kent.
AA. Allen, 88

Second brood of the Broad-bordered Bee-
hawk in 1989. H.L. O'Heffernan, 196

Second brood of the Dotted Footman, Pelosia
muscerda Hufn. (Lep.: Arctiidae) in 1989.
S.M. Jackson, 69

Second brood records of Lacanobia
thalassina Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae), the
Pale-shouldered Brocade, from Rothamsted
Insect Survey light traps A.M. Riley, 248

Semiothisa brunneata Thunb. (Lep.::
Geometridae) Rannoch Looper, a note on
life history. B. Skinner, 116

Small Tortoiseshell "courting" a Peacock
butterfly. A.A. Allen, 198

Small Tortoiseshell courting a Peacock
butterfly? S.A. Knill-Jones, 266

Small Wainscot, Photedes pygmina Haw.
(Lep.: Noctuidae) in what stage does it
overwinter? B.P. Henwood, 91

Somatic mosaic of Cosmia trapezina L.
(Lep.: Noctuidae), the Dun Bar. A.M.
Riley, 252

Some interesting second and third brood
records of Lepidoptera seen in Yorkshire
in 1989. §.M. Jackson, 105

Some notable migrants taken in the
Dungeness area, Kent, during 1989. S.P.
Clancy, 69

Some observations of the foraging
behaviour of Formica fusca L., and
successful defence against Formica
sanguinea Lat. N. Blacker, 97

Some recent records of localised
synanthropic Coleoptera P.F. Whitehead,
303

Status in Bernwood Forest of moth species
which are recognised as nationally
uncommon. P. Waring, 233

Status of Yponomeuta evonymella L. and Y.
rorrella Hiibn. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in
southern England. A.M. Emmet, 65

Stigmella samiatella (Zell.) (Lep.:
Nepticulidae) - a new record for
Wiltshire E.G. Smith, 196

Striped Hawkmoth in
F.N.H.Smith, 192

Sub-family Asemina (Col.: Cerambycidae) in
the British Isles. R.R. Uhthoff-Kaufmann, 55

The 5-spot ladybird in Warwickshire.
M.E.N. Majerus, 64

The Cloaked Pug, from Rothamsted Insect
Survey light traps. A.M. Riley, 238

Third British capture of Temnostethus
tibialis Reut. (Hem.: Anthocoridae). A.A.
Allen, 21

Tortricidae (Lep.) at Charlton, S.E. London.
A.A. Allen, 9

Towards a safe and practical pest-repellent
for insect collection. A.A. Allen, 184

Cornwall

Trinodes hirtus F. (Col.: Dermestidae)
rediscovered in Suffolk. D. Nash, 186

Trinophylum Bates, Gracillia Serv., Aromia
Serv. and Aylotrupes Serv. (Col.:
Cerambycidae) in the British Isles. R.
Uhthoff-Kaufmann., 267

Two birds with one stone. B.Skinner, 184

Two further Kentish specimens of Pelosia
muscerda Hufn. (Lep.: Arctiidae), the
Dotted Footman. J. Clarke, 302

Two interesting Carabid captures (Col.) in
S.E. London. A.A. Allen, 305

Two interesting Oestridae (Dipt.) from the
Scottish Highlands. A.A. Allen, 201

Two old records of Lepidoptera in Jersey. R.
Long, 35

Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lep.: Arctiidae) the
Cinnabar moth larvae on colt's-foot. A.S.
Boot, 305

Unusual abundance of the Holly Blue,
Celastrina argiolus L. (Lep.: Lycaenidae)
in 1989 in parts of Sussex. R.C. Dening, 74

Unusual flight times of Eupithecia
tripunctaria H-S., Operophtera brumata
L. and Colostygia multistrigaria L. (Lep.:
Geometridae) in Rothamstead Insect
Survey light traps. A.M. Riley, 303

Unusual foodplant for the plume moth
Oidaematophorus lithodactyla Treit. (Lep.:
Pterophoridae) B. & J. D. Wallace, 195

Vil

Unusual pupation site for Cerula vinula
(Lep.: Notodontidae) the Puss Moth. A.M.
Riley, 296

Unusual second brood emergences in
Cornwall, 1989. A. Spalding, 84

Valesina morph of the butterfly Arginnis
paphia (L.) in Corsica, 1988. C.F.A.
Brunton, J.D. Baxter, J.A.S. Quartson,
A.L. Panchen, 31

Variation in Adalia bipunctata L. (Col.:
Coccinellidae). A. Baldwin, 166

Wallace's line? W.J. Tennent, 199

Wasp and a praying mantis. C. Gibson, 86

Watsonian vice-county system. M.G. Morris, 25

West Country revisited. B.R. Baker, 167

What has happened to the Apocheimas? B.
Goodey, 193

White Gatekeeper, Pyronis tithonus v. albida
Russ. (Lep.: Satyrinae) in Suffolk. G.G.
Baldwin, 300

Wing function in the brachypterous female
of Diurnea fagella D. & S. (Lep::
Oecophoridae). M.W. Harper, 44

Winter record of Hummingbird Hawkmoth
in Kent. P. Heathcote, 185

Xylena exsoleta L., the Sword-grass in v.c.22
Berkshire. B.R. Baker, 20.

CONTRIBUTORS

Abdulla, E., 47

Agassiz, D., 129

Alexander, K.N.A., 190

Allen, A.A., 9, 21, 23, 46, 88, 121, 127, 146, 177,
184, 198, 201, 214, 248, 289, 297, 300, 304

Archer-Lock, A., 251

Anif, J.C., 279

Baker, B.R., 20, 41, 167

Baldwin, A., 166, 192

Baldwin, G.G., 300

Barnett, R., 301

Baxter, J.D., 31

Birkett, N.A., 46, 144

Blacker, N., 97

Bond, K.G.M., 115

Boot, A.S., 278, 305

Bradley, J.D., 118

Bretherton, R.F., 215

Brunton, C.F.A., 31
Bryna, M.D., 36, 75
Brydon, I.L., 297

Burton, J.F., 10, 39
Campbell, J.L., 308
Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., 4, 153, 189, 215
Chambers D., 147
Chesser, S., 117

Christie, I., 281

Clancey, S.P., 69, 70
Clarke, J., 302

Cook, R.R., 224

Corley, M.F.V., 88
Dening, R.C., 74, 250, 297
Dey, D., 201

Dickson, R., 201

Down, D., 120

Duff, A.G., 296

Vili

Easterbrook, M., 193
Eastwick-Fields, G.G., 90, 106
Emmet, A.M., 44, 65, 128, 143
Foster, A.P., 142

Fowles, A.P., 186

Garner, P., 193

Gibson, C., 86

Good, J.P., 115

Goodey, B., 69, 193
Greatorex-Davies, J.N., 291
Green, J.E., 253

Haggett, G.M., 74

Hancock, E.F., 107

Hancock, E.G., 285

Harper, M.W., 44, 89, 243, 281
Hart, C., 193

Harvey, M.S., 74

Heathcote, P., 185

Hendy, J., 47

Henning, S.F., 205

Henwood, B.P., 45, 87, 91, 159
Jackson, S.M., 69, 105
Johnson, C., 11

Joshi, M.C., 279

Kaufmann, R.R. Uhthoff-, 55, 111, 161, 239, 267
Kennard, A., 238

Knill-Jones, S.A., 190, 196, 266, 304
Knott, J.K., 305

Koryszko, J., 89

Larsen, T.B., 39, 86, 141, 178, 246, 293
Long, R., 35, 84

Luckens, C.J., 77
Mackworth-Praed, H., 152
Majerus, M.E.N., 64

Mathur, L.M., 279

McPhail, J., 73

Miles, P.M., 182, 238, 299
Morris, M.G., 25, 249, 298
Nash, D., 186

O'Connor, J.P., 115
O'Heffernan, H.L., 45, 196
O'Keeffe, D., 286

Owen, D.F., 43, 76

Owen, J.A., 16, 24, 145, 186, 227, 274
Palmer, S.M., 290

Panchen, A.L., 31

Parsons, M., 194

Peet, T.D.N., 302

Penney, C.C., 128, 172, 188, 189, 203

Perceval, M.J., 4

Philp, E.G., 102, 116

Plant, C.W., 41, 244

Platts, J., 195

Potts, P.M., 191

Prance, D.A., 248

Prior, G.M., 49

Quartson, J.A.S., 31

Radford, J.T., 147, 184

Raynor, E.M., 250

Read, R.W.J., 64

Redgrave, A.C.R., 90

Riley, A.M., 39, 94, 198, 201, 214, 238, 248, 252,
294, 296, 303,

Robbins, J., 166

Roche, P., 114

Showler, A.J., 114

Shreeve, T.G., 151, 275

Simson, E.C.L., 37

Skinner, B., 116, 146, 147, 152, 159, 184, 213

Slade, B.E., 147

Smith, A.G., 151, 275

Smith, E.G., 196

Smith, F.N.H., 192

Smytheman, P., 195

Sokoloff, P.A., 3, 5, 92, 148, 149, 306, 307, 202

Spalding, A., 19, 44, 84

Sutton, S.L., 90

Sterling, M.J., 192

Tennent, W.J., 199

Townsend, A.M., 201

Townsend, M.C., 214

Wallace, I.D., 195

Waring, P., 7, 71 103, 127, 173, 233

Welch, R.C., 23, 45, 225, 291

West, B.K., 17, 44, 109, 160, 175, 251

Whitehead, P., 169, 197, 198, 242, 248, 292, 295,
303

Wild, E.H., 110, 171

Woiwood, I.P., 201

Wright, A., 287

Wright, S., 226

Young, M.R., 281

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My Dear SIR (OR MADAw),

In view of the greatly increasing Scientific
Study of Entomology in the British Isles, it has long been
apparent that the current literature is altogether inadequate
to the wants of British Entomologists.

The two London Journals devoted to the Science are
doing good work in the more strictly scientific and descriptive
branches of the subject, particularly in that part relating to
Foreign Entomology and to the lesser known British orders.

In order to supply a Magazine devoted entirely to the
wants of British Entomologists, restricted to their own fauna,
and such parts of Foreign Entomology as aid them in the
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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND
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has been started, and is now herewith commended to your
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The subject matter will, as far as possible, be arranged
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2

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Editorial

ALTHOUGH the Royal Telegram is not officially expected until April,
1990 marks the 100th anniversary of the foundation of the Record by J.W.
Tutt. With Volume 1, number 1, Tutt included a two-page introduction,
which is reproduced in facsimile at the front of this issue. The pagination of
this introduction duplicated that of the text and thus in many bound copies
of the Record these two pages are either missing, or replaced by a “preface
to volume 1”’ which was actually published in 1891.

For this year we are changing the design of the front cover to match that
of Volume 1. The motif, which was specially drawn for the Record by F.W.
Frohawk, is an elegant composition of flowering honeysuckle attended by
an humble bee, with larva and pupa (and even an eaten leaf) of the White
Admiral butterfly. Regular readers will be familiar with the design, which
has appeared on the title page for the last 100 years — but it also graced the
front cover from April 1890 until December 1918.

The delicacy of Frohawk’s illustration has often been obscured by
indifferent printing; in 1954 the bee lost a number of abdominal hairs and
in 1957 a sizeable chunk of the right forewing disappeared! Both hairs and
forewing were lovingly reinstated in 1987. The only omissions from today’s
front cover are the address of the original printer and the enigmatic phrase
‘‘price sixpence’’. Readers with copies of the first volumes will be relieved
that we have chosen not to copy the original colour of the cover — an
indifferent shade of grey.

In this issue we reproduce a selection of advertisements that appeared in
Vol. 1 no.1 — readers are asked to note that the prices quoted in the
Watkins and Doncaster advertisement are no longer current.

During 1990 we will publish the inevitable selection of ‘100 years ago”’
items, and a few fragments of the history of the Record. Readers may rest
assured that the bulk of the journal will still be devoted to matters of
current entomological interest.

PAUL SOKOLOFF

4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

Purple Hairstreaks attracted to a swimming pool

Purple Hairstreaks (Quercusia quercus Linn.) are rare visitors to our
garden. In the last 20 years I have seen only three. 1989 has however been
exceptional, during the first days of August I had seen three. Then on the
evening of 5th August I found two in the swimming pool, one dead and
one still alive. I found another in the pool on the morning of 6th. The pool
was then in use for the rest of the day and no more were seen. However I
found another in the pool at 10.00 am on the morning of the 7th and two
more at lunch time. I kept a periodic eye on the pool on the 8th and found
another in it at 12.45. During this period the weather was warm and sunny.
It then turned more windy and cloudy and no more were seen.

Those that I rescued alive were all placed some distance from the pool to

dry out. Although I cannot be sure, I think the seven removed from the
pool over this four day period were all different specimens, they were of
both sexes and all past their prime. I never actually saw one entering the
water, but from their position in the pool, they had all clearly alighted on
the water surface, not fallen in from the edge. Although there are oak trees
in the area, there are none near the pool.
We have had this pool for many years and although we find the odd small
moth in it from time to time, only once before have I found a butterfly.
Some years ago I found a very worn Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina
Linn.). I suspect this simply fell in in extreme old age. We have lots of other
butterflies, browns, whites and vanessids in the garden and this year
particularly large numbers of Holly Blues (Celastrina argiolus Linn.). None
of these are attracted to the pool.

There are two ponds in the garden but the Purple Hairstreaks do not
seem to be attracted to them. I can only assume it is the pale blue colour of
the swimming pool that attracts them. While I do not know of other
reports of this suicidal behaviour, there have been a number of records of
Purple Hairstreaks being attracted to light traps at night. Perhaps this fatal
attraction for our swimming pool is part of the same phenomenon. — M.J.
PERCIVAL, Holmesdale Cottage, Mid-Holmwood, Dorking, Surrey RH5
4HF.

Aplota palpella Haworth (Lep.: Oecophoridae) in Kent

Three specimens of this local moth were taken by myself and Mr Dennis
O’ Keeffe, in an m.v. trap in the National Trust woods adjoining Scotney
Castle, Kent. The first two appeared on the night of the 2nd August 1989,
and the third moth on that of the 8th August 1989. On both occasions the
temperature at midnight was around the 17°C mark, and moths were
attracted in considerable numbers. So far as I am aware, this is the first
record of occurrence of A. palpella in Kent. — J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT, 1
Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG.

OBITUARY 5

wor

Pete
sonal Gee Se

STANLEY JACOBS, 1896 - 1989.
(Photograph taken at British Museum (Natural History) xi. 1983.)

OBITUARY

Stanley Norman Aflalo Jacobs
1896 - 1989

Stanley Jacobs passed away on 14th September 1989 at the age of 92. A
figure on the entomological ‘‘scene’’ since the early 1920s, his influence
was wide, ranging from his editorship of the Record, published illustrations
of microlepidoptera to curatorial work at the British Museum (Natural
History).

Born on 11th November 1896 he spent his early life in south-east
London, attending St Dunstan’s College, Catford which he left in 1914 to
take up a post as an engineering apprentice with Vickers. At the outbreak
of the First World War he tried to enlist, but was too young for a
commission. He eventually joined the Public School Batallion of the 16th
Middlesex Regiment and with them served two and a half years in France,
transferring to the Royal Engineers in 1918 before being invalided home
after exposure to mustard gas.

After the war he took up agriculture, working mainly with poultry, and
including a spell working in Canada. Eventually he joined his father’s
shipbroking business, remaining there, except for a spell in the

6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

Metropolitan Police Special Constabulary during the Second World War,
until his retirement.
His interest in entomology began in early childhood, inspired by his

grandfather’s personal ‘‘museum’’ — a fashionable feature of the
Victorian home, and his father’s accounts of collecting Apollo butterflies
in Germany.

His first collection began in 1906, and comprised a series of ‘‘whites’’ on
dressmaker’s pins, stored in cardboard boxes. This eventually grew to 180
drawers, the contents of which were incorporated into the National
Collection some years ago.

He joined the South London Entomological and Natural History Society
in 1923. He held a number of offices and was twice elected as President of
the Society — in 1954 and 1964, and became an honorary life member in
1967. Perhaps the most significant aspect of joining the SLENHS in the
1920s and 30s was the opportunity to mix with and meet the (now) famous
names, including H.J. Turner, Robert and Guy Adkin, L.T. Ford, E.A.
Cockayne, N.D. Riley, K.G. Blair, S. Wakely, W. Fassnidge and W.H.
Tams. Through these, Jacobs developed a network of international
contacts, many of whom became personal friends, including L. Lhomme,
J. Klimesch, A.G. Carolsfeld-Krause, A.B. Klots and D. Povolny.

Before the Second World War he began working part-time at the British
Museum (Natural History), developing an interest in insects which were
stored-product pests. He increased his voluntary work for the museum
after his retirement in 1962, and was responsible for the curation of a
number of collections, mainly the pyralidae. In 1973 he was made an
Honorary Associate of the Museum.

Stanley Jacobs was also a talented artist. Amongst his more well-known
works were many of the colour plates published by the SLENHS in their
series on microlepidoptera, and which were published in 1978 as the
collected volume J/lustrated papers on British microlepidoptera. He also
painted the colour plates for B.P. Beirne’s British pyralid and plume
moths, published by Warne in 1952 and illustrated many entomological
papers with line drawings.

His association with the Entomologist’s Record began in 1948 when
Henry Turner asked him to join the editorial panel. After the resignation of
E.A. Cockayne as editor in 1955, P.B.M. Allan took over as a
‘‘caretaker’’, and it was he who persuaded Jacobs to take over the role of
editor a few months later. He edited the Record for 17 years during which
time he restored the ailing fortunes of the journal, and laid the foundations
for the current format. He retired as editor, handing over to Michael
Chalmers-Hunt, in 1972.

Stanley Jacobs was a cheerful and determined character, undeterred by
the problems of advancing years, and active until the end. Our sympathy
goes to his daughter, Mrs Ann Newman. PAUL SOKOLOFF

THE NOVEMBER MOTHS 7

ON THE GENUS EPIRRITA, THE NOVEMBER MOTHS
(LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), IN BERNWOOD FOREST
ON THE OXON/BUCKS BORDER.

P.WARING

Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PE] 1UA.

THE three species of this genus which occur in southern England, namely
the November moth, Epirrita dilutata D. & S., the Pale November moth,
E. christyi Allen and the Autumnal moth, EF. autumnata Borth, are
difficult to separate when examining light trap catches in the field because
of superficial similarities, so I collected a series of about SO at the above
site, mainly during the 1984 season, for later examination. I also reared a
few of the Epirrita larvae that I beat from various trees and shrubs to see
how the choice of host plants compared with the other work on the subject,
which is summarised in Haggett (1981). Among the set specimens I was able
to assign some of the more clearly marked specimens to F. dilutata and
others to E. autumnata using the wing characteristics given in Skinner
(1984) and Skou (1986), but I was left with a large number of undetermined
specimens and no definite E. christyi. The apparent absence of E. christyi
from the series was of interest as the species does not appear in the local
lists for the Oxford district (Bretherton 1940; Bretherton 1941, Emmet
1948) although EF. christyi was recognised as a distinct species three decades
earlier (Allen 1906). In addition it appears that no previous workers have
reported EF. christyi in Bernwood though both EF. dilutata and E.
autumnata have been recorded regularly since the 1930s and ’40s (Waring,
in prep.).

Recently I took my full series of specimens to Adrian Riley who identifies
the light trap catches for the nation-wide Rothamsted Insect Survey and
who has examined and dissected a great many specimens of this genus.
Using both wing characteristics and other features such as the spurs on the
octavals (Heslop-Harrison, 1933), he finds that the series contains twenty
two E. dilutata, twenty-four E. autumnata and two E. christyi. Of the
specimens of E. dilutata seventeen were taken between 9 October and 12
November 1984 and the numbers are distributed throughout this period.
Two specimens were added to the collection in 1985 and a further three
were reared from larvae. Ten of the E. autumnata were reared from larvae,
the other fourteen were caught as adults between 9 October and 12
November 1984. All but the first of these adults occurred after 29 October
so the earlier specimens were predominantly E. dilutata, though both
species were equally common over the 1984 season as a whole.

Of the two E. christyi, one was taken on 22 October 1984 and the other
was reared from a larva beaten from hazel on 6 May 1985, so E. christyi is
breeding in Bernwood.

Birch was the only host-plant from which I recorded E. autumnata and

8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

these were collected from the birch regrowth that is now common along the
edges of the rides in Bernwood. Heslop-Harrison (1933) and Skinner (1984)
suggest that birch and alder (both of which are members of the Betulaceae)
are the main host-plants of E. autumnata. Heslop-Harrison observed that
E. autumnata ‘‘prefers a much more open situation than E. dilutata and
hence is much more likely to be encountered on trees marshalled in linear
fashion along upland ‘streams; © «=: + .in “moorland relents
. .. along mill-races and so on.’’ He only found it in one really dense wood
in his study area, which was Northumberland and Durham. The Bernwood
situation, with lines of rideside birch regrowth on the margins of young
conifer plantations, has similarities with some of the habitats Heslop-
Harrison describes.

The three specimens of E. dilutata that I reared were collected from
hazel. I also recorded larvae which I considered to be typically E. dilutata
from oak and hawthorn in the same places. These particular larvae were
bright velvety-green (as noted by Haggett 1981), unmarked with red and
with a prominent yellow lateral stripe around the posterior segments.

I am not clear why E. christyi is so poorly represented in my sample.
Harper (1980) found it commonly in woodland in his study area in
Herefordshire, where it occurred on birch, hawthorn and hazel as well as
blackthorn, beech and wych elm. Birch, hawthorn and hazel are the three
most abundant understorey species in Bernwood and my study area
included mature birch as well as regrowth. The blackthorn thickets are well-
known, but beech is localised to one plantation and a few scattered
specimens. Wych elm (Ul/mus glabra) is un-recorded, though English elm
(Ulmus procera) is a minor component (Woodell, unpubl.). Heslop-
Harrison (1933) considered that in Northumberland and Durham E.
christyi was dependent on the presence of wych elm. Although he found
larvae on sallow, hazel and honeysuckle, they were never found on these
plants in sites where wych elm was absent and wych elm provided over 85%
of the larvae that were beaten. Wych elm was also a feature of the
woodland site studied by Harper (1980) in Hereford though FE. christyi
occurred in smaller numbers at three other sites. Perhaps the absence of
wych elm from Bernwood is a factor contributing to the apparent rarity of
E. christyi there. I would be glad to hear of sites where E. christyi is
common and wych elm and beech are absent, provided that voucher
specimens of E. christyi exist which can be examined. Clearly these moths
are an interesting as well as a difficult genus.

Acknowledgements

The moths were collected during a study supported by Oxford Polytechnic.
I thank the Forestry Commission and the Nature Conservancy Council for
permission to work in Bernwood Forest Nature Reserve and Adrian Riley
of Rothamsted Insect Survey for his help in identifying the specimens.

THE NOVEMBER MOTHS 9

References

Allen, J.E.R., 1906. Oporabia christyi Prout: a distinct species. Entomologist’s Rec.
J. Var. 18: 85-89.

Bretherton, R.F., 1940. A list of the macro-lepidoptera of the Oxford district.
Proceedings of the Ashmolean Natural History Society 1939: 25-70.

Bretherton, R.F., 1941. Additions to the list of macro-lepidoptera of the Oxford

district. Proceedings and report of the Ashmolean Natural History Society 1940:
22-23.

Emmet, A.M., 1948. Second supplement to the list of macro-lepidoptera of the
Oxford district. Proceedings and report of the Ashmolean Natural History
Society 1941-1947: 47-55.

Haggett, G.M., 1981. Larvae of the British lepidoptera not figured by Buckler.
British Entomological and Natural History Society, London.

Harper,M., 1980. Observations on Epirrita dilutata (Denis and Schiffermuller) and
Epirrita christyi (Allen) (Lep: Geometridae) in Herefordshire. Proc. trans. Br.
ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 106-116.

Heslop-Harrison, J.W. 1933. The autumnal moths of the genus Oporinia Hb. with
an account of a new American species. Transactions of the Northern Naturalists
Union 1: 111-136.

Skinner, B., 1984. Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking.
Middx.

Skou, P., 1986. The geometroid moths of North Europe. Entomonograph 6. Brill.
Copenhagen.

Waring, P., in prep. Provisional annotated list of macro-moths, including all known
historical records, for the Hell Coppice/Shabbington Wood complex, Bernwood
Forest, Buckinghamshire, including the Bernwood Meadows.

(Note: a first draft of the above is available for comments and addenda.)

Woodell, S. unpubl. Vascular plant species list for Bernwood. Appendix | in
Rowell, T.A., 1979. History and management of Bernwood Forest. Unpublished
B.Sc. thesis. Oxford Polytechnic.

A note on two Tortricinae (Lep.) at Charlton, S.E. London

I have been somewhat surprised at the recent appearance here of
Argyrotaenia ljungiana Thunb. (= pulchellana Haw.), an inhabitant of
heathland. The first three came to my m.v. lamp on the night of 5.viii.88,
and many (in some variety) on that of 22.vii.89. I had not previously met
with it anywhere, nor does this area seem at all suitable to it; there is no
wild heather or ling and nothing today, of a truly heathy character.
However, there is a small ericetum of recent standing in Charlton Park, so I
am much inclined to think that /jungiana must have been introduced into
the locality with some of the plants. Sokoloff (Ent. Rec. 98: 254-255)
records breeding this species from the fruits of Vitis vinifer collected from a
garden in Battersea, London which may provide an alternative explanation
for its occurrence in Charlton. Lt. Col. Emmet kindly named the moth for
me.

I should perhaps also mention that Epiphyas postvittana Walk. has
rapidly become so numerous here as to be, on many nights, the most

10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

abundant tortricid and one of the commonest moths at the lamp — in both
broods. I suppose this is now fairly general experience around London, but
having seen no positive statement to that effect, I think it worth placing on
record. It is also frequently to be met with by day, in casual specimens,
about the gardens here — in flight,or sitting on hedges etc., the former
probably resulting from disturbance. — A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Late summer movement of insects in south-east London in 1958.

I came upon an account of the above when browsing through my natural
history diaries. During a Football League match at the Valley Stadium,
Charlton, London SE7, between 3 pm and 5 pm BST on 23.vili.1958, I
noticed a fairly strong movement of Diptera and some Lepidoptera south-
south-eastwards across the field of play.

At 3 pm when the match began, slight rain was falling from an overcast
sky, but by 3.30 pm it began to clear and, when the sun came out soon
afterwards, a Meadow Brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina L.) flew SSE just
above the heads of the spectators packed on the terraces. A few minutes
later two Large Whites (Pieris brassicae L.) flew over the heads of the
crowd in exactly the same manner together with considerable numbers of
Diptera, mainly Bibionidae (possibly the Fever-fly Dilophus febrilis L.)
and, to a lesser extent, Syrphidae — all going in the same direction, SSE.
The wind, at the time, was light and from the SSW. It may have been
sufficiently strong to have deviated the insects from flying directly south.
My observations ceased when the match ended at 5 pm, but the movement
was still continuing. If this SSE line of flight over Charlton is projected
back over the adjacent River Thames, is passes more or less directly along
the line of the Lea Valley in north-east London, a comparatively unbuilt-
upon strip of land passing through some densely urbanised districts.

It was the current fashion in 1958 to wear cheap, bright yellow plastic
capes, and many spectators sported them. Many of the Bibionids and the
Syrphids alighted on these capes, causing considerable annoyance to their
owners. Most flew too high, incidentally, to cause more than minor
irritation to the footballers.

I witnessed similar movements southwards over the River Thames
involving Bibionids, Syrphids and Lepidoptera in late September, 1949
(Burton, J.F., 1950, Entom. 83: 203-206) and in early October 1950
(Burton, J.F. & Owen, D.F., 1951, Entom. 84: 160-161). As described in
the first paper, my friend Dr D.F. Owen encountered such a movement
south over the Thames marshes at Cliffe, Kent, on 29.vili.1948, the same
month in which I saw the movement at Charlton. — J.F. BURTON,
Wasserturmstrasse 53, 6904 Eppelheim-Heidelberg, West Germany,
31.vii.1989.

NEW EXOTIC CORTICARIINAE 11

NEW EXOTIC SPECIES OF CORTICARIINAE
(COL.: LATRIDITDAE)

COLIN JOHNSON
Department of Entomology, Manchester Museum, The University, Manchester M13 9PL.

THE subfamily Corticariinae currently includes about 450 described world
species, and these occur in all zoogeographical regions. Corticarines are
easily recognised superficially by their pubescent form, as opposed to the
almost entirely glabrous Latridiinae. Their size is small, mostly within the
range 1.2 - 2.5 mm. Colours are predominantly shades of yellow, brown
and black, mostly unicolorous or bicolorous, although some exceptional
variegated species are known. A genus such as Corticaria Marsham exhibits
quite a range of external forms and differences which permit the ready
identification of many species, even though many difficult groups rely
upon aedeagal studies for identification. On the other hand, the genera
Corticarina Reitter, Melanophthalma Motschulsky and _ Cortinicara
Johnson are remarkably uniform in appearance. Their male genitalia
fortunately provide excellent diagnostic characters and are thus essential
for identification; unassociated females are frequently unidentifiable
however. These three genera are commonly collected. They are especially
to be found by sweeping and beating trees and vegetation, on flowers, at
light, whilst others can only be collected by sieving humid and decaying
plant debris.

The aim of the present paper is to describe and characterise some new
Corticarina and Cortinicara which have accumulated over the last eight
years. References to works dealing with allied species are given where
appropriate, as the genera have not yet been monographed.

Abbreviations have been used to indicate the institutional source of
studied material as follows: BMNH — British Museum (Natural History),
London; MHNG — Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva; MM —
Manchester Museum; ZML — Zoological Museum, University of Lund.

Corticarina baranowskii sp.n.

Length 1.33 - 1.52 mm; head breadth 0.31 - 0.33 mm; pronotal breadth 0.42 -
0.49 mm; elytral breadth 0.64 - 0.70 mm; antennal length 0.51 - 0.56 mm. Colour
dark, brownish-black, head and elytra often brownish; legs yellowish-brown;
antennae with the basal segment yellowish-brown, stem paler basally, increasingly
infuscated in the apical half or so. Antennal segments moderately long, slender;
segment 8 quadrate to slightly longer than broad; 9 conical and markedly longer
than broad; 10 about as long as broad, the club narrow and gradual. Body rather
markedly convex. Pronutum moderately broad, 1.26 - 1.36 times as broad as long,
broadest around middle, sides moderately rounded; post median depression distinct,
lateral impressions absent; surface rather shining, alutaceous microsculpture fine
and distinct; puncturation moderate, rather close, discal punctures c. half a

12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

diameter apart or less; hind angles toothed. Elytra somewhat short oval, 2.50 - 2.71
times as long as pronotum, 1.38 - 1.41 times as long as broad, broadest around
middle; sides moderately curved; surface shining, not reticulate; elytral pubescence
feebly curved, almost flat, the hairs c. 0.04 - 0.048 mm, barely overlapping. Winged.
Male: anterior tibial tooth moderate, ventral, situated close to the apical third;
aedeagus fig.1.

Holotype male. Mexico — Chiapas: 18 km E San Cristobal, 2500 m,
30.ix.1986, sifting litter under shrubs in pine-oak forest, leg. R.
Baranowski (ZML).

Paratypes. Mexico — same data, 1 female (ZML); 17 km SE San
Cristobal, 2400 m. 26.ix.1986, sifting litter in pine-oak forest, leg. R.
Baranowski, 1 female (ZML); 23 km W San Cristobal, 2200 m, 25.1x.1986,
sifting leaflitter under shrubs, leg. R. Baranowski, 1 female (ZML); 23 km
W San Cristobal, 2200 m, 25.ix.1986, sifting leaflitter under shrubs, leg. R.
Baranowski, 1 male (ZML); Pueblo Nuevo, 1400 m, 20.ix.1986, sifting
leaflitter in mixed deciduous forest, leg. R. Baranowski, 1 female (ZML).

This species can be easily recognised by the characteristic aedeagus. On
external features: dark colour, shining surface, convexity, and antennal
club structure, the species seems not to have any close congeners. Other
Mexican species are hoegei Johnson (Johnson, 1979) and subfusca Sharp,
although males of the latter are not yet known.

Corticarina reidi sp.n.

Length 1.66 mm; head breadth 0.35 mm; pronotal breadth 0.48 mm; elytral breadth
0.68 mm; antennal length 0.56 mm. Head and pronotum black, elytra dark
brownish-black; legs dark brown, tarsi with basal segment lighter, apical segment
darker; antennae with basal segment dark brown, segment 2 light brown, stem
segments 3 - 7 increasingly infuscated apically, club brownish-black. Antennal
segments moderately long, slender; segment 8 broader than long, 9 slightly longer
than broad, 10 about as long as broad, club rather narrow and gradual. Body
somewhat strongly convex. Pronotum relatively narrow, 1.19 times as broad as
long, broadest in front of middle, sides almost moderately curved; post median
depression feeble, lateral impressions absent; surface little shining, alutaceous
microsculpture fine and distinct; puncturation somewhat fine, moderately close,
shallow; hind angles finely toothed. Elytra long oval, 2.6 times as long as pronotum,
1.53 times as long as broad, broadest around middle; humeri effaced, callus absent;
sides moderately curved; pubescence slightly curved, a little raised, the hairs c. 0.035
mm, slightly overlapping. Brachypterous, wings narrower and distinctly shorter
than an elytron. Male: anterior tibial tooth somewhat small, ventral, situated in
front of the middle; aedeagus fig. 4.
Holotype male. Colombia — Laguna de Tota,72°50’W, 5°30’'N, 3000 m,
21-30.vii.1982, swept from Typha/Scirpus on lake shore, leg. C. Reid
(MM).

The body shape and convexity of this species is reminiscent of the
European Corticaria impressa (Olivier), but with Corticarina characters.
Amongst the neotropical members of its genus, re/di occupies an isolated

NEW EXOTIC CORTICARIINAE 13

position, differing markedly in body shape, convexity and other features
from the Costa Rican kraussi Johnson, the only other known
brachypterous species (Johnson, 1981). The aedeagi of both species are
very characteristic.

Corticarina blatchleyi sp.n.

Length 1.20 - 1.36 mm; head breadth 0.29 - 0.33 mm; pronotal breadth 0.40 - 0.48
mm; elytral breadth 0.61 - 0.72 mm; antennal length 0.41 - 0.43 mm. Body entirely
reddish, elytra usually somewhat infuscated and darker; legs and antennae pale,
entirely reddish-yellow. Antennal segments rather short; segment 8 broader than
long, 9 + as broad as long, 10 markedly broader than long, club rather narrow,
hardly abrupt. Body moderately convex. Pronotum rather broad, 1.27 - 1.38 times
as broad as long, broadest around middle, sides moderately curved; post median
depression distinct, lateral impressions not apparent; surface little shining,
alutaceous microsculpture fine and distinct; puncturation fine, very shallow, rather
spaced, discal punctures 1.5 - 2 diameters apart; hind angles moderately toother.
Elytra almost short oval, 2.51 - 2.86 times as long as pronotum, 1.30 - 1.36 times as
long as broad; broadest around middle, sides moderately curved; elytral pubescence
very fine and short, almost flat, hairs c. 0.03 mm, not overlapping. Winged. Male:
anterior tibial tooth ventral, moderate in size, situated in front of the middle;
aedeagus fig. 2.

Holotype male. USA — Florida: Dunedin, leg. W.S. Blatchley (BMNH).
Paratypes. USA — same data, 5 females (BMNH).

This species comes between clayae Johnson from Guyana and the
nearctic cavicollis (Mannerheim) in general appearance, colour, shape and
sculpture. All three species can be easily separated by their male aedeagi
(Johnson, 1972b, 1981).

Corticarina fukiensis sp.n.

Length 1.40 -1.68 mm; head breadth 0.36 - 0.40 mm; pronotal breadth 0.46 - 0.53
mm; elytral breadth 0.66 - 0.78 mm; antennal length 0.46 - 9.56 mm. Colour very
dark brown, head and pronotum often brownish-black; legs pale brown; first
antennal segment pale brown, stem with at least segment 2 and usually most of
segments 3 - 8 yellowish, club darkened. Antennal segments rather short, 8 broader
than long, 9 about as long as broad, 10 very slightly broader than long, club short
and little abrupt. Body moderate convex. Pronotum 1.32 - 1.41 times as broad as
long, broadest somewhat in front of middle, sides somewhat moderately curved;
post median depression distinct, lateral impressions absent; surface little shining,
alutaceous microsculpture fine and distinct; puncturation moderate, very close; hind
angles moderately toothed. Elytra long oval, rather narrow, 2.80 - 2.98 times as long
as pronotum, 1.41 - 1.46 times as long as broad, sides rather weakly to almost
moderately curved; elytral pubescence curved, very slightly raised, hairs c. 0.04 -
0.48 mm, slightly overlapping. Winged. Male: anterior tibial tooth moderate,
ventral, situated almost at the apical third; aedeagus fig. 3.

Holotype male. China — Fukien: Kuatun, Tschung Sen, 20.x.1946, leg. J.
Klapperich (MM). Paratypes. China — same data but 20.11. - 2.iv.1946, 20
males, 36 females (MM).

14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

In aedeagus structure and general form, this species is allied to the north
Indian biharensis Johnson and strandi Johnson, although closest to the
latter in aedeagal details and body size. On external features, fukiensis is
very difficult to distinguish from strandi, but is immediately separable on
aedeagal features — the aedeagus is larger and more twisted, differently
shaped in profile (see Johnson, 1972a, 1979).

Corticarina carinifrons sp.n.

Length 1.49 - 1.66 mm; head breadth 0.33 - 0.37 mm; pronotal breadth 0.44 - 0.50
mm; elytral breadth 0.69 - 0.80 mm; antennal length 0.56 - 0.64 mm. Colour dark
brown; legs pale brown; first antennal segment pale brown, stem paler, yellowish-
brown; club Ye infuscated and darker than first segment. Antennal segments rather
long, 8 as long or slightly longer than broad; 9 and 10 conical, longer than broad;
club long and narrow. Body rather markedly convex, especially the somewhat
humped elytra. Head with a median longitudinal carina. Pronotum rather small,
1.21 - 1.31 times as broad as long, broadest somewhat in front of middle, sides
moderately curved; post median depression and lateral impressions well-developed;
surface little shining, alutaceous microsculpture feeble; puncturation moderate, very
close, punctures almost touching and interstices somewhat ridge-like; hind angles
rather finely toothed. Elytra long oval, 2.90 - 3.02 times as long as the pronotum,
1.39 -1.47 times as long as broad, sides moderately curved; elytral pubescence
curved and slightly outstanding, hairs c. 0.07 - 0.08 mm, long and conspicuously
over-lapping. Winged. Legs slender; hind tarsi with basal segment long and thin.
Male: anterior tibial tooth moderate, ventral, situated at the apical third; aedeagus
fig. 5.

Holotype male. China — Fukien: Tschung Sen, 17.11.1946, leg. J.
Klapperich (MM). Paratypes. China — same data but 17.11. - 2.iv.1946, 3
males, 6 females (MM).

This species is very reminiscent of the Himalayan cognata Johnson
(Johnson, 1972a), especially on account of the long basal segment to the
hind tarsi and the well-developed lateral impressions on the pronotum.
However, the carinate frons and aedeagal structure are quite unique in the
genus.

Cortinicara luzonica sp.n.

Length 1.22 - 1.41 mm; head breadth 0.29 - 0.32 mm; pronotal breadth 0.34 - 0.39
mm; elytral breadth 0.57 - 0.64 mm; antennal length 0.39 - 0.43 mm. Colour
reddish, legs and antennae yellowish, apical tarsal segments and antennal club feebly
infuscated. Head with moderately large eyes, temples minute. Antennal segments
rather short; segment 8 quadrate to broader than long, 9 somewhat conical and
about as broad as long, 10 about as long as broad, club rather narrow and gradual.
Pronotum rather small, slightly broader than head, 1.1 - 1.2 times as broad as long,
broadest somewhat around middle, sides moderately rounded; transverse
impressions distinct; surface rather shining, alutaceous microsculpture Ye well-
marked; puncturation moderate, close; hind angles feebly toothed. Elytra long oval,
c. 2.8 times as long as pronotum, c. 1.5 times as long as broad, sides somewhat

NEW EXOTIC CORTICARIINAE 15

NG O¢ Ac

1 2 3

NGG

A 5

0.1mm

Figures 1 - 5, aedeagi of new species of Corticarina, ventral and lateral views: 1,
baranowskii; 2, blatchleyi; 3, fukiensis; 4, reidi; 5, carinifrons.

Figure 6, Cortinicara luzonica sp.n., aedeagus, ventral view. (Scales: figures 1 -5,
top; figure 6, bottom.)

moderately curved; surface shining, not reticulate; interstices with oblong punctures
in a single row, these punctures almost as long but much narrower than the strial
punctures; elytral pubescence short, c. 0.04 mm, feebly curved, nearly flat, barely
overlapping. Winged. Male: anterior tibial tooth situated close to the apical fifth or
so; aedeagus fig. 6.

Holotype male. Philippine Islands — Luzon: Latan Cave, nr. Sagada,
15-19.xii.1979, leg. Deharveng & Orousset (MHNG).
Paratypes. Philippine Islands — same data, 2 males (MHNG).

16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

This is a typical member of the Cortinicara gibbosa (Herbst) group,
species of which are best separated by their characteristic male aedeagi (see
Johnson,1975, 1977a,1977b).

Acknowledgements
I am indebted to C. Reid and the late J. Klapperich for material collected in
Colombia and China respectively, which is now in the Manchester
Museum. Other material was kindly loaned by R.D. Pope, British Museum
(Nat.Hist.); R. Baranowski and R. Danielsson, Zoological Museum,
University of Lund; C. Besuchet and I. Lobl, Muséum d’Histoire
Naturelle, Geneva.

References

Johnson, C. 1972a. Some members of the genera Corticarina Reitter and Melanoph-
thalma Motschulsky (Col., Lathridiidae) from India and Nepal. Entomologist
105: 97-110.

—. 1972b. Studies on the genera Corticarina Reitter and Melanophthalma Mot-
schulsky (Col., Lathridiidae). Nouv. Rev. Ent. 2: 185-199.

—. 1975. Cortinicara, a new genus of Corticariinae (Coleoptera: Lathridiidae).
Entomologica scand. 6: 283-285.

—. 1977a. Ergebnisse der Bhutan-Expedition 1972 des Naturhistorischen Museums
in Basel, Coleoptera: Fam. Lathridiidae Subfam. Corticariinae. Entomologica
basil. 2: 329-335.

—. 1977b. Beitrage zur kenntnis der Fauna Afghanistans, Merophysiidae and Lath-
ridiidae, Coleoptera. Casopis Moray. Muz. 62: 123-132.

—. 1979. New species of Corticarina Reitter (Col., Lathridiidae). Entomologist’s
mon. Mag. (1978) 114: 55-62.

—. 1981. New species of Corticarina Reitter (Col., Lathridiidae), Part 2. Entomo-
gist’s mon. Mag. 117: 117-123.

Brachypterolus linariae (Stephens) (Col.: Nitidulidae) in Surrey

In the past, this species was confused with B. pulicarius (L.), long
recognised as a British insect. In a paper establishing the identity of
B.linariae (Stephens) and recording its presence also in Britain, my friend’
Mr C. Johnson (1967 Entomologist 100: 142) listed a few locatities for the
species but these did not include Surrey. I should like, accordingly, to
record that I collected eight specimens of Brachypterolus from flowers of
Linaria vulgaris Mill. from a site near Cheam, Surrey on 15.vili.89. As it
turned out, all were males; four proved to be B. linariae and 4 were B.
pulicarius.

The presence of equal numbers of /inariae and pulicarius in this, albeit
small, sample, is in marked contrast to what I have found in other districts.
There, pulicarius has always greatly outnumbered /inariae. It could be
interesting to see, over the next few years, whether the Cheam site
maintains this equality in the two species. — J.A. OWEN, 8 Kingsdown
Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.

RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA IN IRELAND 17

SOME COMMENTS ON RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA L. (LEP.:
GEOMETRIDAE) IN IRELAND.

B.K. WEST
36 Briars Road, Dartford, Kent.

BARRETT (1902) has provided a quite comprehensive account of the life
history of this moth, describing the larger nominate and the smaller
moorland form, now known as nigrescens Cockerell, and noting that the
larva feeds upon birch and bog myrtle, but not assigning either to a
particular form of the moth, and adding that according to Hofmann the
larva also feeds upon sallow and Vaccinium uliginosum, although surely
this is a reference to the insect’s habits on the Continent? Nevertheless
these two plants appear as normal foodplants of hastata in Britain in South
(1939), although in the appendix it states that Vaccinium and Myrica refer
only to the northern form, and that hastata, i.e. the larger southern form,
feeds only on birch; this view is shared by Ford (1955). However, Newman
and Leeds (1913) omit sallow and Vaccinium as larval foodplants as does
Skinner (1984), and these authors assign bog myrtle to nigrescens and birch
to the nominate form.

Of the insect’s presence in Ireland Barrett states that it is local, and that
in the west there appears to be greater diversity than in Britain, the majority
of specimens being of the southern England form, while South quotes
Kane’s view that in Ireland only the southern form occurs, and that
subhastata (i.e. nigrescens) has not been noted. Unfortunately, Baynes
(1964) produces no more than a vague comment on the moth’s distribution
in Ireland, with no mention of the form found there or the larval
foodplant! B. Skinner, contrary to Kane’s view, maintains that both
subspecies occur in Ireland.

In early June 1987 I came across a flourishing colony of hastata in a
restricted boggy field containing bog myrtle, but with no birch in the
vicinity, near Newport, Co. Mayo; over a score of specimens were seen in a
very short time, and all those captured were of the larger nominate form. I
have never seen this species as commonly as this in England,even many
years ago before its decline. My only previous encounter with the insect in
Ireland was the capture of a very large female which was flying over bog
myrtle near Rinnamona in the Burren of Co. Clare, 27.v.1975; subsequent
searches for the larvae in this locality have proved fruitless, and the area is
now being drained. It is curious that despite many visits to Ireland by
lepidopterists after the discovery there of Calamia tridens Hufn, almost
nothing has appeared in print about hastata, although J.Bradley and E.
Pelham-Clinton (1967) refer to the finding of hastata larvae on bog myrtle
alongside the Lisdoonvarna-Ennistymon road, curiously this appearing in
an account of the moths of the Burren, although at no point does this road
traverse the Carboniferous Limestone of the Burren.

18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

In late August 1987 I obtained many hastata larvae, mainly about full-
fed, from bog myrtle near Westport, Newport and Partry, Co. Mayo, and
from near Manor Hamilton, Co. Leitrim. They completed their growth on
this plant and the resulting moths which emerged in May 1988 were all of
the larger southern England form, except one, a slightly smaller specimen
that would fit unobtrusively in a series of nigrescens from the southern
borders of the Highlands of Scotland. I have seen a similar specimen in the
collection of R. Chatelain, a moth reared from a solitary larva found on
bog myrtle in western Co. Galway. Skinner gives the size of subspecies
hastata as 34 - 38 mm and nigrescens as 30 - 36 mm. My short series of
hastata from Surrey and Sussex are uniform in size measuring 35 mm, and
my nigrescens from Inverness-shire are similarly of uniform size,
measuring 29 - 30 mm; the former are all feral specimens, the latter bred
from feral larvae. My Irish hastata vary somewhat in size, most being about
35 mm wing-span, i.e. the same size as my examples from S.E. England,
the largest being 38 mm and the smallest 32 mm. The species in the
National Collection is contained in two drawers, one drawer for each
subspecies; all the Irish specimens are classified as being of the nominate
form, and amongst the English ones are several considerably undersized.
The series of nigrescens illustrates very clearly that individuals from the
Hebrides and the far north-west of Scotland are darker than those from the
southern borders of the Highlands, and are differently marked, those from
the latter area appearing simply as diminutive examples of subsp. hastata,
i.e. they are smaller, but not darker.Thus the odd undersized individuals
encountered in southern Britain and Ireland should be recognised for what
they are, simply small specimens of nominate hastata.

What I have not seen previously mentioned is that in Ireland nominate
hastata is associated with bog myrtle; however, in Co. Kerry where the
insect occurs, there are localities in which birch and bog myrtle occur in
close proximity — in such localities is the moth selective, being associated
with only one of these plants, or are both plants utilised indiscriminately?
However, I can find no record of hastata larvae feeding on birch in Ireland.

The sample of this moth that I possess from Ireland differs in another
respect from those from southern Britain. Barrett observes that the latter as
a race is tolerably constant, only varying a little in the size of the black
markings and the extent to which they are joined together; by contrast he
observes that in the west of Ireland specimens show greater local diversity,
in markings as well as size. My own observations confirm this, and in
particular a large proportion of the moths caught, or bred from larvae,
from Co. Mayo have the black markings reduced, being referable to ab.
laxata Krul., itself quite a variable form, although none approaches the
more extreme f. demolita Prout, nor do any show tendency towards
increased black pigmentation. The proportion of f. /Jaxata would appear to
be as high as 35% to 40%, and therefore hastata in Co. Mayo might well be

RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA IN IRELAND 19

Left: Rheumaptera hastata L., Partry, Co. Mayo, 23.v.1988 (bred). (x1).
Right. ab. laxata Krul., Newport, Co. Mayo, 18.v.1988 (bred). (x1).

designated dimorphic. A further interesting observation is that all the
colonies of larvae I examined in Co. Mayo were remarkably free from
parasites, in marked contrast with my experiences with nigrescens in
Scotland.

I wish to acknowledge my gratitude to Mr D. Wilson for the excellent
life-size photographs, and to Mr D. Carter of the British Museum (Natural
History) for his advice and permission to study the National Collection and
relevant literature.

References
Barrett, C., 1902. Lepidoptera of the British Islands.
Baynes, E., 1964. A Revised Catalogue of Irish Lepidoptera.
Bradley, J. and Pelham-Clinton, E., 1967. Entomologist’s Gaz. 18: 142.
Ford, E., 1955. Moths.
Newman, L.W. and Leeds, H., 1913. Textbook of British Butterflies and Moths.
Skinner, B., 1984. Moths of the British Isles.
South, R., 1939. Moths of the British Isles.

Moths and bats: the diet of Lady Ursula Eak

On a cool evening in 1989 at St Erth (West Cornwall) I was running a light
for the Cornwall Trust for Nature Conservation whilst the local bat group
wandered up and down the river bank with their bat detectors at full blast.
Only 43 moth species were found, including three specimens of the migrant
Agrotis ipsilon, as well as three beetles including the first Dytiscus
marginalis that I have had to light. It is likely that many of the best moths
were eaten by bats before they arrived at the light.

As the night wore on the bat people disappeared. One of their number,
Ginny Little from Penzance, joined us at the edge of the white sheet,
bringing with her a tiny lady companion, Lady Ursula Eak. This lady (a
noctule bat) had come to feed. Ginny had become interested in moths some
years ago (I suspect purely to feed her bats) and now ran a moth trap. She
assured me that she only fed the common species to the sick and injured
animals in the ‘‘bat hospital’’she runs. An aquaintance in Penzance

20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

provided her with a steady supply of Noctua pronuba, Agrotis
exclamationis, Orthosia gothica and similar abundant noctuids, whilst
keeping such goodies as Palpita unionalis to himself.

As the moths came in we began to catch them to feed Ursula.The first
course consisted of 7 Ochropleura plecta and 2 Noctua pronuba, as well as
1 large Tipulid. She also ate 1 Opisthograptis luteolata, 1 Phragmatobia
fuliginosa, 1 Noctua janthina, \ Diarsia rubi, 2 Phlogophora meticulosa, 2
Pterostoma palpina, 1 Furcula furcula, 1 Lymantria monacha and 1
Pheosia tremula. She then refused Agrotis ipsilon and Pleuroptya ruralis,
but perhaps she was full after her meal of 20 large moths and one cranefly.

I was surprised that she ate Opisthograptis luteolata and Phragmatobia
fuliginosa as in a previous experiment both had been refused by a long-
eared bat. I have always taken the colour of both moth species to be an
indication of unpalatability. Phragmatobia fuliginosa has a noticeable
smell which is unpleasant to humans. Not unexpectedly, Lady Ursula also
refused Eilema griseola and Abraxas grossulariata, as well as the beetle
Aphodius rufipes, which has an obnoxious smell even though at this stage
she was not yet full-up. We would have tried Dytiscus marginalis which
also came to light, but we felt that this would not be fair to the bat. —
ADRIAN SPALDING, Tregarne, Cusgarne, Truro, Cornwall.

Xylena exsoleta L., the Sword-grass in v.c. 22 Berkshire

I was interested to read the two notes on this species (Ent. Rec. 101: 222).
Stephen Nash’s record from Fernham is particularly welcome as being the
first in v.c. 22 for forty-five years.

Bernard Skinner’s note (Joc. cit.) to the effect that records from southern
England for at least the last thirty years all relate to immigrants is also of
interest and would seem to accord with what information I have been able
to gather in my v.c. 22 index viz:

Locally distributed (Holland. Vic. Hist.1906); Well distributed but
scarce., Tubney, 28.ix.29, bred from larva on thistle., Henwood,
1895-7, 1901 (Bretherton, 1940 Proc. Ashmol. nat. Hist. Soc. 1939) and
finally P.B.M. Allan notes in his Moth Hunter’s Gossip “‘I used to take
exsoleta in the Kennet Valley but he was always a rarity’’.

These are all the records I have been able to find other than a wartime
find from 1944. In the autumn of that year our unit was encamped in
Maidenhead Thicket and on the night of 23rd October I wandered off to
explore some ivy growing on what is now the M4 link road. Amongst the
more usual autumnal things was a moth sitting in a strange ‘“wrapped
around’”’ attitude and whose identity at first defeated me. It is still my only
exsoleta and until Bernard’s interesting note I had not considered it as
being a probable immigrant. — B.R. BAKER, Reading Museum and Art
Gallery, Reading RG1 1QL.

A THIRD BRITISH TEMNOSTETHUS TIBIALIS 21

A THIRD BRITISH CAPTURE OF TEMNOSTETHUS TIBIALIS
REUT. (HEM.: ANTHOCORIDAE)

A.A. ALLEN
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

THIS rare and little-known species, with a very scattered distribution
across south-central Europe and eastwards, was added to our list by the late
G.E. Woodroffe (1971) on two specimens taken by himself, together with
one from Jersey, and identified by the Anthocorid specialist Dr J.
Péricart.They were a sub-brachypterous male from Silwood Park,
Sunninghill, Berks (vii,64) and a macropterous female from Pamber
Forest, N. Hants (vi.70) — both from oak. The Jersey example, another
sub-brachypterous male, had been found in company with both T. pusillus
H.-S. and T. gracilis Horv. on lichen-covered oak by Dr W.J. LeQuesne
(1955). Since, however, the Channel Islands do not form part of the
Britannic faunal area, but rather of that of north-west France, there remain
but two genuinely British captures previous to that recorded hereunder. Dr
P. Kirby has been good enough to check all records and specimens
available to him without discovering any further evidence of T. tibialis in
this country. It thus appears safe to conclude that this bug is, up to now at
least, exceedingly rare with us; especially as it is by no means hard to
separate from our other two species of the genus, and so not very likely to
be confounded with either.

On 9th July 1986,I detected a macropterous female Temnostethus
crawling sluggishly on a sap-run on the trunk of an oak in Oxleas Wood
SSSI, Shooters Hill, W. Kent (S.E. London). From the characters given by
Woodroffe, especially the longer rostrum* (apparent even to the naked eye
on comparison), it was easily recognised as T. tibialis — a determination
lately put beyond any possible doubt by the use of Péricart’s key and
description (1972: 81, 89-91).

The sap-run and adjacent parts of the trunk were under frequent
observation during that and the following summers (the tree being
productive of interesting Diptera), but at no time was any other
Temnostethus found there. The bug might have been living higher on the
tree and its presence at the sap was doubtless only casual. T. pusillus occurs
in these woods very rarely (twice to date) by sweeping oak foliage or the
grass etc. beneath; it might be found more freely by systematic beating and
trunk-searching. 7. gracilis, regarded as more common, has eluded me
hitherto. It might seem from the literature that the absence of lichens could
be a factor contributing to the rarity of the genus in this district, but Dr
Kirby’s considerable experience of gracilis and pusillus elsewhere hardly

*Anthocorids are best set with the rostrum porrect, to facilitate comparison of its
length.

22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

bears out that idea. The Jersey occurrence, in particular, suggests that 7.
tibialis does not differ ecologically in any obvious way from the other two
species with which it occurred there. In that connection,it is worth noticing
that apparently neither of them accompanied fibialis at Sunninghill or
Pamber; and also that in the former of these areas Heteroptera had been
intensively collected for 15 years without yielding a Temnostethus (Wood-
roffe, 1964).

In addition to England and Jersey, 7. tibialis is recorded by Péricart
(p.91) only from southern Czechoslovakia (one ex.), Rumania (Bucarest,
two on a pear tree), Turkey (Istanbul, one) and Crete (the type). Its
apparent extreme rarity is problematic.

Woodroffe (1971) provides a key to the three species. I give here an
alternative version which may be found of service, incorporating as it does
one or two further characters, but making use only of such as are most
readily appreciable (partly after Péricart).

1/2 Antennae entirely dark; rostrum and head as gracilis; hemelytra distinctly
haired, as tibialis, but hairs paler. In Britain always

TINA CTO PV UEHO US -ae hose aan ees oan ae oats Sota. UO pusillus H.-S.
2/1 Antennae with segment 2 in part or mostly pale, or, at darkest, reddish in
middle.

3/4 Rostrum moderate, reaching mid coxae; head shorter in front, not or scarcely
reaching beyond end of first antennal segment; hemelytra, viewed sideways,
almost glabrous or with any hairs extremely small and scattered; in brachypters
covering less than half of abdomen, membrane at most a narrow strip. Usually
DrachWpterOUStercos ccwcos tec Coho mat ee cee nea ee eee ce aero eee gracilis Horv.

4/3 Rostrum long, reaching hind coxae; head longer infront, reaching distinctly
beyond end of first antennal segment; hemelytra, viewed sideways, with very
evident short raised dark hairs; in sub-brachypters covering abdomen or very
nearly so, with membrane triangular or oval. Usual condition: male sub-
brachy pterouss cemlalehmacnOprenOuSmseeee-eeeeee eee eae eee ee tibialis Reut.

The male paramere shows undoubted differences in the three species, but
also considerable variation (LeQuesne, 1955: 260-1 and figures). Moreover,
Woodroffe’s descriptions and Péricart’s figures are in some cases a little
hard to reconcile, so I have thought it best to omit this feature from the
key.

Acknowledgement

I am deeply grateful to Dr Peter Kirby, of the Invertebrate Site Register,
for his ready and most helpful response to my enquiry as to the present
British status of 7. tibialis, and for kindly supplying a photocopy of the
relevant portion of Dr Péricart’s monograph.

References
LeQuesne, W.J., 1955. An examination of the genus Temnostethus Fieb. (Hem.,
Anthocoridae) in Britain and an addition to the British list. Entomologist’s mon.
Mag., 91: 259-262.

A THIRD BRITISH TEMNOSTETHUS TIBIALIS 3;

Péricart, J., 1972. Faune de l’Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen, 7: Hémiptéres
Anthocoridae, Cimicidae, Microphysidae de |’Ouest Paléarctique. Masson et Cie,
Paris.

Woodroffe, G.E., 1964, An anomalous example of Temnostethus (Hem., Antho-
coridae) from Sunninghill, Berkshire. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 100: 160.

—, 1971. Temnostethus tibialis Reuter (Hem., Anthocoridae) in Britain. /bid., 107:
170-1.

Death-feigning in Exochomus quadripustulatus L. (Col.: Coccinellidae)

Recently after cutting a spray of firethorn in full fruit and taking it indoors,
I noticed what at first glance looked like a small round fragment of debris
fallen from it. Closer inspection, however, showed it to be a seemingly dead
example of the above fairly common ladybird, lying on its back on the
table. Thinking this strange, since it appeared quite uninjured, I placed it in
the palm of my hand for examination with a lens. It continued in this
deathlike state (as I suspected it to be) for about a minute and a half, after
which it quickly “‘came to life’’ and, taken out into the sun, flew away.

I report this possibly trivial incident because, as far as I know, death-
feigning (thanatosis, letisimulation) seems little known and seldom
observed in Coccinellidae. At all events,I cannot remember having seen it
before, though I have come across a good many ladybirds in my time; with
warning coloration as most of them have, such a reflex would, I suppose,
be superfluous. It may be limited to some of the darker or obscurely-
coloured species, or occur in exceptional conditions only, such as falling
from a height onto a hard surface. As expected, I was unable to induce it in
the common Adalia bipunctata L. for more than a second or so. —
A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Claviger testaceus Preys. (Col.: Pselaphidae) in pitfall traps near
Folkestone, Kent

As part of a terrestrial monitoring programme, contracted by
Transmanche-Link, groups of pitfall traps were installed on that part of the
Folkestone-Etchinghill escarpment SSSI between Sugarloaf Hill, in the
east, and Peene Hill, to the west. At each of eight sites four glass jars, with
a mouth diameter of 48 mm, were arranged at the corners of a one metre
square at locations on the upper and lower sections of the chalk
escarpment. These pitfall traps were placed in position on 23rd May and
removed, four weeks later, on 20th June 1989.

One of these sampling sites is situated just west of Cheriton Water Works
on the steep upper slope of the escarpment at Cherry Garden Hill
(TR207380). Among the Coleoptera collected were six Claviger testaceus
Preys. This distinctive myrmecophilous pselaphid is typically found in the
nests of Lasius flavus {F.), which Donisthorpe (1927, The Guests of British
Ants, pp.13-14) regarded as its primary host. However, he also lists Lasius

24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

alienus (Foerst.) and Myrmica scabrinodis Ny\. as infrequent alternative
hosts. All three of these ant species were caught at this site. Their respective
mean numbers per trap were 8, | and 38.

During 1988 pitfall traps had been installed at the same locations
between 25th May and 22nd June. Indeed, many of the 1989 traps were
replaced in the holes left in the turf from the previous year. The same three
species of ant were collected from this site in1988, at mean numbers/trap of
3.5, 1.25 and 68.9 respectively, but no Claviger testaceus were caught.

I am unaware of any records of C. testaceus having previously been
collected in pitfall traps. It is thought unlikely that these slow-moving
pselaphids crawled from a Lasius flavus nest and fell into the pitfall traps.
It would appear much more likey that they were being transported by their
hosts from one nest to another. Certainly there were more than sufficient
ants in each jar containing C. festaceus to satisfy this theory. The questions
remain, why should this behaviour have occurred during 1989 but not at
the same site in 1988?; and why has it not been observed at the numerous
other chalk grassland sites where extensive pitfall programmes have been
carried out? Was the hot dry summer of 1989 responsible for initiating
some unusual behaviour on the part of the beetle and/or its ant host?
Alternatively, had the L. flavus colonies increased, as a result of favourable
climatic factors, necessitating emigration to found new colonies? — R.
COLIN WELCH, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood
Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambs PE17 2LS.

Mordellistena nanuloides Ermisch (Col.: Mordellidae) from the Isle of
Grain, Kent

On 16.viii.88, I tapped a female M. nanuloides from a plant of Artemisia
maritima L. growing not far above high water mark at a site just to the
south of the town of Grain, Isle of Grain. No further specimens could be
found in spite of careful examination of stands of the plant growing in the
area. On 21.vi.89, I was taken by my friend Mr N. Heal to the sea-wall at
Hoo Marsh, Isle of Grain and there we found a number of specimens of
nanuloides by tapping plants of the same species over our nets. They were
accompanied by many examples of Longitarsis absynthii Kutschera, a
species which Mr Heal had noted at the spot on a visit a few days
previously.

This species was formerly confused with M. parvula (Gyllenhal) (see
Allen, A.A. 1986 Ent. Record 98: 47; Batten, R. 1986 Ent. Gazette 37:
225). As far as I am aware, it has published records only from the Isle of
Sheppey, Kent. The site at Grain is only two km (across the Medway
estuary) from the nearest part of the Isle of Sheppey but whether the
species has reached the Isle of Grain from the Isle of Sheppey recently or
has long been present there is something that is unlikely to be clarified. —
J.A. OWEN, 8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.

WATSONIAN VICE-COUNTIES 25

THE WATSONIAN VICE-COUNTY SYSTEM
M.G. MorrIs

Orchard House, 7 Clarence Road, Dorchester, Dorset DT1 2HF.

MR. UHTHOFF-KAUFMANN makes some interesting points in his
recent paper on the merits of the Watsonian vice-county system (Uhthoff-
Kaufmann 1989) and the modifications made to it by Balfour-Browne
(1931). However, as the adversarial title of his paper suggests, several of the
suggestions made are debatable, even contentious, while there are also
some additional matters relating to the use of the two systems which need
to be considered.

Recent use of the vice-county system has tended to favour the “‘original’’
Watson-Praeger system rather than Balfour-Browne’s modifications. The
former is used by Heath & Emmet (1976, 1985, as maps with vice-county
numbers), and in some of both the Royal Entomological Society’s
Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects (e.g. Peacock 1977,
Mound ef. al. 1976, both as lists of vice-county numbers) and the Scientific
Publications of the Freshwater Biological Association (e.g. Hynes
1958,Macan 1961, both as maps without numbers). The alphabetical
symbols advocated by Balfour-Browne (1931) and Uhthoff-Kaufmann
(1989) were not used in any of these publications.

Balfour-Browne’s modified system seems to have been used mainly by
himself and certain of his contemporaries (e.g. C.E. Tottenham).
However, even Balfour-Browne himself was not wholly consistent in his
choice of systems. In volume 1 of his British Water Beetles he reproduced
not only his ‘‘typomap’’ and alphabetical symbols (including the
‘“‘additional’’ vice-counties of Scilly, Lundy and London) but also a strictly
‘‘Watsonian’’ vice-county map which does not include these extra vice-
counties.

It is worth noting that the Subcommittee on Maps and Censuses set up
by the Systematics Association in 1947, and which standardised the
Watsonian vice-counties, redefining boundaries, etc, where necessary,
included two eminent entomologists among its members, C.R.P. Diver
(admittedly better known as a conchologist and ecologist) and O.W.
Richards (Dandy 1969).

Mr Uhthoff-Kaufmann favours Balfour-Browne’s double alphabetical
symbols over the Watsonian numerals in designating the vice-counties. The
supposed advantages of the alphabetical symbols may suit many workers,
but the numerals certainly have their advocates, including myself. The most
important point is surely that the Watsonian numerals are in current use by
many British biologists whatever their specialism (Dandy 1969). Watson
admittedly wrote mainly for botanists, but his system has been taken up
since by zoologists in many different fields. Most of these have never met
with Balfour-Browne’s system. Would Mr Uhthoff-Kaufmann have

26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 1 Saet990

entomologists use their own system which is familiar neither to botanists
nor to other zoologists? An additional, if minor, convenience of the
Watsonian numerals is that they are (necessarily) sequential, as the
Balfour-Browne alphabetic symbols are not. Thus, even if v-c 9 is not
immediately recognisable as Dorset, it is evident that it is a southern vice-
county, probably a coastal one. The sequence 9-10-11 clearly indicates a
southern distribution, while, if the alphabetical symbols are unfamiliar, or
have been forgotten, the sequence DT-IW-SH conveys very little. I suspect
some entomologists may prefer the alphabetical symbols, but for me their
restriction to use in one field only, rather than by biologists or naturalists as
a whole, is a fatal flaw.

Changes to the designated alphabetical symbols, as suggested by Mr
Uhthoff-Kaufmann, hardly help the cause of uniformity. A further
advantage of the numerical symbols is that they avoid any contentious
political issues, such as the continuing use of the abbreviations for King’s
County (Offaly) and Queen’s County (Leix) which date from the
Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland and before establishment of the
Republic. LD for Londonderry (H40, Derry) could offend Republicans,
just as amendment to, say, DY might do the same for Loyalists; H40 or 152
is neutral.

It is true, as Mr Uhthoff-Kaufmann writes, that the prefixing of the Irish
vice-counties by the letter H is anomalous. A minor modification of the
Watsonian system is simply to use the numerals 113-152 for the Irish vice-
counties South Kerry to Derry (H1 - H40). However, the prefixed numerals
are used in many of the standard works and maps. There is certainly no
advantage in having WC(I) and WC(E) to distinguish West Cork from
West Cornwall. The letters merely add to the English designation. At least
with numerals the H prefix is a consistent one.

Balfour-Browne’s paper (1931) is entitled, with heavy, if unconscious,
irony ‘‘A plea for uniformity in the method of recording insect captures”’
(my italics). As an example of ‘‘uniformity’’, Balfour-Browne gratuitously
invented three new vice-counties for interpolation into the Watsonian
system. Scilly and Lundy are merely irritants. There is no reason, apart
from entomological popularity, for their elevation to the status of separate
vice-counties. Both areas are very small and certainly much smaller than
the average for other vice-counties. Indeed, Lundy is too small to feature
on any of the vice-county maps in Balfour-Browne (1940). If Scilly and
Lundy are to be included as vice-counties, why not St. Kilda, North Rona,
Fair Isle, the Monachs, Skomer, the Isle of May, the Aran Islands and a
host of other more or less isolated islands or island groups in the British
Isles? If uniformity is the aim, why change a well-established system? Scilly
and Lundy have no place in the Watsonian vice-county system and should
be included, respectively, in West Cornwall (v-c 1) and North Devon (v-c
4), as they are in Watson (1852) and Dandy (1969).

WATSONIAN VICE-COUNTIES 27

Balfour-Browne’s addition of Scilly and Lundy to the Watsonian system
is bad enough, but his other innovation, ‘‘London’’, is far worse. First, it
cuts into, and takes territory from, several existing vice-counties, as is
clearly evident from the maps in Dandy (1969), and, at a larger scale, in de
Worms (1954) (incidentally, an entomologist!). Use of the London ‘“‘vice-
county’’ has the potential for endless confusion as to whether a record
comes from any one of up to eight divisions. Secondly, the alphabetical
symbol for London is in a completely different typeface (Gothic) from any
other, necessitating either tedious adjustments to typewriter or word-
processor to reproduce one symbol or use of a manuscript character in
typed texts. Thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, the extra vice-county is
inadequately defined as ‘‘the county of London’’, which is no longer in
existence as an administrative area. Where are its boundaries clearly,
unambiguously and conveniently defined? An area which is almost
completely urbanised may be of limited value in a biogeographical sense,
though this criticism also applies, with less force, to Middlesex (v-c 21).

Mr Uhthoff-Kaufmann’s comments on Hundred House (in the vice-
county of Radnorshire, 43 = RA) is puzzling. A major aim of the
Watsonian system was to have a constant number of biogeographical
divisions (vice-counties) with unchanging boundaries, in order to provide a
stable alternative to the use of administrative areas, then mostly counties,
the boundaries of which have been changed so often. In Watson’s day, too,
the problems posed by ‘‘enclaves’’ in the administrative counties were
considerable (Dandy 1969). Fundamental changes to local government
areas in Wales (and Scotland) were brought about in 1974, the last major
reorganisation in the United Kingdom; important, though less radical,
alterations were also made in England. These changes indicate that
Watson’s concern was well-founded.

One deals with a locality such as Hundred House by identifying it Gf
necessary) on a large-scale map (e.g. the OS 1:50 000 series) and relating its
position to the standard 1:625 000 vice-county maps produced by the Ray
Society (Dandy 1969). In cases of extreme difficulty, the authoritative half-
inch to one mile manuscript maps which define the vice-county boundaries
may be consulted (Dandy 1969). Gazetteers such as Anon. (1963) and OS
(1987) are, or course, often very helpful in locating sites by geographical
descriptions and accurate National Grid References, respectively.

Mr Uhthoff-Kaufmann refers to the ‘‘typomap’’ of Balfour-Browne
(1931) as ‘‘ingenious’’. That is one description: there are others which are
less flattering. Typomaps which summarise the actual recorded
distributions of species are fiendishly difficult to produce accurately on a
typewriter, as I know to my cost. They may be easier to make using a word-
processor. But despite their ingenuity, is there any real need to use
typomaps? Many entomologists may think that they are an uneasy and
unnecessary compromise between a straightforward map (blank copies of

28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

which are easily obtainable, for instance from the national Biological
Records Centre) and a simple, sequential listing of vice-county records. My
own system, using a block of squares 19 x 8 to represent the vice-counties,
has several advantages over the typomap, above all simplicity and ease of
use (Morris 1973).

Vice-county 99 (DN), Dunbarton, is certainly a small area and not
always easily found on a map by the inexperienced, but is the distortion
inherent in the typomap, and the sheer difficulty of producing one, a fair
exchange for a real map or a simple listing?

In some ways Balfour-Browne’s scheme is based on a misconception, as
well as being obsolete (the two factors are interrelated). Vice-counties,
whether using Balfour-Browne’s system or Watson’s, are a clumsy and
inaccurate way of ‘‘recording insect captures’’ (to be distinguished from
the summarising of mapping of the distributions of species). The best
method of recording captures in the British Isles is to use the six-, or if
possible eight- figure references of the National and Irish Grids. Of course,
names of localities should also be included, both as a check on the grid
reference and for easy recognition (few of us can identify or keep numerical
references in our heads). Use of grid references to locate places exactly
came into general use only after the Second World War, and thus after
publication of Balfour-Browne’s paper. I understand from some of those
who knew him that he never fully understood or adopted this modern
method of referencing records.

Eight-, six-, or even four- figure grid references virtually pinpoint
localities, and thus spatially record insect captures with accuracy. Such
records can then be used to summarise or map distributions using any
convenient or instructive units. The most popular are the 10-km squares of
the National Grid, but it is not always appropriate to use them. There
appears to be some misunderstanding amongst biologists on this score, and
my own opinion is that not enough flexibility and critical thought is given
to the consideration of appropriate mapping scales. Uniformity is certainly
often required for comparison of distributions in diverse groups. However,
uncritical mapping of a few records of a species by 10-km squares may be
inferior to mapping at a coarser scale in revealing distribution patterns. A
variety of mapping units has been used by different workers: vice-counties,
counties (usually the pre-1974 version), other scales of the National Grid,
such as 50-km squares, ‘“‘tetrads’’ (2 x 2-km squares) and 1-km squares.
The last two have most usually been used to map the distribution of
popular groups, such as vascular plants or butterflies, at a county level.
Flexibility in the use of mapping units is desirable and the uncritical use of
the 10-km unit to be deplored.The really important point is that if records
are made using accurate six-figure grid references,maps can be produced at
any appropriate scale.

It so happens that for many insect groups of ‘‘medium popularity’’, the

WATSONIAN VICE-COUNTIES 29

vice-counties give an appropriate number of units. One-km or 2 x 2-km
Squares may justifiably be used to map distributions of butterflies,
particularly over areas smaller than the whole of the British Isles. Ten-km
squares are certainly appropriate for other Macrolepidoptera. Heath &
Emmet (1976, 1985) sensibly used vice-counties to map the distribution of
the less popular Microlepidoptera. For many Hemiptera, Coleoptera,
Hymenoptera and Diptera, vice-counties are also appropriate, though
10-km squares are often preferred. For many of the less popular or
“‘obscure’’ groups, a larger unit (50-km squares or Watsonian provinces)
may give a better initial picture of a distribution than the ubiquitious 10-km
squares. The advantage of the Watsonian vice-counties and provinces over
systems based on the National and Irish grids is that there are no small,
uneven and difficult fragments of land to be accommodated.

The summarising and mapping of distributions of plants and animals in
the British Isles (and elsewhere) is a developing process. As time goes by
and records accumulate, mapping may appropriately be done at smaller
and smaller scales. Morover, interest in smaller areas, particularly counties,
has always been high and in some fields, notably butterfly studies, has been
growing. Here, local mapping, using one- or 2 x 2-km squares, is popular,
but the national atlas is at the 10-km scale (Heath, Pollard & Thomas
1984). In some groups of insects, the stage of mapping at the vice-county
scale has been, as it were, by-passed. Yet the mapping of the British flora
using 10-km squares (Perring & Walters 1972) was preceded by much
activity at the county and vice-county levels, with the production of a
‘“Comital Flora’’ (Druce 1932).

Successive mapping at the same scale will, of course, also be required for
comparative studies and for the detection of gains and losses. This may be
especially important in the future if the expected climatic changes caused by
the ““‘greenhouse effect’’ take place.

Many British entomologists have abandoned the insular attitudes of their
predecessors and are interested in insects in Europe, or even further afield.
This is not the place to elaborate upon this except to say that latitude and
longitude coordinates will no doubt continue to be in use for recording
captures, However, the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid is now
widely available, certainly in Europe. Attention should also be drawn to the
standard account of European countries in use in Flora Europaea (Tutin et
al. (1964)), which entomologists might well follow.

I have no hesitation in preferring the Watson/Praeger/Dandy system
against Balfour-Browne’s, largely because of its universality and because it
was first in the field. However, the important issue to reiterate is the
distinction between recording (which should be as accurate as possible,
using the National and Irish Grids) and the mapping (or summarising) of
distributions (which can be done to any scale), using vice-county, National
Grid, or other systems, as appropriate.

30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

Acknowledgements

I have benefitted from discussions on recording and mapping with many
biologists over the years. Discussions with successive Heads of the
Biological Records Centre (Dr F.H. Perring, the late John Heath, and Mr
P.T. Harding) have been particularly fruitful, though they are not
responsible for the views expressed here.

References

Anon. 1963. Survey Gazetteer of the British Isles, 9th edition, Bartholomew & Son,
Edinburgh.

Balfour-Browne, F. 1931. A plea for uniformity in the method of recording insect
captures. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 67: 183-193.

—, 1940. British Water Beetles 1. Ray Society, London.

Dandy, J.E. 1969. Watsonian Vice-Counties of Great Britain, Ray Society, London.

Druce, G.C. 1932. Comital Flora of the British Isles, T. Buncle & Co., Arbroath.

Heath, J. & Emmet, A.M. 1976. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland 1, Blackwell Scientific Publications and Curwen Press, Oxford and
Edinburgh.

—, 1985. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 2, Harley Books,
Colchester.

Heath, J., Pollard, E. & Thomas, J.A. 1984. Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and
Ireland, Viking, Harmondsworth.

Hynes, H.B.N. 1958. A key to the adults and nymphs of British stoneflies (Plecop-
tera). Scient. Publs Freshwat. biol. Ass. 17, 87pp.

Macan, T.T. 1961. A key to the nymphs of the British species of Ephemeroptera.
Scient. Publs Freshwat. biol. Ass. 20, 64pp.

Morris, M.G. 1973. A method of keeping records of the vice-county distribution of
insects and other organisms. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 108 (1972): 248-256.

Mound, L.A., Morison, G.D., Pitkin, B.R. & Palmer, J.M. 1976. Thysanoptera.
Handbk. Ident. Brit. Insects 1(11): 79pp.

Ordnance Survey, 1987. The Ordnance Survey Gazetteer of Great Britain 808pp,
Ordnance Survey, Southampton, and Macmillan, London.

Peacock, E.R. 1977. Coleoptera Rhizophagidae. Handbk. Ident. Brit. Insects 5(Sa):
19pp.

Perring, F.H. & Walters, S.M. 1972. Atlas of the British Flora (2nd edition),
E.P. Publishing, Wakefield.
Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. &
Webb, D.A. 1964. Flora Europaea 1, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Uhthoff-Kaufmann, R.R. 1989. Browne versus Watson: round two. Entomologist’s
Rec. J. Var. 101: 61-63.

Watson, H.C. 1852. Cybele Britannica 3, Edited by F.E. Edgerton, Ayer Co. Publi-
cations, London.

Worms, C.G.M. de, 1954. The moths of London and its surroundings (pt.1).
London Nat. 1953: 101-146.

BZB_P

THE VALESINA MORPH IN CORSICA 31

THE VALESINA MORPH OF THE BUTTERFLY ARGYNNIS
PAPHIA (L.) IN CORSICA, 1988

C.F.A. BRUNTON, J.D. BAXTER, J.A.S. QUARTSON AND A.L. PANCHEN

Department of Biology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, NEI 7RU.

Introduction

IN SOME populations of the Silver-washed Fritillary butterfly, Argynnis
paphia (L.), the females are dimorphic. In Britain and continental Europe
most females are of the fulvous colour characteristic of many large fritillary
species, although duller than the males. There may, however, be a second
female morph, valesina Esper, which has a dull greenish-grey ground
colour on the upper surface of the wings, but with the same pattern of dark
spots as the normal female. In southern England some populations have
the valesina form at a high enough frequency to be regarded as
polymorphic, in others it is a rare variation, and in others again it is absent.

The genetics of the valesina polymorphism was investigated in breeding
experiments by Goldschmidt and Fischer (1922). There is a valesina gene
which acts as a sex-controlled dominant. Females homozygous or
heterozygous for valesina both show the characteristic coloration, but male
valesina specimens are indistinguishable in appearance from normal males.
Fischer (1929-30) reports the occurrence of very rare valesina males, but
Ford (1975) suggests that these might be intersexes, or alternatively, that
their appearance might be due to a gene other than the valesina allele.
Goldschmidt and Fischer did a number of experimental crosses using males
known to be of normal, heterozygote or valesina genotype, with a similar
range of females. When normal males (v v) were crossed with
heterozygous valesina females (Vv), the ratio of offspring was as
expected: 50% males, 25% normal females, 25% valesina females. A series
of reciprocal crosses, however, with Vv males and v_ v females, gave a
significant deficiency of valesina females amongst the offspring. There was
also a slight deficiency of valesina females in the offspring when both
parents were heterozygotes (Vv). Ford (1975) suggests two possible
explanations. Sperms carrying the V gene may be at some disadvantage
compared to those carrying v (‘‘meiotic drive’’) and/or sperm carrying V
may be at a disadvantage in fertilising v eggs, but not V eggs. Thus the low
frequency or absence of valesina females in European populations might in
part be explained, but the valesina morph must have some compensating
advantage to be retained in a stable polymorphism in any population at all.
Furthermore, A. paphia has a Palaearctic distribution and towards the far
East valesina becomes much commoner. It is reported that in southern
China all the females are valesina (Ford 1975).

In northern West Germany valesina is relatively common, but it is rarer
in the south-west. Magnus (1958) investigated the reaction of males to the

a2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 571990

colour and pattern of females in the south-west and in laboratory stocks
derived from these southern populations. He concluded that the colour of
the normal female elicited the first phase of male courtship behaviour at a
distance, and that the fulvous colour rather than the overall pattern was the
critical feature. He was also able to show that ‘‘supernormal releasers’’,
larger than life model females or bands of rotating colour, elicited an even
stronger response. The valesina colour, on the other hand, did not
stimulate the approach of the male, although females of either morph
could stimulate the next phase of courtship if the males were near enough
to detect the female pheromones. Magnus expressed surprise at the rarity of
the valesina form when it was a genetic dominant, suggesting some
misunderstanding of evolutionary genetics. Nevertheless valesina females
must have some compensating advantage to be retained as a distinct morph
in a population at all. The aim of our field work was to detect any
behavioural advantage in wild populations. We chose Corsica where
valesina is known to occur at relatively high frequency in some populations
(Bretherton & de Worms 1963, Panchen & Panchen 1973).

Argynnis paphia in Corsica

In Corsica the Silver-washed Fritillary occurs as what is usually considered
to be a distinct sub-species A. paphia immaculata Bellier, which is also the
only form on the neighbouring islands of Sardinia, Elba and Giglio.
Apparently transitional forms are found in Sicily and elsewhere near the
Mediterranean coast (Higgins & Riley 1983). The sub-specific name refers
to the reduction or absence of the characteristic ‘‘silver washings’’ of A.
paphia paphia (Bretherton & De Worms 1963) but there is considerable
variation in the degree of this reduction (Panchen & Panchen 1973).
Bretherton and De Worms estimated the frequency of valesina in
populations in the forest of Vizzavona, central Corsica (altitude ca. 1000m)
at between five and eight per cent of all females. In 1972 the impression was
that valesina females were at a higher frequency in the Restonica valley
some 20 km away (500 - 600 m) but an accurate estimate was not possible
(Panchen & Panchen 1973).

Bretherton and De Worms also noted a difference in behaviour between
normal and valesina females in Corsica. Their estimate of the frequency of
valesina ‘‘was complicated by the fact that their habits seemed to differ
from those of typical females: they fed more warily, settled more on mossy
stones, and paid more frequent visits to the branches of beech trees which
served both sexes as dormitories at night and in cloudy weather’’. Panchen
and Panchen corroborated these observations from specimens in the Gorge
de la Restonica: the valesina females often settled on mossy stones, against
which they were cryptic, but were not seen feeding, whereas males and
normal females, apart from feeding on brambles, were particularly
attracted to the low yellow-flowered thistles, Carlina corymbosa, which are
attractive to many butterfly species.

THE VALESINA MORPH IN CORSICA 33

The observations reported below were made during the summer of 1988,
when we visited Corsica as the University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Expedition, working principally on the variation and distribution of
Coenonympha corinna, the Corsican Heath butterfly (Brunton ef a/. in
prep.). Although we saw several A. paphia populations, only one was
satisfactory for our purposes, in that valesina was present and the whole
group, at least when feeding, were together in a smali defined area. The
locality was at about 1 km inland of the village of Olmeta-di-Capocorso,
which is itself about 3 km inland from the west coast of Cap Corse, the long
northward pointing peninsula at the eastern end of the island. The paphia
locality was on the south bank of the small mountain River Pierrago at an
altitude of about 400 m. It consisted of an area of about 6 m (along the
river) by 3.6 m, bounded at the east and west by riverside trees and at the
south by derelict garden land which dropped down to the site about 1.5 m
below at a low wall. We were thus able to look down on the site, making
observations particularly easy. The whole site area was dominated by a
dense growth of the Corsican hemp agrimony, Eupatorium cannabinum
L., subsp. corsicum, the plants themselves being about 1.5 m high with pale
pinkish purple flowers, on which the butterflies were feeding avidly. Other
species visiting the site were Limenitis reducta Staudinger, Pandoriana
pandora (Schiff.) and a small, blue lycaenid, but A. p. immaculata were in
the overwhelming majority.

Observations

We first discovered the Olmeta population in the late afternoon of 5th
August 1988 and were able to visit it on four subsequent days, the 6th, 9th,
11th and 13th August. On this last day we were able to see the first arrival
of the butterflies on the patch while on the previous Saturday, 6th August,
we arrived at about 10.00 am to find one or two already there. On two
occasions (9th and 11th August) we did not leave the site until sundown,
after the butterflies had left to roost in the surrounding trees. We can
therefore reconstruct, with reasonable certainty, a whole day’s activity of
the butterflies on the feeding site. We also recorded shade temperature
throughout. The weather was clear during the whole period of our
observations and the mid-day temperature reached a shade temperature of
between 26°C and a little above 30°C. Sunrise was approximately 7.00 am
but because of the surrounding hills and trees the patch remained in the
shade until approximately 9.30 am when the shade temperature was about
20°C. By 10.00 am the whole patch was in full sun and the temperature
rising towards its maximum. Maximum temperature was reached soon after
11.00 am and persisted with little change until about 4.00 pm. The sun had
left the patch somewhat after 6.00 pm.

The first butterfly to arrive at the site, between 9.30 and 10.00 am was a
male, to be followed at first only by males. Females arrived as the patch
moved into full sunlight. On both occasions when we were there, va/esina

34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

females were the first to arrive followed by normal females. At 10.15 am we
recorded 13 butterflies including four valesina. We never saw more than
four together, however, and a rather subjective estimate, with butterflies
continually leaving and re-appearing at the site, was that they represented
about 30% of all females. Towards mid-day, as the temperature
approached 30°C, the females left the patch and flew off into the shade of
the trees, presumably to their night-time roosts. It was noticeable that the
valesina females seemed to have slightly greater tolerance of the high
temperature than normal females and tended to stay on the patch a little
longer. The males stayed throughout the day, sitting conspicuously on the
tops of the flowers, even in the mid-day heat, and fluttering from flower to
flower. The females did not return to the patch until the temperature
started to drop at about 4.00 pm. Any courtship activity was thus restricted
to 10- 11 am and 4 - 6 pm. Magnus (1958) notes that it has been shown by
Vielmetter (1954 and personal communication) that A. paphia is capable of
behavioural temperature control with an optimal temperature when active
of about 34°C. Presumably males (and perhaps valesina to a lesser degree)
either heat up less under the same conditions of sun and ambient
temperature, or have a higher optimum.

We were able to see a number of episodes of courtship behaviour but no
actual mating. Courtship was usually initiated by the male pursuing the
female and in some cases the females adopted a ‘‘calling’’ attitude. In the
case of the valesina females, however, we saw a number of occasions when
the female approached the male, something that normal females never did.
One other feature of valesina is of note. They are undoubtedly cryptic
against a background of grey-green foliage and the specimens at Olmeta
often fed at flowers on shorter plants than did normal females or the very
conspicuous males. When not apparently feeding the va/esina females were
sometimes seen to settle low in the foliage where they were quite difficult to
spot.

Discussion

The valesina morph of A. paphia appears to be at a disadvantage to the
normal female morph, firstly,because when a male carries the va/esina gene
there is abnormal genetic segregation of its offspring with a deficiency in
female valesina, and, secondly, because of the apparent behavioural
disadvantage to the valesina morph in courtship, as reported by Magnus.
Previous reports of the behaviour of valesina females in A. paphia paphia
(Ford 1975) suggest another behavioural difference. Males and normal
females are to be seen in sunny woodland clearings and pathways, while
valesina females are restricted to the shade of trees. These observations are
to some extent repeated by the previous accounts of behaviour of valesina
in A. paphia immaculata on Corsica. Bretherton and De Worms (1963) and
Panchen and Panchen (1973) both emphasised the separation by preferred

THE VALESINA MORPH IN CORSICA 35

habitat and behaviour of valesina, together with its cryptic coloration. The
Olmeta population was, however, a coherent whole, although we were
again struck by the cryptic appearance and sometimes behaviour of
valesina. There were, however, two new features, the apparently greater
temperature tolerance of valesina, compared to normal females, and the
active part played by valesina females in initiating courtship. If repeated in
other populations,these factors, together with the evident crypsis, might
give valesina females the compensating advantage necessary to maintain
the valesina gene in a population at a significant frequency.

Acknowledgements

Three of us (C.F.A.B., J.D.B. and J.A.S.Q.) were the members of the
Newcastle University Corsica Expedition. As such we were given a grant
and other help by the University Exploration Society. Other financial help
was given by the British Ecological Society, the Royal Entomological
Society, Barclays Bank and the Vice-Chancellor’s Fund, Newcastle
University. The Department of Biology at Newcastle University lent us
equipment as well as giving us a grant from the Edmund Burtt Fund.
A.L.P. received a grant from the University Small Grants Research Fund.
We wish to express our gratitude to all these organisations. The manuscript
was typed by Liz Kinghorn.

References

Bretherton, R.F. & De Worms, C.G. (1976) Butterflies in Corsica 1962.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 75, 93-104.

Fischer, E., (1929-30) Valesina-Mannschen. Entom.Z., 43: 151, 159, 184, 194.

Ford, E.B. (1975) Ecological genetics. (4th Edn.) London: Chapman & Hall.

Goldschmidt, R. & Fischer, E. (1922) Argynnis paphia-valesina, ein fall geschlechts-
kontrollierter Verebung bei Schmetterlingen. Genetica, 4, 247-278.

Higgins, I.G. & Riley, N.D. (1983) A field guide to the butterflies of Britain and
Europe. (Sth Edn.) London: Collins.

Magnus, D.B.E. (1958) Experimental analysis of some ‘‘overoptimal’’ sign-
stimuli in the mating-behaviour of the fritillary butterfly Argynnis paphia L.
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Proc. 10th Internat. Congr. Entom. 1956. 2:
405-418.

Panchen, A.L. & Panchen, M.N. (1973) Notes on the butterflies of Corsica 1972.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 85, 149-153, 198-202.

Vielmetter, W. (1954) Die Temperaturregulation des Kaisermantels in der Sonnens-
trahlung. Naturwiss. 41, 535-536.

Two old records of Lepidoptera in Jersey

G.B. Coney was an amateur entomologist resident, at least during his later
years, in Dorset, but with connections in Jersey, Channel Islands. He
published an important early list of Lepidoptera taken in Jersey in 1903
(Entomologist 37: 127-131). His collection is in the City of Bristol Museum

36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 152198990

and Art Gallery where, in March this year, I found two moths of note. The
first is a fine specimen of Catocala elocata (Esp.) labelled ‘Taken on the
wall of a house in St Saviour’s, Jersey, 20.x.1903°’. C. elocata has several
features which distinguish it from C. nupta and it is considerably larger.
Coney probably misidentified it at first as nupta as his list for 1903 has, for
that species, ‘‘August 22nd to October 20th’’, although the words “‘C.
elocata’’ appear to be in Coney’s hand.

According to Culot in Noctuelles et Géomeétres d’Europe (volume II,
page 191, plate 75, 6) its distribution is central and southern Europe and
Asia Minor, and this appears to be the only record of its occurring in the
British Isles.

Also in the Bristol collection is a perfect specimen of Leucodonta
bicoloria (D. & S.) the White Prominent, labelled “‘Jersey, June, 1905’’.
This, the only record for the Channel Islands, post-dates this species’ last-
known occurrence in Britain in 1880, but it was still being recorded in
Ireland up to 1938 (Heath and Emmet, Moths and Butterflies of Great
Britain and Ireland, 9, page 57).

This moth was noted by N.W. Lear (Ent. Rec. 98: 138) where he reports
that it was taken in ‘‘vii.05’’, but my notes show that the label is as given
above. His note also illustrates current confusion over the position of the
Channel Islands and their fauna. The Channel Islands are not in Great
Britain but are, pace Mr Lear, part of the British Isles. The grounds for
including species recorded in the islands as part of the British fauna are
shaky, as the islands are unquestionably part of the French
zoogeographical region. However, this increasing practice is generally
welcomed, if only so that a measure of consistent treatment is employed
across the animal and vegetable kingdoms. The Channel Islands’ flora has
been considered British for a long time and many groups of animals are
similarly treated.

I acknowledge with thanks the generous help I received from the Bristol
Museum, and particularly from Mrs Anne Hollowell of the Natural
History Department, in investigating these records. — R. LONG, Société
Jersiaise, 9 Pier Road, St Helier, Jersey, Channel Islands.

Migrant moths in south Devon

Following my success in 1988, I returned to Bigbury for the first week of
October 1989. Migrant moths taken comprised two Nomophila noctuella
D. & S. (1.10 and 4.10.89), one Heliothis armigera Hb. (3.10.89), one
Mythimna unipuncta Haw. I took at least one specimen of unipuncta each
night with a maximum of three specimens on 4.10.89. Having taken
unipuncta at Bigbury .in October 1988, I suggest that this species most
probably survived the mild 88/89 winter in situ at this favoured southern
locality. — M.D. BRYAN, Keeper of Natural History, Birmingham
Museum.

IN QUEST OF ANARTA MELANOPA 37,

IN QUEST OF ANARTA MELANOPA THUNB. (LEP.:
NOCTUIDAE), THE BROAD-BORDERED WHITE UNDERWING

Brig. E.C.L. SIMSON

Crosbythwaite, Plowden Park, Aston Rowant, Oxon.

I WENT with Tony Pickles to Scotland on a short trip from 28th May to
Ist June 1989. We based ourselves in an excellent ‘‘Bed and Breakfast’’ at
Carrbridge in Inverness-shire, called ‘‘Ard na Coille’’, the meaning of
which escapes me for the moment. ‘‘En passant’’ northwards we searched
some posts for Anarta cordigera Thunb. and were lucky enough to find a
pair in cop. on 28th May — a species new to us.

That night we sugared on Grainish Moor, hoping for Acronicta
euphorbiae D. & S. We also ran a light. Quite a few moths of no distinction
were seen and this was the only night of our trip when any moths flew;
conditions being arctic for the rest of our stay. The next morning we beat
juniper near Carrbridge and got many Thera cognata Thunb, and
Eupithecia pusillata D. & S. larvae. The wood-ants were so plentiful and so
voracious that one’s beating tray resembled the Coliseum in ancient Rome
on a good afternoon. We had to fight to save the Christians!

After lunch to Loch Morlich, where we swept the bilberry for Semiothisa
brunneata Thunb, larvae. We got quite a few, which have since produced
fine imagos. In an interval in the operations two interesting events
occurred: we met Peter and Margaret Forder, of the BENHS, and spotted
some ‘‘twitchers’’ glued to their scopes. They were viewing the Morlich
Ospreys. I boldly introduced myself as a ‘‘twitcher anonymous’’ and
begged a viewing. Kindness itself,they allowed me to look through two
telescopes — each one trained on a different bird. These telescopes were
very powerful and far more effective than the Zeis 8 x 30 that I carry. There
sat the two great birds, on dead trees, far out on the blasted heath; their
deserted nest between them.

Now to the second event. The Forders introduced themselves and, on
being told that on the morrow we planned to go up the hills to 2300 feet in
search of melanopa, asked if they might join us. So we made an R.V. with
them for 10.00 hours at Grant’s Garage, Aviemore, from whom I had
arranged to hire a jeep. Through the great kindness of the Laird of Kinrara
I had permission to motor up to his grouse moor and so was able to obtain
the key from his head keeper.

At 10.00 hours on 30th May we all duly met in Aviemore in cold and
threatening weather. The hills were hidden in cloud and the wind blew
keenly down the road through the town. But we had come a long way and
so climbed aboard our vehicle and set off upward. The last trees vanished
and then the heather ceased as we reached the plateau of rocks, lichen and
patches of crowberry, whose pink flowers bravely faced the stormy

38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

weather. The lonely piping of a pair of Golden Plovers did little to cheer
things up.

Almost as soon as we arrived at the summit a snow storm engulfed us.
Visibility was zero, but I do not think any snow fell — it was passing us
horizontally! As soon as it stopped, Tony went off over the plateau, whilst
the rest of us huddled in the jeep. Just before another snow flurry arrived
he rejoined us with two melanopa! He had got down on his hands and
knees and searched the rocks and the crowberry and had spotted the two
moths sheltering in the herbage. So heartened were we that, as soon as the
clouds lifted, we strode the plateau, nets at the ready. In the few sunny
spells that followed each snow flurry, between us we caught another ten
melanopa. They did not fly anywhere near as fast as I had noted in a
previous year in continuous, hot sunshine.

Margaret Forder performed what may well be an unique feat. She carried
a net in one hand and a bunch of bearberry, which she had picked the
evening before, in the other. As she walked, a melanopa landed on the
bunch of flowers. I asked her what she did. She said ‘‘No problem; I just
popped the bunch, with the moth, into my net and so caught my first, and
probably my last, melanopa’’. To anyone who has hunted melanopa in
continuous, hot sunshine, and seen the speed of its flight, this account may
seem remarkable. Of further interest regarding the flight of me/anopa; a
communication by B.K. West (Ent. Rec. 101: 172) describes the flight
pattern in strong wind. But the capture of two melanopa sheltering from
the wind by Tony Pickles is another matter, and says much for both his
eyesight and his optimism; and, of course, for the plenitude of the moth.

Delayed emergence in Chloroclystis v-ata Haworth (V-pug) (Lep.:
Geometeridae).

In southern Britain Chloroclystis v-ata usually flies between May and
August in two broods, though this species has been caught in the
Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps from April to September. In northern
Britain the species is univoltine, flying in June and July. The larvae are
polyphagous on the flowers of a wide variety of plants and overwintering
takes place in the pupal stage (Skinner, B. (1984) Colour Identification
Guide to the Moths of the British Isles. Viking, Harmondsworth).

In late August 1988 six larvae of this species were collected by the author
from goldenrod flowers at Aberporth, Dyfed. By the end of September all
had pupated. By the end of October the adult wing markings could be seen
through the pupal cases of four of the pupae, and the emergence of a
partial third brood seemed imminent. However, all six overwintered and
hatched during May of the following year. The wing markings of the two
pupae which were not fully developed the previous autumn were evident a
few days before emergence, as is usually the case.

The reasons for the apparently fully-developed adults overwintering

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 39

inside the pupal skin are not known and their ability to do so seems
remarkable. I have not heard of this behaviour in any other species and
would welcome comments. Thanks are extended to Gwynn Williams of the
Royal Aircraft Establishment at Aberporth for permission to collect larvae
at the site. — ADRIAN M. RILEY, Dept. of Entomology and Nematology,
AFRC Institute Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental
Station, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ.

Notes on Orthoptera from Jersey, Channel Islands

Although all these species are well known from the dunes around St Ouen’s
Bay, Jersey (Marshall & Haes, 1988 Grasshoppers and allied insects of
Great Britain and Ireland), | nevertheless feel it is worth placing on record
(somewhat belatedly!) that the late Roderick Dobson sent me a collection
of live Orthoptera from this area which he collected on 31st August 1964.
The species included were the Grey Bush-cricket Platycleis albopunctata
jJerseyana Zeuner, Jersey Grasshopper Euchorthippus pulvinatus
elegantulus, Zeuner, Heath Grasshopper Chorthippus vagans
(Eversmann), Field Grasshopper C. brunneus (Thunberg) and Blue-winged
Grasshopper Oedipoda caerulescens (L.). All were described by Mr
Dobson as being numerous on the dunes.

I kept them alive in cages at Broadcasting House in Bristol for
observation and, with the exception of D. caerulescens, to make tape
recordings of their stridulations. — J.F. BURTON, Wasserturmstr. 53,
D-6904 Eppelheim, Heidelberg, West Germany.

Hazards of butterfly collecting, Tsavo — May 1988

May 1988 saw me in the Tsavo National Park of Kenya as part of my
preparations for writing a book on the Butterflies of Kenya. Getting good
colour slides of at least a quarter of all the Kenyan species was high on my
list of priorities. In savannah areas, butterfly photography is almost
impossible except in the early morning or in the afternoon as butterflies
begin to bed down. During the day, they are much too lively and even when
feeding often spend but a second or two at each nectar source. There in an
additional advantage to early morning and late afternoon photography in
that many specimens will be sunning themselves with the wings open, and it
may be possible to capture the range of beautiful colours in the African
orange tips of the genus Co/otis.

Towards four o’clock I found an ideal spot, a valley with tall acacia trees
and profuse, yet accessible undergrowth with lots of flowers. Butterflies
were obviously beginning to assemble for a very dense night roost.
Communal roosting among butterflies is not unusual, sometimes simply
because a given place is very suited, sometimes because of a genuine mutual
attraction, the reasons for which have not been fully puzzled out. There
were almost thirty species preparing to bed down for the night. Four or five

40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

Belenois, a dozen Colotis, a bouquet of pansies (Junonia), Byblia ilithyia,
as well as some lycaenids and skippers. Ideal for photography!

After having stalked a few butterflies with my camera I looked up to
assess the situation. It turned out that I was being assessed myself, and that
by a large bull elephant only ten metres away. Very gingerly I tiptoed back
to the car. African elephants are much less vicious than their Indian
cousins, but still . . . . ten metres is much too close for comfort, not least
for someone who has had occasion to see how swiftly and decisively an
elephant can move. Observations from the car revealed that I was at the
edge of a herd of more than fifty peacefully grazing elephants, just the
thing for which Tsavo is famous.

For the rest of the afternoon I must have made a weird sight trying to
reconcile photography and elephants. I left the car with engine running,
sank on my knees, took a photograph, retreated to the car, surveyed the
scene for elephants, before starting the cycle again if no elephant was closer
that 25 metres. They did not seem to mind much, and by the time when it
became too dark for photography both elephants and car made their way
towards their respective homes along the same trail.

Friends and relatives often assume that butterfly collecting in the tropics
is a series of close calls with wild animals. That, of course, is very rarely so.
Most wild animals avoid the butterfly collector, who usually makes a racket
that can be heard well in advance. ‘‘But aren’t you afraid of tigers?’’, is a
common question. Would that I were lucky enough to see one while on
foot, but that is hopelessly improbable. Lions you might meet, but except
for one or two places where they are known to be dangerous (e.g. the
Aberdares Plateau in Kenya), they are quite inoffensive. Only two animals
present a real danger, attacking without warning, namely the African
buffalo (climb a tree — if you have time) and the Indian elephant (run
downhill — if you have the option). I very much hope that I shall never
have the need to test either bit of advice in practice.

But when all is said and done by far the greatest danger in the tropics lies
in the traffic. Getting to any bit of rainforest on any continent is many
times more dangerous in real terms than wandering about in the wildest and
most remote forest. — T.B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9
8PL.

1989 — A Year for the Holly Blue, Celastrina argiolus L.

This butterfly is well-known for having a year or two of comparative
abundance followed by a period of scarcity — but 1989 has undoubtedly
been a Holly Blue year.

My wife saw our first specimen of the year in the garden on 2nd May,
followed by two on the next day and several on each of the following days
until the 10th. After this time they were less frequent but I did not keep
exact notes.

By 23rd July, when the summer brood was well out, a female was seen

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 41

egg-laying on our small ivy patch, an interesting garden feature upon which
I have managed to place a domestic preservation order. Searching this
patch on 29th July revealed larvae of varying sizes as well as many
unhatched eggs. When breeding this butterfly from eggs collected on 7th
August 1970, a third brood emerged between the 8th and 11th September
and I therefore thought it worthwhile to see if another third brood would
occur in 1989.

This butterfly is highly parasitised by the host specific Listrodromus
nycthemerus (Gravenhorst) (ten parasites from fourteen larvae beaten from
holly on 21st June, 1970) and in retrospect it would have been wiser to have
collected eggs in 1989 rather than larvae. However, I had not anticipated
that the rate of parasitisation would be as high as events proved. From ten
larvae collected from the garden ivy on 14th August, ten parasites resulted
between the 6th and 15th September. That put paid to seeing bred third
brood butterflies, but compensation came on 19th September when three
blues were seen flying in Lower Caversham, on the following day a female
was flying in our own garden and the final specimen seen there on 29th
September.

These may not be particularly late dates, for others have recorded Holly
Blues in October, but the question does arise upon which foodplant would
the late eggs be laid and would the larvae have time to complete
development before the foodplant became unavailable?

In other years I have seen Holly Blues of the spring brood egg laying in
the garden on a cultivated Cornus and on a species of Cotoneaster, but by
late September the Cornus has only withered leaves available and the
Cotoneaster is covered with rather tough berries. Ivy may be the answer,
but this flowered very early in 1989 and by now the berries are well
developed and fairly hard.

It will be interesting to see how the butterfly fares in 1990. — B.R.
BAKER, Reading Museum and Art Gallery, Reading RG1 1QL.

Pyracantha as a possible foodplant of Holly Blue butterflies Celastrina
argiolus (Linnaeus) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in the London Area.

Lepidopterists resident in the south-east of England can not have failed to
notice that 1989 was an exceptionally good year for Holly Blue butterflies
Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus) and I have heard that this situation was
repeated elsewhere in the country. In the London area (defined by the
London Natural History Society as being a circle of radius twenty miles
based upon St Paul’s Cathedral), butterflies were in great number, with
several of this normally near-solitary species being seen flying together on
many occasions. Adults, usually males, were seen in a great many areas
from which they were apparently absent during the intensive searching
from 1980 to 1986 which culminated in the publication of The Butterflies of
the London Area (London Natural History Society, 1987).

42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

In a normal year in the London Area, adults appear around mid-April
(earliest 2nd April in 1983) and typically lay eggs on either holly J/ex
aquifolium or snowberry Symphoricarpos sp. I was rather surprised to
discover that volume 7 (1) of The moths and butterflies of Great Britain
and Ireland (Harley Books, 1989) lists only dogwood Swida sanguinea and
gorse Ulex europaeus as alternatives to the more usual larval foodplant. In
the London Area snowberry is used regularly and enables the butterfly to
flourish in areas where holly is absent. This is particularly true in the
Central London area. The progeny of this spring brood form the second
generation of adults in late July, lasting through until the end of August or,
rarely, September (latest recorded was 9th September in 1983). These adults
lay eggs on ivy and in a normal year the pupae of this generation will over-
winter.

In 1989, however, it became apparent that within the generally increased
numbers of adult butterflies on the wing, there was a definite pattern of rise
and fall, of the type which usually matches the voltinism of the species
involved. Thus, there was a peak of adults in April and May 1989, tailing-
off into June so that by the middle of June only a very few late emergers
were still in evidence. By July the first brood had finished and there was a
clear gap between the end of the first brood and the start of the second at
the end of July/early August. However, the summer brood, on the wing
from late July to at least 23rd September, transpires to cou1ceal not one, but
two peaks of population; the first within the first two weeks of August and
the second, rather smaller, around the second and third weeks of
September. The question that this poses is whether the double peak
represents a split emergence of the second brood or whether in fact a third
brood is indicated.

The evidence against a third brood is fairly strong. There is unlikely to
have been adequate time for a second brood adult to produce progeny by
the second week of September, whilst pupae from the second brood of
adults usually overwinter and so it seems unlikely that they would have
emerged in the continuing warm weather. One must, therefore, consider
the possible causes of a split emergence. The most obvious choice, for 1989,
would be the unusually prolonged hot, dry weather, of the kind we have
not seen since 1976. Whilst this may be either partially or totally
responsible, I prefer to consider the possibility of another alternative
foodplant and, that the development rate on the two differing pabula is
likely to vary sufficiently to produce a double peak.

The evidence for an alternative foodplant for the progeny of spring
generation argiolus all heralds from East London. A telephone caller at the
Museum wondered why the Holly Blues in the Ilford, Essex area were
taking such great interest in the Pyracantha growing locally. This was
rather fortuitous, since I had intended to examine the local Pyracantha for
the early generation of Phyllonorycter leucographella which is abundant
locally. Armed with this double excuse to leave the paper-work behind I

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 43

first visited Central Park in East Ham. Leucographella was almost instantly
located but the greater interest lay in the five Holly Blue butterflies which
were all sitting on the Pyracantha bushes having the appearance of being
freshly emerged. There was no ivy, holly, snowberry or any other known
foodplant nearby. Intrigued, I determined to visit a few other Pyracantha
patches in East Ham and to my surprise, of seven patches visited (including
Central Park) five had argiolus either flying in very obvious association
with them or else had the adult insects, again all apparently freshly emerged
and nowhere near recorded foodplants, sitting in the bushes. The visits
were all made from 13th to 15th September 1989.

Though this evidence is purely circumstantial, it does seem to indicate
that Pyracantha may be implicated as a foodplant of the larvae of the first
brood argiolus and, given the dates of my visits, that insects bred on
Pyracantha are slower to develop and will emerge slightly later than insects
bred on the more conventional holly.

It would be most interesting indeed to see if my East London findings are
repeated elsewhere. — COLIN W. PLANT, Passmore Edwards Museum,
Romford Road, Stratford, London E15 4LZ.

Late records of summer moths, and an appeal for information

A female Lilac Beauty, Apeira syringaria (L.) at Long Wittenham,
Oxfordshire, on 21st September 1989, and a male Swallow-tailed,
Ourapteryx sambucaria (L.), at Headington, Oxford, on Sth October 1989
are remarkably late records of species that normally appear in June and
July. Both specimens came to m.v. light and both are fresh-looking.

The warm, dry summer may have produced numerous records of species
‘out of season’’. It is tempting to think of them as being a partial second
generation, but the possibility of delayed emergence in response to summer
drought must also be entertained. In collaboration with Paul Waring of the
Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, i would like to assemble and
analyse all out of season records of macro-moths for 1989. This should
enable us to determine which of the above possibilities is likely to be
correct. Please send records to me. — DENNIS F. OWEN, 2 Shelford Place,
Headington, Oxford OX3 7NW.

Is the population of Mythimna pallens (Linnaeus) (Lep.: Noctuidae)
sometimes reinforced by immigration?

None of the standard text-books suggests that this species is ever a migrant.
It was, as in certain years, common from mid-August to mid-
September, 1989 in Saffron Walden, nightly numbers in the light-trap
ranging from two or three to about 50. However, on the one night 6/7th
September the number certainly exceeded 1,000. I have 15 egg-trays in the
trap and the count on a typical tray was between 70 and 80 (the moths were
too lively to be more precise); added to these were scored on the sides of the

44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1.1990

trap, the wall of the house and adjacent vegetation. This is an arable
district and other grass-feeding species such as M. impura (Hubner) are
relatively uncommon. If recorders in other parts of the country
encountered a similar influx of M. pallens on the same night, immigration
will have been the most likely cause. — A.M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage,
Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex CB11 3AF.

Wing function in the brachypterous female of Diurnea fagella (D. & S.)
(Lep.: Oecophoridae)

The males of both British species of Diurnea i.e. D. fagella (D. & S.) and
D. phryganella (Hiibn) are fully alate and fly vigorously especially at night.
The females of both species are brachypterous, the foreshortened wings are
held over the abdomen and are just about body length. Neither is known to
fly and examination of wing surface area to body mass confirms my belief
that neither could fly. However, I have observed on four separate
occasions, the effects of disturbance on females of D. fagella at rest on
trunks of trees. On each occasion the dislodged moth went into a controlled
slow drop similar to a parachute drop with one important difference; this
being that the slow descent was not vertical, sometimes achieving 75
degrees in dead calm air conditions. Closer observations demonstrated that
the wings are outstretched on each occasion. The moth sometimes managed
to grab onto a basal buttress projecting from the tree, thereby saving a
longer walk back up. It would not however be strictly accurate to describe
this as true gliding. — Dr M.W. HARPER, Bullen, Cherry Orchard,
Ledbury, Hereford.

Maruca testulalis Geyer (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Kent

A specimen of this moth was attracted to my garden m.v. light 6.viii. 1989;
perhaps this the fourth feral imago to have been noted for the British Isles,
and the first for Kent. Bretherton and Chalmers-Hunt (Ent. Rec. 96: 149)
observe that the capture of two specimens in 1983, one in Cornwall and the
other in Surrey, coincided with an immigration of rare species suggesting
that festulalis might occur as as immigrant, and not only as an artificial
introduction as was previously supposed. The date of the Dartford
specimen coincided with a similar period of immigration; the same light
attracted a fine pale grey male Eurois occulta L. on July 27th for example,
suggesting that this festulalis was not merely an escape which had
developed in some imported plant material, but had arrived by flight from
overseas. — B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN.

A note on the differences between Perizoma affinitata Stephens and
Perizoma alchemillata L. (Lep.: Geometridae)

In his book (1984), Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles,
Bernard Skinner gives the main difference between P. affinitata and P.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 45

alchemillata as the former having a single indentation on the inner margin
of the white band of the forewing, whereas in P. alchemillata the
indentation is double. In 1985, in an attempt to sort out the differences
between these two species, I dissected several Cornish specimens. Unexpec-
tedly, I found two of the moths which had double indentations to be
affinitata. In addition, one moth had one large indentation next to a small
indentation; this specimen too was affinitata. | found no aichemillata with
a single indentation. The double indentation rule seeks to be a good general
(but not infallible) guide. In addition, I find that a/chemillata is usually
smaller and has more white on the basal area of the forewing than
affinitata. — ADRIAN SPALDING, Tregarne, Cusgarne, Truro, Cornwall.

Larvae of the Brown Argus, Avicia agestis D. & S. (Lep.: Lycaenidae)
feeding on the seeds of Geranium molle

On 14th June 1983 at Perranporth, Cornwall I found ova of Aricia agestis
on the upper and under sides of the leaves of smooth cranesbill, Geranium
molle.

On 5th July 1984 I found two final instar larvae of A. agestis at the same
site. They were at the top of the G. molle plants. Although the larvae were
inconspicuous in themselves, their presence was given away by black ants in
attendance. One of the larvae had five ants on it. The sand dune
environment was very dry and the leaves of the plants were dead. The
larvae had eaten neat holes in the fruits and were eating out the contents.
The holes were similar in appearance to those made by the larvae of
Celastrina argiolus in the fruits of holly. — Dr B.P. HENwoop, 4 The
Paddocks, Abbotskerswell, Newton Abbot, Devon.

Interesting behaviour of Vanessa atalanta L. under drought conditions

I was surprised to observe single specimens of the Red Admiral butterfly,
Vanessa atalanta, drinking sea water from wet shingle at the edge of the
sea, at the north end of Slapton Sands, South Devon, during the period
16th August to 6th September 1989. — H.L. O’ HEFFERNAN, 24 Green
Park Way, Chillington, Kingsbridge, Devon TQ7 2HY.

Apion ervi Kirby (Col.: Apionidae) feeding on apple
The larvae of Apion (Eutrichapion) ervi Kirby are known to develop in the
seeds of Lathyrus pratensis L., species of Vicia, and various other members
of the Papilionaceae. Hoffman (1958, Fauna de France, Coléopteres,
Curculionides, 3rd part, pp. 1651-2) lists six species of Vicia, with Lotus
corniculatus L., Pisum sativum L., and Coronilla varia L. as additional
host plants.

On 3rd September 1989 several specimens of Apion ervi attracted my
attention when I was picking apples from a small ‘‘James Grieves’’ tree in
my garden at Hemington, near Oundle, Northants (TL061853). Upon

46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15-1. 1990)

closer examination these weevils were seen to be coming from cavities in the
fruits hollowed out by wasps. One such well-eaten apple contained eleven
Apion ervi, all of which appeared to be feeding on the moist internal tissues
of the fruit. I have never previously observed such behaviour in this, or any
other, species of Apion and wonder whether it had resulted from the
premature desiccation of its host plant following the hot summer on 1989.
— R. COLIN WELCH, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood
Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambs PE17 2LS.

Eucosmomorpha albersana (Hiibner), (Lep.: Tortricidae) in v.c.60
(West Lancaster)

I took a male specimen of EF. albersana at Gait Barrows N.N.R. on 27th
May 1987. The species is distinct as an imago but to confirm the
identification a genitalia mount was made (Gen No. 6/89 in my collection).

Mr E.F. Hancock of Ulverston who is currently preparing the
forthcoming volume on the Tortricidae for MBGBI (Vol. 5) and is
compiling the records of the group, tells me that my specimen constitutes a
new record for v.c.60. The species is scarce and sporadic in northern
England with records, mainly of single specimens, from v.c.68, v.c.62 and
Wa O3e

I am grateful to Mr Hancock for information on distribution and to the
Nature Conservation Council for granting me permission to visit and
collect voucher specimens on the Reserve. — Dr NEVILLE L. BIRKETT,
Beardwood, Carter Road, Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria LL11 7AG.

Atheta puncticollis Benick (Col.: Staphylinidae): a postscript

When writing my recent note on this species (antea: 104) I had regrettably
forgotten a paper by P.M. Hammond and M.E. Bacchus (1971, Ent.
mon.Mag. 107: 153-7) relevant to the matter in hand. On p.156 they record
the capture of A. puncticollis in some numbers in Inverness-shire by
C.Johnson, and also its discovery in England at Sandscale Haws, N. Lancs,
by M.E. Bacchus, again in some numbers, in cow dung. — A.A. ALLEN, 49
Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

A supplement to the Hymenopterist’s handbook (second edition-1986) by
Dr Clive Betts. 24 pp. Paper. Amateur Entomologist’s Society. (1988).
flea.

The first edition of the Hymenopterist’s handbook, published in 1945
contained a comprehensive table of the flight times of Hymenoptera. This
table appeared in the revised edition, but was inadequately updated. This
omission is rectified with this supplement, essentially a taxonomic list of
Hymenoptera appending, in synoptic form, the flight periods and

CURRENT LITERATURE 47

ecological data such as nest site, biology (e.g. if a cleptoparasite, social
parasite, or nature of prey) and other data. A very informative supplement,
which also contains an errata and addendum for the 1986 edition.

Insect-fungus interactions edited by N. Wilding, N.M. Collins, P.M.
Hammond and J.F. Webber. 344 pp. Numerous illustrations and figs.
Academic Press, 1988. £33.00.

This publication is derived from the 14th Symposium of the Royal
Entomological Society of London in collaboration with the British
Mycological Society held in September 1987. The symposium volume
attempts to review the current state of knowledge in four principal areas:
mycophagy, mutualism, insect spread of plant fungal disease and insect
mycopathology.

Ten major papers are presented, but a significant feature of the book is
an appendix giving a complete statement of known mycophagous
interactions. This appendix is presented as annotated outline classifications
of fungi and hexapod arthropods. In these classifications, insects and fungi
are allocated code numbers which are used throughout the book as a guide
for readers unfamiliar with particular taxa. Jan Hendy.

The natural history of larval mosquito habitats by Marshall Laird. 555 pp
many illustrations and figs. Boards. Academic Press, 1988. £65.00.

This monographic work is intended for all concerned with the ecology and
control of mosquitos, making substantial contribution to the neglected
field of microlimnology, and will surely better inform all culicidologists on
the generally under-appreciated complexity of most of the aquatic life webs
of which immature mosquitoes form a part.

The text is divided into four parts, the first dealing with the classification
of larval mosquito habitats. After reviewing the history of classification,
the author proposes a new standard system for habitat classification. The
second part presents nine very detailed case studies of above-ground
aquatic habitats, with the third part dealing with subterranean waters. The
concluding part presents the discussion and draws conclusions. A detailed
bibliography and index complete the book.

This is a work of considerable authority drawing on more that four
decades of the author’s experience. The author is no respecter of existing
systems of habitat classification or mosquito systematics, proposing, with
full justification, a revision of the former and declining to follow current
practice with the latter.

Although a work of considerable interest and value to those concerned
with the ecology of mosquito larvae, the detailed treatment of the ecology
of such a variety of aquatic habitats is likely to considerably broaden its
appeal. Elizabeth Abdulla.

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Contents (continued from back cover)

Late records of summer moths, and an appeal for information. D.F. Owen 43,
Is the population of Mythimna pallens L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) sometimes

reinforced by immigration? A.M. Emmet 43
Wing function in the brachypterous female of Dawes fagella D. & S.

(Lep.: Oecophoridae). M.W. Harper. . ee? 44
Maruca testulalis Geyer (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Kent. B. K. WES. 44
A note on the differences between Perizoma affinitata Steph. and P.

alchemillata L. (Lep.: Geometridae). A. Spalding : 44
Larvae of the Brown Argus Arvicia agestis D. & S. (Lep.: Lene

feeding on seeds of Geranium molle. B.P. Henwood . : 45
Interesting behaviour of Vanessa atalanta L. under drought asec ars,

EREZO: Heffernan. . 45
Apion ervi Kirby (Col.: Agiantize festhne : on aoe. RC. Welch 45
Eucosmomorpha albersana Hb. (Lep.: Tortricidae) in v.c. 60. (West

AE AIC ASHE Ia Wo ITICCUD Va ce le oe te, iat ee ee 46
Atheta puncticollis Benik (Col.: Staphylinidae): a postscript. A.A. Allen 46
Current Literature . Sy Rm Tse nea et oe ite bed wena ie ees 46-47
Obituary: S.N.A. Jacobs 5

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THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents
On the genus Epirrita, the November moths (Lep: Geometridae), in Bernwood
Forest on the Oxon/Bucks border. P. Waring .

New exotic species of Corticariinae (Col.: eect) C. Soho nae pete iT
Some comments on Rheumaptera hastata L. (Lep.: Geometridae) in eee

BK Wests: see 17
A third British capes of Teceserrs aie Rone (ene Auocande

AA, Allen 23. wo ee ele 21
The Watsonian vice- een oniet. M. G. Mare - aes Say x 2S
The valesina morph of the butterfly Argynnis paphia (L.) in (Crnsiee. 1988.

C.F-A. Brunton, J.D. Baxter, J.A-S. Quarison and AcL. Panchen]. 31
In quest of Anarta melanopa Thunb. (Lep.: Noctuidae), the Broad-bordered

Yellow Underwime.#-CLL. SUNSON 63. . 2 e S a t r ei)

Notes and Observations

Introduction to Volume 1 1
Editorial 3 a ar 3
Purple “sirsuenls nicecied to a sire sacl. M. dhe Deen) - : POOR Ac 4
Aplota palpella Haw. (Lep.: Oecophoridae) in Kent. J.M. Orne oe 4
A note on two tortricidae (Lep.) at Charlton, S.E. London. A.A. Allen. 9

Late summer movement of insects in south-east London in 1958. J.F. Burton. . . 10
Brachypterolus linariae (Steph.) (Col.: Nitidulidae) in Surrey. J.A. Owen. . . . 16
Moths and bats: the diet of Lady Ursula Eak. A. Spalding. . . 2 oe nis 19
Xylena exsoleta L., the Sword-grass in v.c.22 Berkshire. B.R. Biren. oe 20
Death-feigning in Eerenee casein hts Ea(Cole eo

ALA ACH: ext POW, 2 23
Claviger testaceus SHEE. (Cale. Dseleandee): in pitfall ane near Foleeyaee!

ent sReCe Wel BAY se 24
Mordellistena nanuloides Ermish (Col: Mordellidae) eoatel the Isle se Gain.

Kent. J.A. Owen . . wok 6. 6) 2 24
Two old records of cenideuiere: in ese. R. Lene oS Ge ee 35
Migrant mothsin Devon. M.D. Bryan . . . 1 ips 36
Delayed emergence in Chloroclystis v-ata Haw. (V- soe) (ORE Geomenies

AWM: Riley 25 2->.. J) Gr 38
Notes on Orthoptera foo Jersey. Crane Ses. Ip iP Enya ea 32
Hazards of butterfly collecting, Tsavo — May 1988. 7.B. Larsen. . . . .. . 39
1989 — a year for the Holly Blue, Celastrina argiolusL. B.R. Baker. . . 5 es 40
Pyracantha as a possible foodplant of Holly Blue butterflies Ce/astrina ae

L: (Lep.: Lycaenidae) inthe London:anea- "Ca Plant ie) 3 ie: 41

( Cannas overlap

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PHENOLOGY OF EUPITHICIA TRIPUNCTARIA 49

A REVIEW OF THE PHENOLOGY OF EUPITHECIA
TRIPUNCTARIA HERRICH-SCHAFFER, THE WHITE-SPOTTED
PUG (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE)

ADRIAN M. RILEY! and GASTON PRIOR?’

! Department of Entomology and Nematology, AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted
Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire ALS 2JQ, UK.

2 28 Plane Tree Way, Woodstock, Oxon OX7 IPG, UK.
Introduction

IN A recent article in this journal West (1989) discussed the evidence for
bivoltinism in Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S. Two distinct emergences were
evident from analysis of the catches made at mercury vapour light at
Dartford, Kent, in 1983, 1985 and 1988 and these observations were stated
to be confirmed by Peet (1965) and Agassiz (1977) in Co. Cork; Bradley &
Pelham-Clinton (1967) in Co. Clare; Evans & Evans (1973) in Surrey and
Chalmers-Hunt (1981) in Kent. In the intervening years of 1984, 1986 and
1987 an apparent second emergence was represented in the catches, though
the usual first emergence was absent. It is also stated that in Kent the
second brood appears to be generally stronger than the first and records
cited by Emmet (1989) suggest that this is also the case in Essex. West
(1989) still doubts the significance of this evidence and suggests that
positive proof of bivoltinism in this species would be found in adults which
emerged as a second generation from larvae collected in early summer.

Against this background of uncertainty concerning the phenology of this
“species, the present authors are able to supply evidence of partial
bivoltinism in £. tripunctaria in the form of first-hand experience and
documented cases of captive second brood emergence and the regular
capture of both broods in Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps throughout
Great Britain. Before presenting these data it is considered desirable to give
a full account of historical opinion on this matter as West (1989) omitted
several important references.

Review of suspected bivoltinism

West (1989) states that much of what is written in the 20th century British
literature concerning Lepidoptera can be traced back to Barrett (1907).
However, in the case of the Eupitheciini this is not the case. Most of the
important studies on the biology of this group in Britain were done between
1859 and 1874 by Rev. H. Harpur-Crewe. Newman (1869) accredited much
of his text concerning the early stages of the pugs to Harpur-Crewe and
doubtless these observations were repeated by many subsequent authors
without due acknowledgement.

The larva of E. tripunctaria was first described in Britain by Harpur-
Crewe (1861). It was stated that they are found in damp woods during
September feeding on angelica (Angelica sylvestris) and hogweed
(Heracleum sphondylium). The adult was believed to fly in May and June.

50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.i11.1990

The first suspicions of bivoltinism were raised by Harpur-Crewe (1862b and
c) who records the capture of a single female on 19.viii.1862 in a locality
where autumnal larvae were known to occur. He suggested that this
individual represents a second emergence which produces the autumnal
larvae and that the spring-flying adults lay their eggs on ‘‘. . . some other
plant ...’’ (i.e. not angelica or hogweed). However, Newman (1869)
follows Harpur-Crewe’s earlier notes (1861 and 1862a) and states that E.
tripunctaria is univoltine, flying in May and June.

Tutt (1906) states that larvae are found at the end of May and June and
from the end of August to October feeding on umbellifer flowers. He lists
angelica, hogweed, cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris), Peucedanum sp..,
cowbane (Cicuta virosa) and Laserpitium sp. Further, he states that three
broods can be obtained in captivity if fed on elder (Sambucus nigra).
Adults are recorded in May and June with a second brood in August.

Prout (1907) also states that E. tripunctaria is bivoltine and refers to
Barrett (1907) and Nickerl (1907) who reared larvae on elder and obtained
adults in July of the same year. Barrett (1907) also cites D’Orville (1864)
who observed a July emergence from captive larvae fed on cow parsley
flowers.

The standard works of Newman & Leeds (1913) and Meyrick (1928)
omitted mention of Tutt’s (1906), Prout’s (1907) and Barrett’s (1907)
observations and state that EF. tripunctaria is univoltine. However, South
(1939 and subsequent editions) states that unusually early spring
emergences can produce a second brood in captivity. He also cites elder and
“*.. . other Umbelliferae.. .’’ as foodplants.

Allan (1949) added wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and garden chervil to
the list of foodplants but does not comment on voltinism.

Prior’s (1978) note was merely a request for information regarding larvae
resulting from the first brood as none had been found in the wild in Britain
at that time.

Simson (1980) states that adults fly in July (i.e. as a second emergence).
Although he could not find the first brood larvae they were later stated to
feed in July on elder flowers (BENHS, 1981). This was subsequently
confirmed by Corley (1984) who found them on elder in June. However,
both authors noted that no adults emerged in captivity the same year. All
the pupae overwintered and hatched the following May. This led Corley
(1984) to believe that some of the spring generation adults laid eggs on yet
another plant and that it was these larvae which resulted in the second
emergence. He suggested cow parsley as this blooms at the right time of
year to support E. tripunctaria larvae. McDunnough (1949) cites flowers
and seeds of Viburnum in North America as larval food sources. Although
he does not state which species, both British representatives of this genus,
guelder rose (V. opulus) and the wayfaring tree (V. /antana), also flower at
the appropriate time of year for first generation larvae of EF. tripunctaria
(Fitter, Fitter & Blamey, 1974).

PHENOLOGY OF EUPITHECIA TRIPUNCTARIA Si

As a resumé of the known facts, Skinner (1984) states that adults have
been recorded every month between May and September and that larvae
feed on elder in July and umbellifers in August and September. He also
says that larvae from elder produce adults the following year. However,
Corley (1985) found that, of ten larvae collected from elder in late June
1984, three produced second generation adults in late July of the same year.

In his short review, Haggett (1989) erroneously states that D’Orville’s
(1864) reference to a second generation in captivity remains the only
recorded instance (see Corley, 1985). He also states that, in his experience,
larvae reared in captivity on cow parsley and elder do not produce a second
generation. Further, he suggests that an alternative spring foodplant should
be sought (possibly foliage rather than flowers) as searches for larvae on
elder flowers in some known E. tripunctaria localities, were unsuccessful.

Therefore, our understanding from the literature at this time was that
adults emerge in May and June and oviposit on elder and possibly some
other plant. The larvae pupate and some of those which had fed on elder
emerge in July, August and September, whilst others overwinter and
emerge the following May. Those which emerge as a second brood oviposit
on various umbellifers and goldenrod (Soligado virgaurea) (BENHS,
1981). The resulting larvae pupate and likewise overwinter and produce
adults the following May.

Further to these observations the present authors have recorded larvae
on hogweed in June and ragwort (Senicio jacobaea) in August. The former
is interesting as hogweed is a known autumnal foodplant (Harpur-Crewe,
1861). This suggests that it is possible for both broods of E. tripunctaria to
feed on one plant whereas it has previously been supposed that two are
necessary. One of the present authors (G.P.) has also successfully reared
captive first generation larvae on flowers of bramble (Rubus fruticosus).

Catches of adults in Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps

In order to clarify the known flight periods of this species, data collected
from the Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps for the period 1980 to 1987
(during which time all pugs were identified by Riley) were examined.

A total of 457 E. tripunctaria individuals were caught over 162 site years
at 71 sites throughout Great Britain. Adult moths were caught each month
between May and October inclusive. The second brood alone was recorded
during 64 site years; the first brood alone during 41 and both broods during
Sit

Two separate broods have been recorded at sites throughout England
and Wales but in Scotland they have only been caught at Elgin, Morayshire
and St Abb’s, Berwickshire. However, assumed second brood individuals
have been caught during August at many Scottish sites as far north as Fort
Augustus, Inverness. At these sites the first generation was absent from the
catches.

52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.i11.1990

May June July August Sept. October
Total Number 35 125 32 233 25 7

Table 1. Total numbers of E. tripunctaria adults caught in R.I.S. light traps at sites
throughout Great Britain from 1980 to 1987.

Two obvious peaks are evident in June (125 individuals) and August
(233), from the figures in Table One. This suggests there are two main
periods of emergence during the year and the numbers caught support
West’s (1989) view that the second brood is larger than the first. The two
broods can be seen more clearly in Table Two which shows the results from
some of the individual sites. They represent 13 years’ trapping at four sites
and each year at each site shows a definite gap (last column) between the
last capture of first brood individuals and the first capture of the second,
thus proving the existence of two separate flight periods. This gap is
sufficient to allow larvae from the first brood to pupate and produce
second generation adults. The figures also show that the second emergence
is usually larger than the first.

Conclusions

West (1989) considered that the required proof of bivoltinism in E.
tripunctaria was captive rearing of second generation adults from larvae
collected in spring or early summer. The author may have been unaware of
the examples already cited (D’Orville, 1864; Nickerl, 1907; Corley, 1985) as
these are documented accounts of this occurrence. Further, both the
present authors have reared a great many larvae from elder flowers from
several localities in southern England and found that a small percentage
produce adults in July and August of the same year. As a criterion for
proof of bivoltinism these results must be regarded with caution as captive
breeding (as breeders of Lepidoptera know) sometimes produces extra
broods when they would not naturally occur. However, in our opinion,
alongside the cited results of light trapping, they clearly demonstrate partial
bivoltinism in this species.

A major remaining question is how the second emergence (which is only
partial) can be larger than the first (which is complete). There are several
possible explanations for this including high overwintering pupal mortality
and high survival rate of larvae from the first generation due to favourable
climatic conditions. Further detailed study would be required to clarify this
point.

Acknowledgements
Thanks are extended to P. Page and D. Rogers (Nature Conservancy
Council) and to N. Greatorex-Davies (Institute of Terrestrial Ecology) for
operating the Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps at Yarner Wood and
Monks Wood respectively. Their continued support is much appreciated.

38)

PHENOLOGY OF EUPITHECIA TRIPUNCTARIA

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References

Allan, P.B.M. (1949). Larval Foodplants. Watkins & Doncaster, London.

Agassiz, D. (1977). Lepidoptera in the south of Ireland. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.
99: 73-74.

Barrett, C.G. (1907). The Lepidoptera of the British Isles, Vol. 9. Reeve & Co.,
London.

Bradley, J.D. & Pelham-Clinton, E.C. (1967). The Lepidoptera of the Burren, Co.
Clare, W. Ireland. Entomologists’ Gaz. 18: 115-153.

Chalmers-Hunt, J.M. (1981). The Butterflies and Moths of Kent. Vol. 3.

Corley, M.F.V. (1984). One generation or two? Entomologists’ Gaz. 35: 76-77.

— , (1985). The secend brood of Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S. (Lep.: Geometridae).
Entomologists’ Gaz. 36: 104.

D’Orville, H. (1864). Eupithecia tripunctata. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 1:73.

Emmet, A.M. (1989). Evidence of bivoltinism in E. ¢ripunctaria H.-S. (Lep.:
Geom.) in north-west Essex. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 185-186.

Evans, L.K. & Evans, K.G.W. (1973). A survey of the macrolepidoptera of Croy-
don and N.E. Surrey. Proc. Croydon Nat. Hist. Sci. Soc. 14: 273-408.

Fitter R., Fitter, A. & Blamey, M. (1974). The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern
Europe. Collins, London.

Haggett, G.M. (1989). Double-brooded Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S. (Lep.:
Geom.) Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 184-185.

Harpur-Crewe, H. (1861). Description of the larva of Eupithecia tripunctata.
Zoologist 19: 7567-7568.

— , (1862a). Notes on Eupithecia larvae. Ent. Annual: 38-44.

— , (1862b). Is Eupithecia tripunctata double-brooded? Zoologist 20: 8209-8210.

— , (1862c). Is Eupithecia tripunctata double-brooded? Weekly Entomologist 1:
19-20.

McDunnough, J.H. (1949). Revision of the North American species of the genus
Eupithecia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 93, article 8:
533-728.

Meyrick, E. (1928). Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. Watkins & Don-
caster, London.

Newman, E. (1869). The Natural History of British Moths. Tweedie, London.

Newman, L.W. & Leeds, H.A. (1913). Text Book of British Butterflies and Moths.
Gibbs & Bamforth, St Albans.

Nickerl, O. (1907). Spanner des K6nigreisches BOhmen. Beitrag Insect Fauna
Bohmens 5: 1-71.

Peet, T.D.N. (1965). Lepidoptera in Ireland, 1965. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.
U2 2B

Prior, G. (1978). A note on three species of ‘‘pug’’ supposedly double-brooded.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 90: 251-252.

Prout, L.B. (1907). Notes on the genus Eupithecia. Entomologist 40: 220-222.

Simson, E.C.L. (1980). British Pugs. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 92: 261-266.

Skinner, B. (1984). Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles.
Viking, Harmondsworth.

South, R. (1939). The Moths of the British Isles, Series Two. Warne, London.

Tutt, J.W. (1906). Practical hints relating to the Eupitheciids. Entomologist’s
Rec. J. Var. 18: 201-204.

West, B.K. (1989). The evidence for bivoltinism in Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S.
(Lep.: Geometridae) in S.E. England. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 57-59.

THE BRITISH ASEMINAE 55

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE SUB-FAMILY ASEMINAE (COL.:
CERAMBYCIDAE) IN THE BRITISH ISLES

RAYMOND R. UHTHOFF-KAUFMANN
13 Old Road, Old Harlow, Essex.

INTRODUCTION

IT IS little short of amazing, as Allen (1981) has reminded collectors, that
the presence of our two species of Arhopalus and that of Tetropium
gabrieli should have escaped the attention of British Coleopterists until the
early 1900s; this is particularly bizarre considering that those three species
attack and are found in the same host trees as Asemum in so many parts of
Britain.

Whatever the reasons for these failures in detection, they were rectified
within a few years by the publication of valuable papers on the group — Dr
Sharp on Criocephalus (Arhopalus), Smith on the latter and Asemum
striatum in 1905-06, and an exhaustive, definitive account of the life-
history of Tetropium by Crawshay two years later.

Counties and vice-counties are represented by Brownean alphabetical
symbols (Kaufmann, 1989): italicised ones denote a common distribution;
bracketed letters indicate doubtful or unconfirmed records; the asterisk (*)
stands for specimens imported from elsewhere.

Arhopalus rusticus L.

Found in coniferous forest land, this beetle is far from being exclusively
Scottish, as was formerly the opinion: that was predicted over 40 years ago
by Kaufmann (1948); if anything, there is a paucity of new county records
from Scotland. The species has since spread beyond the Border and is
becoming more common, especially in the south, south-east, the east and
the Home Counties, than A. ¢ristis, for which it has been mistaken on
occasion (Mendel, 1978).

ENGLAND: BK CH DT EK EN ES EX HT MM ND NE (SC: the only
Longicorn recorded from the Islands and certainly adventive) SH SL SR
(WC*) WS.

WALES: There is an unclassified record of an imported specimen from
a coal mine (Sharp, 1905-06; Fowler & Donisthorpe, 1913; Kaufmann,
1946a and 1948; Horton, 1980).

SCOTLAND: EI EL PM.

The larva, which is both aggressive and destructive, is found in standing
and fallen trees and the stumps of Aleppo, Corsican and Maritime pines,
larch, Norway spruce, Scots pine and firs. It attacks the larvae of Asemum
striatum if encountered in the same tree; it is also recorded from boles
already occupied by Leptura rubra L. (Klausnitzer & Sander, 1981).

Larval parasites include the following Hymenoptera: —

56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.i11.1990

Chasmias motatorius F., Coelobracon neesi Marsh, Odontomeus
appendiculatus Grav., O. pinetorum Thoms., Poemia notata Holmgr.,
Pyracmon xoridiformis Hgr., Radinopimpla atra Grav. and Xorides
fuliginator Thunb.

The life cycle may be anything up to two years, eclosion usually
occurring from May onwards. Thereafter the beetle is about until
September, well-nourished examples reaching,a sizeable 30mm in length.

Of our two species of Arhopalus, rusticus is the more injurious, causing
material damage to wood used for commercial and industrial purposes —
pit props, planking, scaffolding, structural timber and the like.

There is an illuminating account (Houlbert, 1912) of the beetle’s
formidably strong mandibles. On this occasion having bored through the
woodwork, it gnawed through a protective layer of thin zinc plating
(presumably what is known here as galvanized iron sheeting); this was
noticed, so the holes in the metal were plugged with solder. Far from
deterring the beetle, it also demolished the plugs! A series of photographs,
taken at intervals and corroborating this incident, accompanies Houlbert’s
observations. Such determined behaviour is paralleled by the efforts made
to escape into the open of Hylotrupes bajulus L., known to have bitten its
way through a 1/6th inch lead pipe, admittedly a softer metal (Kaufmann,
1947, who quotes earlier authorities for this story).

Although rusticus is nocturnal, normally hiding under the bark during
the day, it is attracted to light; in hot weather it will emerge, becoming very
active, rapid in its movements and taking easily to flight. According to
Demelt (1966) copulation does not take place before dusk; under controlled
conditions it has been seen to happen readily during daylight hours.

The first authentic native specimen was captured by Col. Yerbury near a
pine stump in a remote part of the Highlands some ninety years ago (Sharp,
1905-06). In one of the earliest British catalogues to be published
(Stephens, 1829), the name, Callidium rusticum (= Arhopalus rusticus),
had already appeared. Ten years later, Stephens expressed in his Manual
the view that rusticus was not truly indigenous. The species was eventually
listed as British by Hudson Beare (1930). There is, incidentally, an old
specimen of rusticus, perhaps of British provenance, collected by Revd
F.W. Hope, in the Dale Collection at Oxford.

Its relation, A. tristis under the specific name of polonicus Mots., had at
last been catalogued as an indigene 26 years earlier (Beare & Donisthorpe,
1904).

A. tristis F.

A beetle occurring mainly in pine plantations and woods, more
particularly those found in southern counties. There are also records from
the West Country and the Midlands, but no farther north than Lancashire.
Recent indications are that the beetle is now becoming scarcer, more
localised, and less commonly encountered than rusticus.

THE BRITISH ASEMINAE 37

ENGLAND: BK CH DT EN* ES* EX HF HT GW MX NH NM OX (SC
— an erroneous determination and record) SD SHSL SRSY* WK WX.

WALES: GM.
IRELAND: WI*.

Discovered by Smith (1905) in the New Forest in 1902, the first account
of the species by Willowby Ellis appeared in this periodical a year later.

The principal host trees are larch, Norway spruce, Maritime and Scots
pine; it is associated, too, with Sour Cherry (Capt. Xambeu in Duffy
(1953). Exposed roots and boles are preferred, but dying trees and
plantations damaged by forest fires are also attacked.

The larval stage may extend to as long as four years, depending very
much upon the condition and quality of the pabulum, which in turn has a
considerable bearing upon the size of the insect; this may vary from 8 to 30
mm, some of the larger specimens being many times heavier than examples
from elsewhere in the vicinity.

Pupation usually takes place from June onwards, the adult emerging in
mid-summer and not unusually to as late as October and November.

The pupa is parasitised by the Dipteron, Megaselia rufipes Mg.; where
stumps inhabited by ¢ristis also house colonies of the ant, Lasius niger L.,
Duffy (1953) has described how, once the roots were split open, the
exposed larvae and pupae of tristis were subjected to swarms of ants which
would seize them tightly in their mandibles; no exaplanation for this
curious behaviour is offered.

Imagines are largely nocturnal, sometimes attracted to light, and not
averse to sampling the juice of ripe fruit, including peaches. They may,
however, be found during the day, sunning themselves on logs and stumps.
A very wary beetle, swift on its legs, it is not easily caught by hand. A
common method of capture is the use of bark traps in which the insect will
hide.

There are no published records of its ever having been found in the same
locality as A. rusticus; the reasons for such an apparent incompatibility are
as yet unresolved: all that can be said at present is that as rusticus continues
to spread across the country, so the population of A. ¢ristis is evidently in
decline.

Asemumi striatum L.
A beetle that is unlikely to be found other than in forests and woodiands of
a coniferous nature. It has been recorded from this country for at least the
last 160 years but was at first considered to be exclusively a Highland
species — it is indeed well-represented in Scotland and was figured by
Curtis as long ago as 1830. Since those early times, however, it has been
captured in wide areas around the Thames and Hampshire basins, and
there are many county records from the Midlands, the north and East
Anglia, besides others from the southern and south-western regions of

58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.11.1990

England. Distribution is still a little patchy; many specimens have no doubt
been introduced southwards from Scotland and in infested timber
imported from abroad. It has recently been found in Ireland (Speight,
1988) and there are modern records now from the Principality.
ENGLAND: BD BK CH CU DT EX EY GE GW HF HT IW LR NH NM*
NN SD SHSL SN SR WK WN WO WS WW WX

WALES: FT MN PB RA

SCOTLAND: AM AN AS AY BF CT DF ED EI EL FF KB LA PC PE PM
PN RE RF RW RXSSGSS

IRELAND: QC (Laois)

The larva of this species is found in Corsican pine, Douglas and other
firs, larch, Mountain and Scots pines. There is an unusual record from oak.
It attacks more particularly the stumps and exposed roots of freshly cut
trees, branches, standing timber that has suffered outwardly from forest
fires, and storm damaged and unstripped logs awaiting removal to timber
yards: this accounts for its presence sometimes in sawmills and later in
construction wood. Duffy (1953) has recorded telegraph poles severely
damaged by A. striatum in contrast to Blair (1947) who expressed the view
that its chances of reaching maturity in treated poles were slim.

The life cycle varies from two to three years, depending upon the
continued freshness of the host tree; the condition of the pabulum also
affects growth, adult beetles varying in size from very small examples to
others three times as large. Larval parasites include the Ichneumonid,
Poemia notata Holmer. and the Braconid, Coelobracon initiator Nees.

Stumps and trees already inhabited by A. striatum are attacked by
Arhopalus rusticus and Rhagium bifasciatum F.; should their respective
larvae meet, which during tunnelling they do, such encounters are distinctly
unfriendly, certainly so in the case of the latter, whose larva will retreat
towards the roots of a stump, although after eclosion, that beetle will use any
convenient Asemum burrow to emerge besides gnawing its own exit hole.

A. striatum usually eclodes during April and May and is about until
September. Regarded as crepuscular rather than diurnal, it is sometimes
attracted to artificial light. During the early part of the day it may be seen
just concealed within the mouth of its bolt hole; the slightest disturbance,
however, brings about a very rapid retreat down the burrow. Extracting it
is quite a problem! (Smith, 1905; Kaufmann, 1946b, 1948). Nevertheless, in
warm sunshine, post midday, the beetle emerges, becomes more active and
will indulge in flight. At rest on trees and stumps, it characteristically holds
its head against the bark with its body extended at an angle of 30 - 45
degrees to the surface.

a. agreste F.
This aberration with reddish-brown elytra is found not infrequently with
the type although not sufficient notice has been taken of its occurrence;

THE BRITISH ASEMINAE 32

consequently published records are on the sparse side.

ENGLAND: BK CH DT EX GE IW SH WK WN WS
WALES: FT
SCOTLAND: PM

It is almost certain that this form is more widespread in Wales and
Scotland than the records above indicate.

For some inexplicable reason the aberration is not listed in our most
recent British catalogue (Kloet & Hincks, 1977).

Tetropium castaneum L.
On the evidence so far published this species now appears to be a firm
addition to the list of British Cerambycidae. Its presence may well be
viewed with mixed feelings: Coleopterists will welcome its establishment
here; the Forestry Commission and other interested parties, on the other
hand, may be rather less enthusiastic over the quite recent colonisation (still
limited and vulnerable) of a beetle which is the most damaging European
member of the genus. It had been imported mainly from northern Europe
in softwoods used by the building industry, predominantly so during the
post-war years of reconstruction. It is from these sources, it is supposed,
that T. castaneum has escaped to find new settlements so far restricted to
Scotland.
ENGLAND: BK* SL*
SCOTLAND: AM (AN) AS ED

Although 7. castaneum has been found in the Lowlands, it is more
typically a montane species with a metamorphosis comparable to that of T.
gabrieli.

The larva is commonly associated with Norway spruce, but it also attacks
firs, larch and Scots pine: abroad, it has been taken from chestnut, oak and
walnut trees. Very destructive, successive broods can reduce to uselessness
standing live and dying trees within three years. Fortunately (or otherwise)
it is parasitised by a host of Ichneumonidae and Braconidae, among which
are enumerated Baeacis dissimilis Nees, Coelobracon denigrator L..,
Coelocentrus caligatus Grav., Coeloides initiator Nees, Deuteroxorides
collaris Grav., Doryctes leucogaster Nees, D. mutillator Thunb., D.
obliteratus Nees, Helcon aequator Nees, H. dentator F., H. tardator Nees,
Mesoleptus teredo Htg., Neoxorides nitens Grav., Pyracmon austriacus
Tsch., Radinopimpla atra Gr., R. brachylabris Krb., Xorides niger Pf. and
X. praecatorius F.

The very active adult beetle emerges in April and may be found until
August. A strong flier, it is attracted to unstripped logs and billets lying in
sawmills and timber yards.

If spruce, larch and other coniferous trees continue to be imported into
this country there is the possibility that castaneum, if present in the logs,
will escape and seek ‘naturalisation’ elsewhere in Britain.

60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.i11.1990

v. fulcratum F.
This is the black variety which has been taken with the type form.
SCOTLAND: AS ED

T. gabrieli Weise

A woodland species particularly attracted to afforested areas where there is
a preponderance of larch — undoubtedly the favourite larval pabulum.
Fairly widespread in England (though Welsh and Scottish records are still
too few) and largely occurring in the Midlands, the north, East Anglia and
the southern and south-western counties, including the Thames and
Hampshire basins.

ENGLAND: BD BK BX CB CH CU DM (DY) EK EN ES EX EY GE GW
HT IW LN LR MX MY NM OX SD SE SH'SL SN SP SR ST SW WC WK
WL WN WO WS WX WY*

WALES: MG MN

SCOTLAND: AM PC

Besides its well-known association with the European larch, the larva is
also found in Norway spruce, Scots pine and fir trees. It causes
considerable albeit largely superficial damage to felled timber. The
discoloured needles and wilting branches of dying standing trees are
sometimes an indication of its presence (Klausnitzer & Sander, 1981).

The larva is parasitised by a long list of Hymenoptera: — Atanycolus
initiator Nees, A. sculpturatus Thoms., Clistopyga sauberi Brauns,
Coelobracon denigrator L., C. neesi Marsh, Deuteroxorides collaris Grav.,
Doryctes mutillator Thunb., D. obliteratus Nees, Ephialtes aciculatus
Héllen, E. mesocentrus Grav., Helcon aequator Nees, H. dentator F.
Pyracmon austriacus Tsch., P. lucidus Clement, Radinopimpla atra Grav.,
Rhyssa persuasoria L., Xorides brachylabris Kriechb. and X. irrigator F.

As well as the above, larval predators include the Neuropteron,
Rhaphidia notata F., the Coleoptera, Malachius bipustulatus L. and
Thanasimus formicarius L., and the earwig, Forficula auricularia L. It isa
tempting prey, too, to the Green Woodpecker.

The normal life cycle takes a year to complete, but in exceptionally warm
seasons, this is known to have been reduced to as little as three months,
eclosion occurring in April.

A widespread if localised beetle, gabrieli may be found throughout the
summer; it is at its commonest in August, and where there is infestation it
may be present by the hundreds. It runs swiftly, taking to flight in sunny
weather. It settles on logs, posts, railings, and less frequently on broom
flowers and Heracleum. The beetle in its various stages is found directly
under the bark of the trees it attacks and is present regularly in timber yards
and sawmills.

It has also been recorded as gnawing its way into lead piping in its efforts
to gain freedom (Laing, 1919).

THE BRITISH ASEMINAE 61

The genus Tetropium appears over the name 7. fuscum F. in the Beare
and Donisthorpe British catalogue of 1904; this is, however, an imported
species not native to this country. T. gabrieli proper first finds its place in
our lists, together with the so-called variety crawshayi Sharp, in Hudson
Beare’s catalogue of 1930.

Acknowledgements
The undermentioned are thanked for providing information and
records:— A.A. Allen, Esq., D.B. Atty, Esq., Miss I. Baldwin, Royal
Museum of Scotland, J. Cooter, Esq., Dr P.S. Hyman, Mrs. B. Leonard,
Librarian, Royal Entomological Society, C. MacKechnie Jarvis, Esq., Mrs
M.J. Morgan, University College of North Wales, Dr J.P. O’Connor,
National Museum of Ireland and Prof. J.A. Owen.

References

Allen, A.A., 1981. Arhopalus rusticus L. (Col.: Cerambycidae) in Kent and Essex,
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 93: 166.

Allenspach, V., 1973. Insecta Helvetica. Catalogus 3 Coleoptera Cerambycidae:
31-32. Zurich.

Atty, D.B., 1983. Coleoptera of Gloucestershire. Cheltenham.

Aurivillius, C., 1912. Cerambycidae in Junk, W. & Schenkling, S., Coleopterorum
Catalogus, 39: 15-21. Berlin.

Beare, T. Hudson, 1930. A catalogue of the recorded Coleoptera of the British
Isles: 35. London.

Birkett, N.L., 1962. Two records of Cerambycidae (Col.) from North Lancashire,
Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 98: 13.

Blair, K.G., 1947. Hylotrupes bajulus L. damaging and Asemum striatum L. (Col.,
Cerambycidae) at rest on telegraph poles, /bid., 83: 224.

Browne, F. Balfour-, 1931. A plea for uniformity in the method of recording insect
captures, [bid., 67: 183-193.

Buck, F.D., 1955. A provisional list of the Coleoptera of Epping Forest, /bid.,
91: 188.

Champion, G.C., 1912. Note on the variation in size of Criocephalus ferus Muls.,
Ibid., 48: 237.

— & Lloyd, R.W., 1910. Some interesting British insects (II), /bid., 46: 1-3. 1 plate.

Collart, A., 1940. A propos des Tefropium de Belgique (Coleoptera: Ceramby-
cidae), Bull. Ann. Soc. Belg., 80: 153-156.

Collett, H.R.P., 1930. Notes on the emergence of Criocephalus rusticus L. from the
pupa, Northw. Nat., Dec.: 226-228.

Cooter, J. & Cribb, P.W., 1975. A Coleopterist’s Handbook. 2nd ed. Feltham.

Crawshay, G.A. 1907. The life history of Tetropium gabrieli Ws. = T. fuscum
Sharp = 7. crawshayi Sharp, etc., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907, 183-212. 6
plates.

Crowson, R.A. 1988. Another record of Tetropium castaneum (L.) (Col., Ceramby-
cidae) breeding in Scotland, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 126: 36.

Curtis, J., 1830. British Entomology, Coleoptera, 7, plate 295. London.

— , 1837. A guide to the arrangement of British Insects: 71. 2nd ed. London.

Demelt, C. von, 1966. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 52:2. Bockkdfer oder Ceramby-
cidae, 1. Jena.

62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.i11.1990

Dibb, J.R., 1948. Field book of Beetles. Hull.

Duffy, E.A.J., 1946. Records of Coleopterous larvae from Surrey, with a note on
host plants, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 82: 270-273.

— , 1953. A monograph of the immature stages of British and imported Timber
Beetles (Cerambycidae). London.

Ellis, H.W., 1903. Criocephalus polonicus Motsch. — a genus and species of
Longicorn Coleoptera new to Britain, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 15: 259-260.

Fowler, W.W., 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 4, London.

— , & Donisthorpe, H. StJ. K., 1913. Ibid., 6 (Supplement). London.

Fraser, M.G., 1948. Tetropium castaneum L. (Col., Cerambycidae) in Lanca-
shire, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 84: 192.

Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A., 1966. Die Kdfer Mitteleuropas, 9.
Krefeld.

Hall, C.A., 1914. Common British Beetles. London.

Hansen, V. ef. al., 1960. Catalogus Coleopterorum Fennoscandiae et Daniae (ed.
Lindroth, C.H.): 358-359. Lund.

Harde, K.W., 1984. A field guide in colour to Beetles. English edn., Hammond,
P.M. London.

Harris, E.C., 1952. A note on Criocephalus ferus Muls. (Col., Cerambycidae,
Aseminae) in French Maritime Pine, Pinus pinaster Aiton, Entomologist’s mon.
Mag., 145-147. 2 figs.

Hickin, N., 1987. Longhorn Beetles of the British Isles. Princes Risborough.

Horton, G.A.N., 1980. Pyrrhidium sanguineum L. and Criocephalus rusticus L.
(Col.: Longicornia) in Monmouthshire, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 92: 52.

Houlbert, C., 1912. Dégats produits par le Criocephalus rusticus dans les bois de
construction. J/nsecta 2 (24): 302-310. 1 plate, 6 figs.

Hunter, F.A., 1958. Tetropium gabrieli Weise (Col., Cerambycidae) in the Scottish
Highlands, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 94: 130.

Hyman, P.S., 1986. Invertebrate Site Register, 64, 1a (Cerambycidae): 56. Peter-
borough.

Janson, E.W., 1863. British Beetles. London.

Joy, N.H., 1976. A practical handbook of British Beetles. 2 vols.2nd ed. Faringdon.

Kaufmann, R.R. Uhthoff-, 1946a. The Longicorn Coleoptera of Wales, Entomolo-
gist’s Rec. J. Var., 58: 105-108.

— , 1946b. Asemum striatum L. (Col., Cerambycidae) in Cheshire, Entomologist’s
mon. Mag., 82: 198.

— , 1947. Notes on the occurrence of Hy/otrupes bajulus L. (Col., Cerambycidae) in
the British Isles, /bid., 83: 37-40.

— , 1948. Notes on the distribution of the British Longicorn Coleoptera, Jbid.,
84: 66-85.

— , 1948. An annotated list of the Scottish Longicorn Coleoptera, Proc. R. Phys.
Soc. Edin., 23(2): 83-94.

— , 1989. Browne versus Watson, Round 2. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101:
61-63.

Kevan, D.K., 1949. Tetropium castaneum L. (Col., Cerambycidae) in Scotland,
Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 85: 28.

— , 1964. Tetropium castaneum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Col., Cerambycidae): is this
species now definitely established in Scotland?, /bid., 100: 111-112.

Klausnitzer, B. & Sander, F., 1981. Die Bockkdfer Mitteleuropas. Wittenberg
Lutherstadt.

Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D., 1945. A check list of British Insects: 200. Stockport.

— , 1977. Idem, 11(3), Coleoptera and Strepsiptera: 70. 2nd ed. London.

THE BRITISH ASEMINAE 63

Laing, F., 1919. Insects damaging lead, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 55: 278-279.

— , 1920. Idem: supplementary note, [bid., 56: 12.

Linssen, E.F., 1959. Beetles of the British Isles, 2. London.

Lyneborg, L., 1977. Beetles in colour. English edn. Vevers, G., Poole.

Mandl, K., 1973. Uber die europdischen Arten des Gattung Arhopalus Serville
(Criocephalus Mulsant) und Beschreibung einer neuen Subspecies des Arhopalus
ferus Muls. (Col. Cerambycidae), Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ges., 1972, 62: 154-162.

Mendel, H., 1978. Suffolk Coleoptera: Corrigenda, Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc., 17(4):
388-390.

O’Connor, J.P. & Nash, R., 1983. Insects imported into Ireland 5. Records of
Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, /r. Nat. J.,21(3): 114-117.

Owen, J.A., 1986. Tetropium castaneum (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae) breeding in
Scotland, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 124: 144.

Pic, M., 1891. Matériaux pour servir a l’étude des Longicornes 1: 18-19. Lyons.

Price, A., 1962. Tetropium castaneum L. and Tetropium velutinum Lec. (Col.,
Cerambycidae) imported into Britain, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 98: 74.

Sharp, D., 1905-06. The genus Criocephalus, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1905,
145-164. 1 plate.

Smith, F.G., 1905. The habits of Asemum striatum and Criocephalus ferus, Ibid.,
165-176.

Speight, M.C.D., 1988. The Irish Cerambycid fauna (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae),
Bull. Ir. biogeog. Soc., 11: 41-76.

Stephens, J.F., 1829. A systematic catalogue of British Insects: 200. London.

— , 1831. Illustrations of British Entomology, Mandibulata, 4. London.

— , 1839. A manual of British Coleoptera. London.

Villiers, A., 1978. Faune des Coléopteéres de France, 1. Cerambycidae. Paris.

Walker, J.J., 1922. Asemum striatum, etc., in the New Forest, Entomologist’s

mon. Mag. 58: 189-190.

— , 1932. The Dale Collection of British Coleoptera, [bid., 68: 105.

Winkler, A., 1929. Catalogus Coleopterorum regionis palaearcticae, 10: 1139.
Vienna.

The 5 spot ladybird in Warwickshire

I wish to put on record the capture of a rare ladybird in Warwickshire. On
the afternoon of 22nd July 1989 a male 5 spot ladybird (Coccinella
5-punctata L.) was netted in flight, in the north-western corner of Sutton
Park (OS ref. SP089984), which lies just north of Birmingham between
Streetly and Sutton Coldfield. The ladybird was of an orange red coiour.
For most species of this genus such a coloration is characteristic of young
adults which have only recently emerged from pupae, and have yet to pass
through a winter.

Both the geographical location, and the habitat where this ladybird was
taken are unusual for the species. Majerus and Fowles (in press) give the
distribution of this species as a disjunct one including five principal
regions, southern Devon and Cornwall, south Dorset, west Wales,
Cumbria and Northumbria, and the Spey. Valley in Scotland. However, it
should be noted that there have been no records for Dorset, Devon or

64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.i11.1990

Cornwall since 1941 (Muggleton pers. comm.).

As regards habitat, Majerus and Fowles state that the species is found
on, or close to, unstable river shingles, where it is occasionally locally
common in Wales. The site where the Sutton Park ladybird was netted was
on the edge of a small area of deciduous woodland, close to the route of the
Roman Road, Ryknild Street. There was no river shingle, or indeed river,
in the immediate vicinity, the only water being a series of small pools on the
common (the nearest being Bracebridge pool) which are connected by
streams that then drain into Plants Brook. The only shingle nearby was
imported shingle in a railway cutting.

Intensive searches of the park following the initial capture on 22nd July,
and on two subsequent days in August failed to reveal any more individuals
of this species. I therefore suggest tentatively that this ladybird, the first
Warwickshire record for the species, was a vagrant, possibly having flown
with the assistance of a westerly tail wind, from Wales. Reference:
Majerus, M.E.N. and Fowles, A.P. (in press). The rediscovery of the 5
spot ladybird (Coccinella 5-punctata) L. in Britain. Entomologist’s mon.
Mag.— M.E.N. MAJERUS, Department of Genetics, Downing Street,
Cambridge CB2 3EH.

Record of Gyrinus minutus Fabricius (Col.: Gyrinidae) from Cumbria.

While searching for corixids in High Nook Tarn, Cumbria (NGR
NY124.199) on 21st February,1988 I netted five specimens of this beetle
which were actively swimming in and out of some partly submerged plants
of Bogbean in a small area of shallow water. The tarn lies at an altitude of
nearly 725 feet and is situated in a depression at the foot of Carling Knott
Fell to the south of Holme Wood, Loweswater. G. minutus is regarded as
being of rare occurrence in Britain and is now classified by the Nature
Conservancy Council as a notable ‘‘B’’ species. It is mainly confined to
northern and western districts in this country, but it is also known from a
few southern counties as well. The beetle is associated with various aquatic
habitats which include lakes, ponds, drains but more especially upland peat
pools. G. minutus has previously been recorded from Cumbria which
includes v.c.70, and F.H. Day in his list of Coleoptera from Cumberland
(1909, Trans. Carlisle nat. Hist. Soc., vols. 1-4) records it from Newton
Reigny Moss (NGR NY47.30) and Styhead Tarn, Scafell (NGR NY21.07).
It has also been found at Tarn Dubs (NGR NY11.47) by David Bilton
(1984, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 120: 251).

I wish to thank Andrew Foster for very kindly identifying the specimens
of G. minutus for me and to Dr Roger Key (Nature Conservancy Council,
Peterborough) for additional information regarding the status of the beetle
in this country.x— R.W.J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, Hensingham,
Whitehaven, Cumbria CA28 8RF.

STATUS OF YPONOMEUTA EVONYMELLA 65

THE STATUS OF YPONOMEUTA EVONYMELLA (LINNAEUS,
1758) AND Y. RORRELLA (HUBNER, 1813)
(LEP., YPONOMEUTIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ENGLAND

A.M. EMMET
Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Waldon, Essex, CBI] 3AF

Yponomeuta evonymella

THIS species, the larva of which is recorded only on bird-cherry (Prunus
padus), is a common resident in Wales, the north of England and parts of
Scotland. The larvae feed in communal webs which festoon the foodplant
and numbers are often so great as to cause serious defoliation. Bird-cherry
occurs only sparingly in the south of England (e.g. Jermyn, 1974) and
usually where the bushes have been planted by man (McClintock & Fitter,
1956).

Prior to the invention of the mercury-vapour light-trap, the moth was
but rarely recorded in the south; for example, Harwood (1903) cited only a
single record from Essex. In his manuscript diary, C.R.N. Burrows
reported larvae of ‘Yponomeuta evonymella’ on 10th June, 1889 in the
Brentwood area, without naming the foodplant. When Burrows supplied
his records through E.A. Fitch to Harwood for inclusion in the Victoria
County History of Essex, he did not include this species. I have drawn
attention to inaccuracies in the diary, which was written solely as a personal
aide-memoire (Emmet, 1981: 16), and it is at least possible that Burrows,
who was not a microlepidopterist, was simply recording yponomeutid
larvae on Euonymus, which would, of course, not have been Y.
evonymella. | know of no other report of larvae being found in the south of
England, although their massive communal webs could hardly escape
notice.

Since the introduction of the Robinson mv trap, there has been a
dramatic increase in the number of recordings. Whereas Emmet (1981)
gives only two modern records from Essex, my card index now carries 21
localities from 15 10x10km squares supplied by eight recorders, not all of
them microlepidopterists. The actual total is even higher, since i do not
duplicate records of common species, as this one now is. There is no reason
to suppose that Essex differs much from neighbouring counties. |
emphasise that all the entries are of adults, none of the early stages. Most
are of single specimens, or of very low numbers.

However, on the night of 7/8 July, 1989 I recorded an estimated total of
500 in and around my trap in Saffron Walden. I made no exact count at the
time, but four hours after I had emptied the trap there were still between 70
and 80 resting on the wall of the house although this was in full sunshine. I
noted the weather conditions as warm, dry but humid, with an east wind of
10-15 mph.

66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.11.1990

On the same night Brian Goodey was running an mv light at Fingringhoe
Wick Nature Reserve on the Colne estuary and also recorded an estimated
500 moths of this species. A.J. Dewick of Bradwell-on-Sea is not a
microlepidopterist, but that night he had so many that he boxed one to
show me and to inquire its identity. However, David Agassiz recorded only
about a dozen at Grays on the Thames estuary, his highest total to date but
small compared with the numbers in the north and east of the county.

The moths persisted at Saffron Walden, at first numbering about 50 at
night, but gradually diminishing until the 24th July, when a sharp increase
suggested a further influx; however, throughout the period the moths were
nearly all in mint condition, perhaps indicating a steady inflow. They went
on until the 31st July, when a sharp fall in temperature resulted in there
being only 14 species in the trap, the average for the month, including the
31st, having been 89. There were one or two stragglers in early August.
Brian Goodey continued to record Y. evonymella at various sites in north-
east Essex, but his numbers were lower than mine in the north-west.

I made inquiries from friends in the south of England and found that the
invasion had been widespread, but the Essex numbers had not been
matched anywhere else. The records I received are summarised below.
Localities are assigned to counties according to the Watsonian boundaries.
Many of the traps were run at the site mentioned only on the one night.
Cornwall (vcl) - The Lizard, 6/7 July (B. Baker). (vc2) - St Austell, 6-10
July, several at car-park lights, ‘‘the first time I have ever had this species in
Cornwall’’ (J. Gregory).

Wiltshire (vc7) - Savernake Forest, 8/9 July (M.F.V. Corley).

Dorset (vc9) - Holt Forest, 8/9 July, at least double figures (N. Hall); Lyme
Regis, 5 August (M.F.V. Corley).

Hampshire (vcl1) - Southsea, 6/7 July, c. 50 (J.R. Langmaid).

Surrey (vcl7) - Box Hill, 21 July; Virginia Water, 22 July, a new record
(P. Baker).

Essex (vcs 18, 19) - see above.

Hertfordshire (vc20) - Bishops Stortford, 6-25 July, several, with a peak of
14 on the 23rd (no trap 6/7, 7/8 July) (C.W. Plant).

Middlesex (vc21) - Hampstead, 4-26 July, 100 in all with peaks on the 8th
(11), and the 11th (14) and the 17th (31). Previous records in 1982 (2) and
1983 (3) only (R.A. Softly).

Berkshire (vc22) - Ambarrow Court, 6/7 July, at least double figures (N.
Hall); Faringdon, 7 July - 4 August, c. 25 in all, no peak; Cumnor Hurst,
19 July; Bagley Wood, 21 July (M.F.V. Corley).

Oxfordshire (vc23) - Goring, 9 July (M.F.V. Corley); Bix, 21 July, a few
(M. Albertini).

Buckinghamshire (vc24) - Ashridge, 7 July; Grangelands, 8 July; Burnham,
15 July, a few at each site (M. Albertini).

Herefordshire (vc36) - Ledbury, 11 July - 10 August, a total of 35 on the
seven nights when the trap was run, with a peak of 24 on 11/12 July.
Previous records only in 1988 (c. six) (M.W. Harper).

STATUS OF YPONOMEUTA EVONYMELLA 67

Contemporary opinion (e.g. Agassiz, 1987; Emmet, 1981, 1988) suggests
the possibility of an alternative foodplant, possibly another Prunus species,
in southern England. I now regard this as unlikely. As stated above, the
larval feeding is very conspicuous but has never, as far as I know, been
observed in the south. The following anecdote reinforces my hypothesis. In
1970 I brought a nest of young larvae to Essex from Derbyshire. When
their supply of Prunus padus began to run out, I put some plum leaves in
the container and they were accepted. I therefore sleeved most of the larvae
on the plum-tree, but they ceased feeding and all died. Those that I had
kept in the container, which still held the remains of the highly aromatic
bird-cherry, fed on and produced adults, though much undersized. The
inference is that it was the smell of the bird-cherry that induced the larvae
to take a foodplant that was in fact unsuitable.

My opinion now is that the Y. evonymella that occur in southern
England are migrants, arriving in most years in small nunbers, but in many
thousands in 1989. If this is true, what is their place of origin? One
possibility is the north of England and I tried to ascertain whether the
species had been unusually plentiful there in 1989. No one seemed to have
noticed abnormal abundance and one observer (Michael Harper) voiced
the opinion that there had been fewer larval nests than usual in southern
Scotland. The fact that the moths reached the south coast a day earlier than
Essex suggests an influx from France, but the higher numbers in Essex and
the east wind on the night in question point to northern Europe as the
source. The moths did not necessarily all come from one place or at one
time. It would be interesting to compare the dates on which this species was
recorded with those of known migrants. Brian Goodey recorded Ethmia
terminella Fletcher, a species new to Essex, as well as the 500 Yponomeuta
evonymella at Fingringhoe on the night 7/8 July. Its foodplant, viper’s
bugloss (Echium vulgare) is ‘‘scattered and in small quantity, diminishing’’
in Essex (Jermyn, 1974) and does not grow at Fingringhoe. In Britain E.
terminella is resident only at Dungeness and on the Sussex coast nearby.
The Essex specimen could have flown up from Kent but in the prevailing
east wind we think it more likely that it came from the Continent. Colin
Plant reported that at Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire (12 miles from
Saffron Walden) there was an immigration of up to 50 lacewings, mostly
Chrysopa canea (Stephens) and, in smaller numbers, C. flava (Linnaeus),
on the night 6/7 July and again on 22/23 July, an unusual event.

Yponomeuta rorrella

This is another species that is erratic in its appearance. There are, however,
several differences from Y. evonymella. It is recorded only from the
counties south-east of a line from the Humber to the Severn estuary and
thence to the Solent. It does not occur in small numbers annually but
enjoys local plenty for several years and then disappears as suddenly as it

68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.i11.1990

came. It seems to persist at some favoured spot such as Dungeness but for
the most part it is only a temporary resident. These habits were described to
me many years ago by the late S. Wakely who, with L.T. Ford, led the
revival of British interest in the Microlepidoptera. Consequently, when in
1988 I heard from Brian Goodey that he had taken five adults at light at
Fingringhoe, from Barry Dickerson that he had had it in Huntingdonshire
and from A.J. Boot that he had recorded it in Northamptonshire, all new
county records, I predicted that we would hear more of it in 1989.

The larva feeds on white willow (Salix alba) and I had a brief and
unsuccessful search for it with the aid of field-glasses in the Fingringhoe
area in June. It was, however, no surprise when an adult came to my trap in
Saffron Walden on the 25th July, to be followed by 12 more on the next
three nights and by a laggard on the 10th August. Elsewhere in Essex, Brian
Goodey took several in the Colchester area and David Agassiz one at
Grays. In other counties, Raymond Softly recorded six at Hampstead
between the 18th and 25th July and John Langmaid three at Southsea on
the 24th and 25th July, the second record for Hampshire. The largest
numbers were at Faringdon, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire) where Martin
Corley had 30-40 in and around his trap on the night 23/24 July. He had
previously recorded individuals in 1982 and 1983, but none in the years
1984-1988. He reports that there were other captures in his district, by
Stephen Nash at Fernham and Philip Sterling at Oxford. These inland
records are interesting, since it has been reported more frequently near the
coast, there being records from all the coastal vice-counties from
Hampshire to Norfolk.

I see no reason to disagree with the views of Stan Wakely, expressed 25
years ago, that Y. rorrella comes to southern Britain as an immigrant from
the Continent. Herein it resembles Y. evonymella, but whereas that species
fails to establish itself because of the rarity of its foodplant, there is no
shortage of the cricket-bat willows favoured by Y. rorrella. The latter is a
scarce resident whose numbers are augmented by immigration; our climate,
however, is unsuitable for high numbers to be sustained.

Acknowledgements

I wish to express my thanks to the entomologists mentioned above who
have given me their records and allowed me to incorporate them in this
paper.

References
Agassiz, D.J.L., 1987. The British Yponomeutinae. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist.

Soc. 20: 13-26, 2 col. pls.

Emmet, A.M., 1981. The smaller moths of Essex, 158 pp., maps, figs. London.

-- , (Ed.), 1988. A field guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera (Edn 2),288pp.
London.

Harwood, W.H., 1903. Lepidoptera in The Victoria County History of Essex 1:
136-177.

STATUS OF YPONOMEUTA EVONYMELLA 69

Jermyn, S.T., 1974. Flora of Essex, 302 pp., maps, figs, 6 col. pls. Fingringhoe,
Essex.

McClintock, D. & Fitter, R.S.R., 1956. The pocket guide to wild flowers,
xii, 340 pp., 140 pls (64 col.), text figs. London.

Ethmia terminella Fletch. (Lep.: Oecophoridae. Ethmiinae) in Essex

On 7-8th July 1989 at Fingringhoe Wick Nature Reserve (four miles south
of Colchester) I was inundated by a blizzard of small white moths which I
identified as being Yponomeuta evonymella L. A.M. Emmet discusses the
broader aspects of this invasion elsewhere in this issue, so it is only
necessary here to say that during the peak period of activity, approximately
an hour either side of midnight, I counted 500 on one groundsheet alone.
There were many more examples still in the air, at rest away from the
groundsheet, and at the other traps and lamps I had set up. The night was
ideal for recording with a good number of unusual species (for Essex)
present, such as Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla D. & S. and Oligia
versicolor Borkh. However, my eyes alighted on an evonymella that looked
obviously different. This in fact turned out to be Ethmia terminella Fletch..,
a new county record. The current British distribution for this species is
restricted to the Dungeness area, Kent, with an extension of range into East
Sussex. In Europe its range includes southern Scandinavia and the Low
Countries. The larval foodplant, Echium vulgare, is no longer found in
north-east Essex, and it is possible that the evonymella and terminella
shared a common origin — perhaps north-west Europe. It seems clear that
a large scale movement of some kind occurred around this period. My
thanks to A.M. Emmet and D.J.L. Agassiz.— BRIAN GOODEY, 298
Ipswich Road, Colchester, Essex CO4 4ET.

A second brood of the Dotted Footman, Pelosia muscerda Hufn. (Lep.:
Arctiidae) in 1989

Whilst staying in Norfolk on Ist August 1989, among a small number of
moths which came to an actinic tube on a sheet, was a female Dotted
Footman, which laid about 30 eggs over a period of several hours. These
soon hatched and most fed up and owing, perhaps, to the hot summer
produced over 20 moths in September. I gave them lichens and algae, but
they fed mainly on dead sycamore leaves.— S.M. JACKSON, 31 Hillfield,
Selby, North Yorkshire YO8 OND.

Some notable migrants taken in the Dungeness area, Kent, during 1989

During another year of much immigrant activity in the Dungeness and
Greatstone area of S.E. Kent, the following species were the most
noteworthy recorded from the three permanent mv traps in the area:
Scopula rubiginata Hufn. male, Greatstone 17.8.89; Mythimna /-album L.
male, Greatstone 23.10.89; Mythimna loreyi Dup. female, Dungeness,

70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.111. 1990

30.10.89; Heliothis armigera Hb. Dungeness, 23.10.89,Greatstone 25 and
26.9.89 and 22.10.89; Deltote bankiana Fab. male, Greatstone, 7.7.89.

The record of M. /-album is of interest as it is one of four individuals that
I have heard of being taken in the Dungeness area during 1989. As far as I
am aware, there were only two Kent records prior to this year (Dungeness
1934 and Dymchurch 1988); the spate of records in 1989 possibly suggests
an easterly spread of range from the species’ south coast breeding sites.
This theory has some support from the number of recent records from
coastal areas in East Sussex.— S.P. CLANCY, Delhi Cottage, Dungeness,
Romney Marsh, Kent TN29 9NE.

Presumed occurrence of late broods in Lepidoptera in 1989

I read with interest the recent notes by E.G. Smith (antea 101: 36) and
David Young (antea 101: 197) on the possibility of a second brood in the
pyralid Cynaeda dentalis D. & S., as this species certainly produced a
second brood at Dungeness, Kent, in 1989 with specimens, a majority of
them fresh but smaller in size than normal first-brood specimens, occurring
on most nights between 4th and 24th September after a period of nearly
two months without an adult being seen in the Dungeness area.

Several other species of lepidoptera, of which no reference could be
found to a second brood in the literature or mentioned only as being of
very irregular or occasional occurrence, also produced specimens of an
apparently late brood in S.E. Kent. They invariably involved fresh
specimens being taken after the last worn specimens of first brood had long
since expired. It should also be noted that many of the first broods were
earlier than usual in the exceptionally mild conditions of spring/early
summer 1989.

Late species included Pedasia contaminella Hiibn. (13.9 - 26.9);
Oncocera semirubella Scop. (3.9); Pyralis farinalis L. (23.9); Euproctis
similis Fues. (23.9 - 11.10); Tyria jacobaeae L. (31.10); Agrotis
exclamationis L. (19.8 - 13.10); Ourapteryx sambucaria L. (18.10 - 30.10);
Ceramica pisi L. (19.8 - 21.8); Mythimna comma L. (30.9); and Mythimna
favicolor Barr. (17.8). (Note: favicolor is not known to breed at
Dungeness, but this and other salt-marsh species turn up from time to
time.)

Whilst it may be argued that the odd retarded individual may occur after
the usual emergence time, these records mostly refer to a number of
individuals, often small specimens, occurring in the main two to three
months after the earlier brood. It would be interesting to learn how
frequent and widespread additional broods were. I understand, for
example, that late specimens of dentalis, semirubella and sambucaria
occurred in Sussex and Dorset (M. Parsons), and similis produced a second
brood in Somerset (J.C. Lidgate).— S.P. CLANCY, Delhi Cottage,
Dungeness, Romney Marsh, Kent TN29 9NE.

THE ESSEX EMERALD Hal

ESSEX EMERALD MOTH, THETIDIA SMARAGDARIA MARITIMA
PROUT (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE) — AN UPDATE

P. WARING

Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough.

FURTHER to my note in Ent. Rec. 101: 231-232 concerning the captive
rearing of the Essex Emerald moth, 7. smaragdaria, in preparation for
attempts to establish new colonies in the wild from 1990 onwards, I can
report that the Nature Conservancy Council now has approximately 500
larvae (as at November 1989) which are currently overwintering out of
doors on the haulms of their captive foodplants.

The developments since the previous communication are as follows.
From 135 young larvae bred in July 1988, 86 adults emerged from pupae
(48 males and 38 females). Emergences took place between 14th June and
21st July 1989 though on 14th June many larvae were still spinning and
some were still feeding. The total mortality rate from eggs hatching to adult
stage was therefore 36%. Over the same period in the wild 56 larvae were
counted between 26th and 28th September 1988, 13 were found after the
winter on 18th April 1989 and seven cocoons were discovered on 24th June
1989. A female was struggling to emerge from one of the cocoons but had
evidently become trapped for her wings were already dried in a crumpled
condition though she had not escaped the pupal case. All the other cocoons
contained only empty pupal cases and appeared to have produced adults
successfully. One female in perfect condition was seen at rest amongst sea
wormwood Artemisia maritima nearby but no other adults were seen. No
larvae or adults were removed from the wild this year. This is our only
opportunity to study the moth in its native habitat and we are observing
without interference. Sexing of the pupal cases showed that three had given
rise to males and three to females. One pupal case was fragmented and the
sex could not be determined. The known mortality rates were 77% between
September 1988 and April 1989 and between 46 and 54% between April
and June 1989 depending on whether the crippled female is included. The
total mortality recorded between September 1988 and June 1989 of 88% is
more than twice as high as in captivity at Peterborough and this figure does
not include any mortality sustained in the early instars from July to
September in the wild. The present generation in the wild numbered at least
27 larvae on 17th August 1989, which is only half the number counted the
previous year, so the colony size has declined.

The captive-bred adults produced over 800 eggs. The egg-load of a
female is approximately 80. This is based on the dissection of a freshly
emerged female that was killed by a spider (Enoplognatha ovata det P.
Kirby), only hours after emergence. Seventy-seven eggs were counted in her
abdomen. The total egg outputs of five laying females kept in isolation
from other females from mating to death were 62, 75 and 86 in 1988 and 71

WZ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.111. 1990

and 82 in 1989 giving a mean of 75. On this basis many of the 37 females
that emerged in June and July 1989 did not lay all their eggs. Ensuring that
matings and eggs were obtained was extremely time-consuming on top of
my other duties and arrangements are being made for assistance in 1990.

Just over 600 of the eggs hatched. Most of these were obtained by
bringing the adults into unheated rooms where mating and egg-laying were
more successful than when males and females were left together out of
doors. The moths and eggs experienced a similar daylength but lower
maximum daytime temperatures in these rooms than were recorded outside
and every effort was made to put the larvae outdoors on netted potted
plants in the first and second instars and all before the end of July.
Nevertheless, by late July it was evident that some larvae had “‘bolted’’.
They were already too large for overwintering. In all, three per cent of the
brood produced a second generation of adults in 1989. These pupated from
10th August onwards and the adults emerged between 24th August and
15th September 1989.

This partial second generation resulted almost entirely from among the
first larvae to hatch. Most of these bolted individuals were spotted and kept
indoors in the hope that they would emerge in time to get their progeny to
overwintering stage before the end of the growing season of the foodplant.
However, one male emerged from 75 larvae that had been out of doors
since 20th July and eight adults including at least four females emerged
from 74 larvae that had been outdoors since 24th July.

The autumn emergence, of 21 adults, was spread over three weeks with
individual life spans ranging from 1 - 7 days. Most of these moths were fed
into a single mating cage containing a large potted Artemisia abrotanum as
they emerged so that the freshest males and females were constantly able to
encounter each other and older females also had access to males, but only
about 40 eggs were laid in total and none hatched. In a second cage which I
established in the last week of the emergence, the last four females to
emerge were placed with three males, including one that had emerged that
day. No eggs were laid at all so the partial second generation left no
progeny.

My visit to the wild colony on 17th August 1989 was to find out if there
was any evidence of a partial second generation taking place there too.
From the size of the 27 larvae found, they had reached the third instar but
none were large enough to indicate ‘‘bolting’’ and by this stage they should
have been in the final instar if this was the case.

In southern Europe T. smaragdaria is bi-voltine and the occurrence of a
partial second generation in Britain was recorded long ago both in captivity
(eg Burrows, 1900, 1901) and in the wild (Turner 1895 a+b). The latter
found ‘‘several dozen’”’ larvae at a site on the Essex marshes on 31st August
1895, one of which was full grown and which pupated on 4th September,
producing an adult on 26th September, 1895.

THE ESSEX EMERALD 73

This year I have received an unusual number of reports of late specimens
of other species with overwintering larvae that are normally univoltine,
which may indicate that partial second generations occurred in the wild.
These include the Small Emerald, Memistola chrysoprasaria, 24th
September, in Wiltshire, Lilac Beauty, Apeira syringaria 27th August and
5th September also in Wiltshire and Goldtail, Euproctis similis — several
specimens, one as late as 26th October, in North Hampshire. Equally
unusual was a report of a ful/-grown Garden Tiger moth caterpillar, Arctia
caja in Essex on Ist October (J. Young. pers. comm.)

The five hundred Essex Emerald larvae now in captivity are being kept in
similar conditions to those in the winters of 1987/88 and 1988/89 but some
are now in Essex rather than Peterborough.

Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my colleague Roger Key for looking after the
livestock for the fortnight of my annual leave.

References

Turner, H.J., 1895. Phorodesma smaragdaria emerging in autumn. Entomologist,
28: 307.

— , 1895. An unusually late emergence of Phorodesma smaragdaria. Entomolo-
gist’s Rec. J. Var., 7: 82-83.

Burrows, C.R.N., 1900. Phorodesma smaragdaria, Fabricius. Entomologist’s Rec.
J. Var. 12: 113-115, 152-154, 168-172.

— , 1901. The foodplants of Phorodesma smaragdaria, Fab. Entomologist’s Rec. J.
Var. 13: 197-198.

Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Leicestershire

I read with interest Ted Hancock’s account of Epiphyas postvittana in
Wales (Ent. Rec. 101: 277). A single specimen of this moth was caught at
my light in a garden in Kirby Muxloe, Leicestershire (OS ref. SK 521 037) in
September 1989. The moth was positively identified by Mr R. Barnett,
Assistant Curator at the City Museum Bristol.

As far as I can determine, this is the northernmost record for postvittana
in Great Britain. The moth was a very well marked male, apparently newly
emerged. I would like to know of any further records of postvittana in
Leicestershire so it may be established whether or not the species is breeding
in the county.— JANE MCPHAIL, 7 Station Close, Kirby Muxloe, Leics LE9
9ES.

Oak Eggar moth — Highflyer or upwardly mobile climber?

Whilst high-pruning branches from a Norway maple in my garden here on
Ist November I found a first-year larva of the Oak Eggar lying along a
branch well out into the tree crown at at height of sixteen feet from the
ground (or as our Eurolepidopterists might have it 4.87 metres). It is not

74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.111.1990

uncommon to find overwintered larvae of the moth on ivy foliage well up
on hedgerow trees and bushes but this maple was a young tree with a totally
clean trunk and free of adjoining foliage.

So was its egg laid there or did the larva ascend? The implications could
be profound for those amongst us who research into the fundamental
behaviour of our Lepidoptera. Perish the thought that L. quercus is
emulating H. sapiens in the belief that, next to being high-born, success in
life is gained through travelling ever upwards.— G.M. HAGGETT,
Meadows End, Northacre, Caston, Norfolk NR17 1DG.

Unusual abundance of the Holly Blue, Celastrina argiolus L. (Lep.:
Lycaenidae) in 1989 in parts of Sussex

Kenneth Smith in North London was not alone in noting the unusual flight
period and large numbers of Holly Blues in the summer of 1989 (Ent. Rec.
101: 278).

For several years I have been trying to get good close-up slides of these
lively little butterflies. This has usually involved hanging about near the
post box close to my home where there is a mass of holly and ivy in an
overgrown garden; in April - early May and August, one or two butterflies
may, with luck, be seen dashing about at breakneck speed. However, in
1989 I did not see any here until 20th May.

So when I went to woods below the downs near West Dean, Chichester,
on 12th and 14th July 1989 to photograph other species, I was most
surprised to see Holly Blues in almost every thicket and on most wet
patches in the road. On 21st July, I went to Willingdon Point, Eastbourne,
to photograph Chalkhill and Common Blues, but again Holly Blues were
more numerous than either, albeit in the thickets rather than in the open.
My last sighting here in Selsey was on 4th October 1989.

These unusually high populations are interesting in view of the very low
numbers of sightings countrywide between 1986 and 1988 (Pollard E. &
Hall M.L. Butterfly monitoring in 1988. Entomologist 108: 229-242).—
R.C. DENING, 20 Vincent Road, Selsey PO20 9DQ.

Return of the White-letter Hairstreak

At approximately 17.00 hours on 16th July, I noticed a single male
specimen of Satyrium w-album Knoch, the White-letter Hairstreak, feeding
on Buddleia in my back garden. There are still a relatively small number of
elm trees in the neighbourhood but it is the first time for over 20 years that I
have noticed this particular butterfly in the locality. In the late 1950s and
early 1960s it used to be quite common in a locality in Banstead, Surrey,
approximately three miles from where I live, but the habitat in question was
totally destroyed following redevelopment of what was originally Ministry
of Defence surplus land.— M.S. HARVEY, Highfields House, Highfields,
Ashstead, Surrey.

COLLECTING NOTES — 1989 75

COLLECTING NOTES 1989
M.D. BRYAN

Department of Natural History, City Museum, Birmingham

ON 21st MAY we arrived en famille on the Isle of Mull. Primarily, the visit
was to see Boyd Barr and drink all his whisky — an impossible task as any
fellow collector who has shared Boyd’s hospitality will readily confirm!
Sunny, clear weather prevailed for the week, but clear skies and cold
northerly winds badly affected moth trapping. Interesting species in the
trap included Cyclophora albipuncta Hufn., Nebula salicata latentaria
Curt., Odontosia carmelita Esp., and Papestra biren Goeze. From a female
biren I later reared a number of pupae. Against my better judgement, I
allowed Boyd to persuade me to ascend the cliffs at Calgary Bay to search
for larvae of Zygaena purpuralis caledonensis Reiss. This death-defying
madness resulted in just two larvae! Most had already pupated.

We left Mull for Perth on 27th May, arriving at Almond Bank in the late
afternoon. Cool nights again depressed the number of moths taken but I
was pleased to find Peridea anceps Goeze. Many specimens of Spilosoma
lubricipeda L. came to light and most of these had some degree of ochreous
background coloration on the forewings. I retained a female in the hope
that a little inbreeding would produce some interesting forms. How I regret
that decision. As I write (mid November) I am desperately trying to keep
pace with the greed of F3 larvae. About 10% of the F2 pupae decided to
hatch (and pair) despite being kept in an unheated and unlit cellar. My
garden has never been so devoid of dandelions, docks and sow thistles!
Needless to say, only very typical /ubricipeda have appeared so far.

On 22nd June we drove to Flamborough on the Yorkshire coast. On the
cliffs below the lighthouse I noticed a number of Zygaenid cocoons and a
few freshly-emerged specimens of Zygaena filipendulae stephensi Dup.
Oddly enough, all the cocoons I collected produced only Z. /onicerae
latomarginata Tutt. On the basis of large size, these north-eastern /onicerae
were at one time distinguished as a subspecies. The cocoons I collected did
produce a few large specimens but on average the moths were a little
smaller than those hatched from wild collected Staffordshire cocoons.

I will not bore readers with an account of the butterflies noted in France
during the first two weeks of July. However, I will bore you with a few
notes about the moths! The tiny hamlet of Le Rousell, near le Buisson in
Perigord is probably the only settlement of its kind in France to have
introduced mercury vapour street lighting. Despite this unhelpful
background, my tiny actinic tube attracted a steady stream of moths with
names to delight the British collector. Perhaps Thalera fimbrialis Scop.,
Cyclophora puppillaria Hb., Hecatera dysodea D. & S., Acronicta
auricoma D. & S., and Emmelia trabealis Scop. will serve to illustrate my
point. Other visitors to the actinic included the ‘‘Rhino beetle’’ Oryctes

76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.111. 1990

nasicornis F. and Mantis Fly (Mantispa sp.) which looks like a small mantis
but is actually a type of lacewing.

I was very pleased to take a fresh female specimen of Harpyia milhauseri
F. known in Britain as the Tawny Prominent from a single specimen taken
in Sussex in 1966. Fortunately, I resisted the killing jar and I now have a
number of milhauseri cocoons overwintering in my shed. The fully grown
larva displays the typical prominent shape and is a fine sight in green and
beige which exactly match the colours of the summer flush of oak leaves.
The larval ‘‘prominence’’ is bright blue. The larvae have an unfortunate
habit of biting large holes in nylon netting. The reason for this eludes me
for they make no attempt to escape via the holes. Indeed the larvae are very
loath to leave the oak twigs until pupation time arrives. The cocoon is hard
and resembles a miniature version of that of Cerura vinula L. when firmly
anchored to a twig or the wooden elements of the cage. Two small males
emerged prematurely in early October.

Following a successful trip to South Wales in mid September to look for
larvae of Eurodryas aurinia Rott. I returned to Bigbury in south Devon for
the first week of October. Migrant moths taken included Heliothis
armigera Hb., Mythimna vitellina Hb. and M. unipuncta Haw. Resident
species included M. /-album L., Lithophane leautieri hesperica Bours. and
Eumichtis lichenea Hb. 1989 saw only two species added to my garden list
for Blackwell in north Worcestershire. These were Euphyia unangulata
Haw. and Nonagria typhae Thunb. A pleasant development in early
October was the appearance in the garden of five specimens of L. /eautieri.
I had only recorded one previous specimen in 1985 and hopefully the moth
is now firmly established.

Abundance of Aporophyla nigra (Haworth) (Lep.: Noctuidae) in
Oxfordshire
Every year in September and October small numbers (up to four a night) of
the black rustic, Aporophyla nigra, appear in the mv or black light trap in
my garden at the address below. However, in 1989 an opportunity arose of
operating an mv trap in farmland at Long Wittenham, Oxfordshire. The
first A. nigra appeared on 31st August and thereafter numbers increased
reaching 85 on 23rd September, 137 on 24th September and a peak of 200
on 25th September. There was then a steady decline, although 27 were
counted on 23rd October with the last on 25th October when there were six.
During 19 nights of trapping at this site in September and October 1989 a
total of 740 was counted, making it one of the commonest autumn moths.
The species is undoubtedly on the increase in many areas, but whether the
high numbers found at Long Wittenham represent recent successful adjust-
ment to modern farming or whether 1989 was simply a good year cannot yet
be stated. — DENIS F. OWEN, 2 Shelford Place, Headington, Oxford.

GREECE — 1988 77

AROUND GREECE IN FOURTEEN DAYS - 1988

DR C.J. LUCKENS

Swallowfield, Manor Road, Durley, Hants SO3 2AF.

HOW DID the Athenians know we were not Greek? Our hired car had
Greek number plates and the rental company’s label was very small, but as
we drove through the busy streets of Athens early on our first morning,
cyclists and lorry drivers leant over smiling and asked us if we were British!
A few cars and especially taxis were less charitable towards our uncertain
sense of direction, but finally we cleared the bleak industrial suburbs
around Eleusis and sped along the dual carriageway to the Pelopennese.

Just after mid-day we turned off onto the winding road which climbs up
from the gulf of Corinth towards Kalavryta and soon a broad lay-by with a
gurgling spring appeared on our right. We stopped to fill our water carrier
and a large but ragged female Charaxes jasius L. swooped down and
landed on the damp ground — and was instantly netted. There were no
Arbutus bushes anywhere in the vicinity to explain her presence and though
we fed her on fermented melon juice (in the hope of sleeving her for eggs
after our return), she died unfortunately, on our last day in Greece.

After driving through the impressive Vouvraitis gorge we turned off to
explore the steep rocky banks beside the river. Melanargia larissa Geyer
were common here, along with the three Gonepteryx: G. rhamni L., G.
farinosa Zeller (the males distinguished even in flight by their paler hind
wings) and G. cleopatra L. The last was represented by a fine large race, the
females sulphur-yellow, tinged with a faint orange on the hind wings. CJL,
with a somewhat superior air, pointed out a fresh example of one of these
female cleopatra and suggested that Michael Chalmers-Hunt should take it.
This he did, and found in his net a superb inter-sex aberration, yellow, with
splashes of male colour on the forewing! An interesting form of Plebicula
escheri Hibn., was taken here; large, with gleaming turquoise wings, ssp.
dalmatica Speyer. We also spent a considerable time trying to flush out the
male Kirinia roxelana Cramer from their hiding places among the trees
beside a small cliff.

After moderate success with this large Satyrid we drove on through
Kalavryta and took the fine new road leading up to Mount Chelmos. The
metalled surface now runs right up to the famous Xerocampos plateau,
rough dirt roads leading off from there. We camped a few hundred feet
lower down among the pines and whilst scouting around for a suitable
place CJL captured a female Cyaniris helena Staud. flitting around in the
early evening sun.

The following day, 19th June, we were up early and at the plateau well
before 9 am. The magnificent Colias aurorina H.-S. was common even at
this hour, the males flying vigorously in the cool windy sunshine. A little
later on the females put in an appearance, both the typical yellow form and

78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.11.1990

the less common white f. fountainei. Colias croceus Geoffroy, also flying
in some numbers, looked positively diminuitive beside its larger relative.
Plebejus pylaon Fisch. was plentiful, particularly around Astragulus
bushes alongside the stream beds; and here and there a few ragged
Parnassius mnemosyne f. athene Stich were noted, usually favouring the
damper areas. The commonest butterfly was undoubtedly Vanessa cardui
L. with Issoria lathonia L. a close second. Other fritillaries such as A.
aglaia L. and A. niobe L. were also present and the skippers were
represented by Spialia orbifer Hiibn. and Carcharodus orientalis Rev. Two
or three Pieris ergane Geyer were taken but it was difficult to find
undamaged specimens. Around mid-day we explored one of the rough
stony roads leading off the plateau, and wandered along the precipitous
bed of a stream encountering Nymphalis polychloros L., N. antiopa L. and
myriads of blues imbibing at the damp sand. The commonest species was
P. pylaon, but a few Lysandra bellargus Rott. and Plebicula amanda
Schneider were flying and, to our delight one or two Agrodiaetus
coelestinus Eversm. mostly in excellent condition. A good male C. helena
was also captured here.

Around 3.30 pm. the sky clouded over Chelmos and we zig-zagged our
way back down the winding road to Kalavryta, swerving from time to time
to avoid jay-walking tortoises and finally meeting the sun again a few
hundred feet above the village. We drove back towards our collecting site
of the previous day, but sampled the rocky riparian slopes nearer Kalavryta
this time.

As well as the species already mentioned from this lower level we
encountered three of the confusing brown Agrodiaetus species; admetus
Esp., pelopi Brown and aroaniensis Brown. They were by no means
common (it being early in their flight period) and we found it almost
impossible to distinguish between admetus and aroaniensis in net or pill-
box, though pe/opi in general was recognisable by its white streaked
underside. A large female Papilio alexanor Esp, condition rather passe at
this date, was netted in full flight as we were returning to our car. We had
had a most eventful time and it was hard to believe that was only our first
full collecting day in Greece.

While we were sampling the hordes of P. argus L. flying around our tent
the next morning, JMC-H spotted a dark Satyrid flitting amongst some
rocks beside the road above us. This turned out to be a Pseudochazara
anthelea Hiibn., the males common along a limited area beside the road.
We explored further along the rough track leading off the plateau, striking
the same stream bed higher up, and this, though mostly dry, still held an
assortment of butterflies. Numerous Spialia orbifer and C. orientalis and
two examples of a fine large Pyrgus species were taken, the latter the Greek
form of P. serratulae Ramb. C. aurorina was one of the commonest butter-
flies. The males, many past their best were flying everywhere along the

GREECE — 1988 19

hillside and the dimorphic females fluttering in numbers around the
Astragalus in the side gulleys. CJL took a male aurorina with dark purplish
scales replacing the usual dusky orange colour. It was a curious-looking
insect and although scale defect has been suggested this is probably not the
case as the silky body hairs are also tinged with indigo. JMC-H took
further C. helena in fair order and also found a side gulley where female
coelestinus flew around some low bushes. Several worn males accompanied
them, but there was no sign of Agrodiaetus iphigenia H.-S. for which we
were probably a little early.

We left this delectable spot around 3.30 pm. to start our journey
northward. Crossing the Gulf of Corinth by the ferry at Rio we reached the
mainland around 6 pm. in a light shower and we decided to pitch camp
straight away at a well-appointed site near the shore.

It was dull the next morning as we drove toward the Pindos Mountains
through a spectacular gorge where griffon vultures soared in the thermals.
The clouds soon dispersed and it became excessively hot and beyond
Konitsa in the late afternoon we started to collect near an unusually
extensive low plateau — an ancient dried-up river bed. The familiar
Astragalus thracicus grew here and also Dr T.W. Tolman has found C.
aurorina — much further west than previously recorded. The butterfly
emerges at least a month earlier at this low level however, and we saw no
sign of it — only vast numbers of Vanessa cardui L. on the flat rocky
terrain. Once again the clouds rolled up and there were a few claps of
thunder, but in between light showers we found good numbers of Leptidea
duponcheli Stdgr., on some flowery banks nearby. P. ergane was also fairly
common, and the blues were represented by Pseudophilotes vicrama and
Plebicula thersites Chapman. A few roxelana flitted about among the trees.

There were still occasional showers the following morning as we
approached our next collecting site in the northern Pindos. This was a
magnificent area of sunny clearings and slopes surrounded by natural pine
forests. The first new species was Coenonympha leander Esp., ssp.
orientalis in this area with broad white bands in the underside hind-wing —
very difficult, in fact, to distinguish from the numerous C. arcania L. that
flew with it. The butterfly that we particularly sought soon made its
appearance on the edge of the pine forest, Kirinia climene Esp. This fine
Satyrid was known from Europe only as single examples, until discovered
in this area by the Bretherton/Cribb expedition in 1982. We found only
males but on one slope they were very common and all in beautifully fresh
condition. Other interesting species were Erebia medusa D. & S. and finally
two further species completely new to us both — Thersamonia thersamon
Esp. (a very ragged female) and Pyrgus sidae Esp. with brilliant orange
hind-wing markings.

Heading north for Florina that afternoon we struck the twisting
unmetalled road beyond Kastoria which winds between the western Vernon
mountains and the Albanian border. The heat was intense, but it was

80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.11.1990

interesting to see clouds of Aporia crataegi L. imbibing at Vipers Bugloss
beside the road, sometimes a single spike carrying as many as 15 to 20
examples. Strangely enough they had this nectar source almost entirely to
themselves. We reached our destination near Florina in the late afternoon
and pitched our tent among the mountain beech forest.

Birdsong awoke us in the morning, as if it were May in an English oak-
wood. Cuckoos, usually silent in Britain by mid-June, called incessantly
and warblers and thrushes sang with all the vigour of spring in their voices.
We lost no time in exploring our surroundings and almost immediately
encountered a much-desired butterfly Melitaea arduinna Esp. Males of this
species were locally quite common but it was difficult to find them in
perfect condition. Females were very much harder to come by and when we
did they were even more ragged. A few good examples were taken however
and CJL sleeved three females over a selection plantain and Centaureae,
but no ova were forthcoming. The local race of Mellicta athalia Rott. was
abundant and in fine order. There was the usual minor variation, but most
were large and dark, with much plainer undersides than is usual in athalia
— rather like an enormous M. parthenoides Kef.

JMC-H took the first Colias balcanica Rebel — a male imbibing from
purple vetch in the early morning sun. On reaching a rough clearing in the
beech forest however, we soon encountered this splendid butterfly in
numbers. They frequented rough slopes with young juniper growth,
interspersed with a prostrate Cytisus species and clumps of red clover. The
latter provided nectar for the brilliant orange males which floated around
in the sun like autumn leaves. The larger females were less common but we
found numbers of ova on the low-growing broom bushes. Some of these
eggs were collected, but the young larvae failed to thrive on any of the
Cytisus species offered to them on our return. During the morning we saw
two of the rare white female f. rebeli. One sighting involved CJL in a
-desperate pursuit over the rough and steep ground. This chase provided his
companion with much amusement and himself with the reassurance that his
coronary arteries were in good order — but no butterfly! A marshy field in
this same area was rich in many species — particularly the Coppers,
Palaeochrysophanus (hippothoe) candens H.-S., and Heodes virgaureae L.
M. trivia D. & S., in a distinctive variegated form, floated over the
Scabious heads and M. phoebe and M. cinxia were also abundant. An
enormous female M. arduinna in excellent condition was also taken,
seemingly quite isolated from others of this species.

On returning to our car we encountered a German collector, Herr T.
Arheilger, who was there with his wife. We stopped to talk for a few
minutes but we desperately needed water and provisions and had to take
our leave in order to get to Florina in time. A roadside spring provided us
with the water and also one or two P. amanda, M. arduinna and a strange
grey form of Carcharodus lavatherae Esp. which appears to replace the
type in this area. Nearby, the flowering hillsides were seething with

GREECE — 1988 81

butterflies in the afternoon sun. We recorded 13 species of fritillary alone,
including freshly emerged Pandoriana pandora L. of which we had seen a
few earlier on at the balcanica ground. We also found several H. alciphron
Rott., a few P. sidae and two examples of the dark ‘‘obscura’’ form of
Maculinea arion L.

June 24th saw us driving up a rough road through the beech forests into
the mountains north-west of Florina. At intervals the road deteriorated
alarmingly, but it was so narrow that we could only go on up. We stopped
as soon as the beeches thinned and on a small marshy plateau, overlooking
a rocky precipice, we took our first Boloria graeca Stdgr. Several worn P.
mnemosyne L. were floating around and a few Euphydryas aurinia Rott.
— arare and local butterfly in Greece. Higher up we came out onto open
hillsides with occasional lush marshes alongside streams descending the
mountain. Coenonympha rhodopensis Elwes (a mountain species allied to
C. tullia Mull), was common, along with many more B. graeca.
Coenonympha leander (of the nominate form) were mostly very ragged,
but the few specimens we took looked very different from the f. orientalis
we had found in the northern Pindos a few days earlier. A little silvery blue
flying along the road was Aricia anteros Frey., and at one spot we found
half a dozen of this local butterfly. E. medusa was everywhere and one
newly emerged E. ottomana H.-S. was taken. In the early afternoon it
became overcast and we failed to reach the summit where an interesting
race of EF. epiphron Knoch. flies.

When exploring the balcanica locality the following morning we found
this fine Clouded Yellow in even better numbers but already some of the
males were going over. One or two Lycaeides idas magnagraeca Ver. were
found and a single female anteros, P. pandora becoming more frequent on
the patches of red clover.

We spent the evening at a taverna beside Lake Prespa where we had
arranged to meet Dirk van der Poorten who had turned up the previous
day. This huge lake straddles the borders of three countries — Greece,
Yugoslavia and Albania. It holds excellent populations of water birds such
as brown pelicans and various species of heron. It was a rare pleasure to sit
and watch the skeins of pelicans coming off the lake against the sunset and
flighting over our heads to their night resting places in the marshes nearby.
Lycaena dispar rutilus Werne. flies in the lakeside marshes, and Dirk
kindly directed us to a locality which we surveyed the following morning.
Though mist swirled around our camp site in the mountains above Florina
it was warm and sunny when we descended to the lake. Lycaena dispar flew
in small numbers and in mostly worn condition, but we found ova and
young larvae on the Rumex hydrolapathum growing among the reeds.
These resulted in imagines later in the summer; larger second-brood
specimens than any others I have seen before — including those that ssp.
batavus Obth. occasionally produces in captivity.

82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.111.1990

That same day in the early afternoon we started the trek across
Macedonia to Drama in the east of the region. Beyond Florina the road
wound over barren hillsides and scattered townships, but there was little
point in stopping anywhere as the weather was generally dull in the western
hills and only improved as we approached the second city of Greece,
Thessalonica. Forewarned about the difficulties of getting through the city
we were fortunate in quickly finding the main road leading east to Serres
and Kavala. This road leads past two large lakes and in the surrounding
fields we frequently saw white storks. On the telegraph wires, large
unfamiliar birds, the size of jackdaws but beautifully plumaged in
turquoise and rust, were a species new to both of us — Rollers. We
eventually found a camp site beside a river where frogs croaked loudly all
night but we were far too tired to notice very much.

The following day, 27th June, we reached Drama in the late morning and
beyond the town took one of the roads towards the north. At the overspill
from a stone water trough by the road clustered dozens of blues and a few
skippers. Dominant were P. escheri dalmaetica, L. bellargus and P. argus
but there were also a few large brilliant males of Plebicula dorylas D. & S.
The skippers were nearly all S. orbifer but in a nearby dry gully C.
lavatherae (typical coloration) and S. orientalis flitted over the baking hot
rocks with some dashing males of M. daphnis. Here also Zerynthia cerisyi
Godt. flew in abundance, the females egg-laying on shaded plants of
Aristolochia clematitis which grew everywhere along the gully. As well as
ova we found half-grown larvae of this species. The gully was also rich in
other butterflies such as Chazara briseis L., Hipparchia aristaeus ssp.
senthes Frhst, P. mannii Mayer, P. napiL., L. duponcheli, G. farinosa, A.
aroaniensis, A. admetus; and one or two wary Libythea celtis Laich. Four
Polygonia egea Cram. were taken flying around a short cliff. The intense
afternoon heat eventually defeated CJL who took himself off to recover in
what minimal shade there was.

On the 28th we explored further along the roads penetrating the
mountains. In one flowery strip of ground Brenthis hecate D. & S. flew in
worn condition, as well as a rare butterfly in Greece — Aphantopus
hyperantus LL. The scenery changed to sparsely vegetated hillsides
shimmering in the heat. We had been directed to a specific area and after a
short climb found ourselves on a rugged outcrop. Almost immediately one
of the rarer butterflies we sought made an appearance: a little yellow
Pierid, Elphinstonia charlonia Donzel, fluttering over the steep pavements
of rock, and very awkward to net in such difficult terrain. They were not
uncommon, but we probably missed as many as we netted. The other
species was the fine Pseudochazara orestes de Prins and van der Poorten
(discovered in 1980 by Jos Dils and Dirk van der Poorten and only known
from this area). The butterfly was just emerging — males beautifully fresh
and quite frequent, and JMC-H managed to find one female. We left our
hotel in Drama the following morning but before heading south again,

GREECE — 1988 83

sampled another area higher up in the mountains. As we drove up through
the pine woods we passed large numbers of butterflies imbibing at damp
spots on the banks. These were mainly the Whites P. mannii and P. napi
but also H. aristaeus and several magnificent N. antiopa. In one clearing
we found four of these fine cream-bordered creatures flying amongst the
timber. Higher up among the grassy pastures we found C. rhodopensis in
numbers, rather larger than those we had taken near Florina. At the point
at which we stopped our car there was a continuous flight of male L. celtis.
They slanted down the hillside in a north-easterly direction, crossing the
road, and dropped down into the valley below. This apparent local
migration continued intermittently all the time we were there. After
sampling the oresfes ground in the early afternoon (where we failed to find
more females) we started our southward trek, stopping that night at our
frog-haunted camp site near Kavala.

We continued our journey towards Athens the following day driving
virtually without a break until the late afternoon. We had been told where
to look for the little Blue Tarucus balkanicus Frey. near the town of
Almiros, but as time was short we were reluctant to make the required
detour and decided that only if the scrub covered hillsides approached the
main road would we stop to look for it. Eventually a track appeared
leading off the main road onto some rough ground and as we were tired
and needed refreshment we turned into it. We bumped our way along this
for twenty yards, stopped the car, and immediately saw the tiny tailed blues
sitting on the mud beside the track. 7. balkanicus was abundant and in less
than half-an-hour we had a small series of fine specimens. The females
were more difficult to come by as they flew almost exclusively around, and
settled on, the low bushes of Paliurus spina-christa. The twigs of this bush
which bristle with vicious spines were reputedly used to make Christ’s
crown of thorns.

That night we stayed in Amphissa and the following morning visited
Delphi. The early morning was spent surveying the archeological sites,
among which flew polychloros and egea, but just before mid-day we drove
east to Arachova and on up the steep road to Mount Parnassus. Among the
pine trees of the plateau below Parnassus P. pandora was found settling on
the tall road-side thistles alongside numbers of Jarissa and anthelea. P.
daplidice L. was also fairly common and we took the last new species of our
trip — Hyponephele lupinus Costa, a freshly-emerged male lurking among
the trees. In the early hours of the following morning we arrived back at the
International Airport (after a horrendous journey through night-time
Athens) and were promptly informed of the inevitable flight delay. We thus
had plenty of time to review our holiday, which in fourteen days had taken
us on a complete circuit of mainland Greece. We had encountered 119
different butterfly species, and, thanks to Dr T.W. Tolman who provided
us with detailed information on localities and emergence times, this list

84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.11.1990

included nearly all those we had particularly hoped to see. We were both
completely exhausted but unanimously agreed that it had been our most
successful foray yet.

Recent records of three Lepidoptera in Jersey

Dr Julian Clarke, in Ent. Rec. 101: 130, reported the most recent capture
of Thera cupressata Gey. (Cypress Carpet) in Britain. He also brought
together all the published records of this species on the mainland and in the
Channel Islands of Guernsey and Alderney, which has prompted me to
complete the record with two observations from Jersey. R. Burrow,
operating a light in his garden on the outskirts of St Helier, took one on
11.vi.1988, and a second one at the same place on 25.v.1989.

A. Riley speculates (Ent. Rec. 99: 225) on the possibility that
Thaumetopoea processionea (L.) (Oak Processionary moth) is established
in Jersey, on the strength of three specimens including a female, taken at
the one site in 1984 and ’85. Although not searched for exhaustively, no
more were seen until a fourth one was taken at light, also by R. Burrow, a
few miles away at Gorey on 22.vii.1989.

On the following day, 23.vii.1989, R. Burrow took a fine specimen of
Polyphaenis sericata (Esp.) also at light at Gorey. This is the first Jersey
record of this European moth, although there were possible sightings of it
at the same place in 1985 and ’86. This species was known to be established
in Guernsey around the 1880s, and R.A. Austin (Ent. Rec. 99: 85) records
its rediscovery in Guernsey in 1986. In view of its long-established place in
the fauna of Guernsey I should like to support the suggestion of my
colleagues in that island that the name Guernsey Underwing is an
appropriate one for this species. — R. LONG, Société Jersiaise, 9 Pier
Road, St Helier, Jersey, Channel Islands.

Usual second brood emergences in Cornwall 1989

Every year I keep a record of flight times of moths in Cornwall. I illustrate
this by a method suggested to me by A.E.C. Aston. Each month is divided
into four sections which are shaded in when a particular species is recorded
in this period. This provides a quick visual reference. Thus in 1983 I found
Perizoma alchemillata in late August (23.8.83) as well as in June and July,
indicating that in Cornwall at least this species may be occasionally double-
brooded. Of course, it can be difficult to differentiate between a prolonged
emergence and bivoltinism. In the recording method used, over a long
period the gap between the broods of bivoltine species is gradually filled by
early or late emergences in particular years or by errant individuals found
well outside their usual flight-time. On the Continent, many species have
extended flight-times compared with flight-times in Britain and in hot
summers in this country emergences may be similarly prolonged.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 85

One of the best ways to tell if a species is bivoltine is whether there is a
gap between records. Thus /daea dimidiata found in Downderry by A.E.C.
Aston on 26th August 1989 was probably a late specimen of a single brood,
as this moth regularly occurs from June onwards and I have caught this
species as late as 11th September before (in 1984). Similarly, a very fresh
Philudoria potatoria caught on 29th August was certainly a late specimen
in a period of extended emergence, as was a fresh Scopula imitaria caught
on Sth September.

Agrotis exclamationis was still flying in large numbers in early
September, including some very fresh moths. I have found this moth in
Cornwall from early May through to late October without a noticeable gap
in the flight period. In some years it may well have two overlapping broods.
It is likely that Perizoma affinitata was partially double-brooded in 1989.
This species usually flies from early May to late July but I saw it near Truro
on 24th and 28th August after a gap of exactly one month since the
previous sighting. A single fresh Spilosoma luteum caught on 28th August
was flying some five weeks later than I have previously found it in
Cornwall. With a gap of eight weeks between sightings in 1989, this was
almost certainly a second brood specimen. One species that was almost
certainly double-brooded in Cornwall in 1989 was Scopula immutata. This
species, which can be bivoltine in captivity, is usually to be found in June
and July. I found fresh specimens at mv light near Rame Head on 27th
August and near Truro on 28th August. These sightings were not
unexpected considering the very hot summer of 1989. — ADRIAN
SPALDING, Tregarne, Cusgarne, Truro, Cornwall.

A wasp and a praying mantis

In September 1985, on the Greek island of Poros in the western Aegean, I
witnessed a titanic battle between a large wasp (Scolia sp.?) and the praying
mantis Jris oratoria. My attention was drawn to the wasp buzzing around a
low bush in an erratic manner, as it soon transpired, trying to avoid the
clutches of the mantis.

The sparring continued for several minutes until the mantis caught the
wasp between its front legs. Both insects tried for about a minute to
immobilise the other, until the wasp was able to sting the mantis between its
eyes and thus pull free. The wasp then proceeded to bite through the
elongated thorax of the mantis and carry off the head, presumably to the
nest.

The mantis continued to move actively, esepecially raising and lowering
its wings, revealing the distinctive under-pattern. After several minutes a
wasp, presumably the same individual, returned and eventually managed to
bite through the abdomen, carrying away the front portion and returning
after a few minutes for the rear section of the abdomen.

In total, the encounter I observed lasted some twelve minutes:

86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.i11.1990

presumably the rewards were sufficient to justify the considerable energy
expenditure and risk to life. — C. GIBSON, Nature Conservancy Council,
All Saints House, Colchester, Essex CO1 1UG.

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Ecuador, 1987

In 1987 I decided to take a personal look at the butterflies of the Neo-
tropical Region for the first time. I had a month available so the choice had
to be a single country that was relatively accessible, not too complicated or
dangerous, and representative of the main tropical fauna as well as
containing elements of the montane zone with its clear Holarctic affinities.
Ecuador was the choice, and a very good one it turned out to be. Two or
three words of Spanish went a long way — two or three dollars went even
further. Kindness and helpfulness were everywhere, and in most places near
good butterfly spots in the Amazon catchment area you could not live more
expensively than for three dollars a day even if you wanted to.

Before descending from Quito, the charming colonial centre of which is
on the list of World Heritage Sites, I wanted to see the montane fauna of
the Cotopaxi volcano (5,900 m with eternal snow and breathtakingly
beautiful). It should be possible for me to get the car as high as 4,600 m.
The butterfly fauna at levels above 3,500 m is far from rich, but it is very
interesting. Black Satyrids fly about looking for all the world like Alpine
Erebia, and like their cousins species have individual niches in the varied
grassland types. The Colias are just like those of the high Himalaya in both
habitus and habits. Trying to collect a good series in the rarified air of
4,000 m is no joke. What was that Pierid? Ah, yes, a Tatochila, very close
in all respects to the Alpine Ponchia callidice, and just as difficult to catch.

I decided to see how high up the mountain I could see a butterfly and
spurred on my brand new Chevrolet pick-up as far is it would. It finally
stalled, even in first gear. I let it roll back till it stood still across the
mountain road. The altitude was 4,500 m. To collect any butterflies on a
steep mountain side at this height proved impossible. I decided to try lower
down in more clement terrain.

The car restarted willingly enough. I put it in first, and suddenly had a
wholly detached gearstick in my hand. This was no joke — the nearest
ranger post was 20 km away, there were no other people, and the clouds
would doubtless close in soon, bringing temperatures down below freezing.
I stuck the stick back in its hole and fiddled about, but there was no
support. Somehow I managed to get the car into reverse. This was no great
help, but if I could get it in reverse, finding second gear should almost
certainly be possible. This proved to be the case, once some lateral thinking
had determined that you had physically to push the thing in the gearbox the
opposite way of the normal stick movement.

Gingerly I reached the rangers: Ought there to be oil in the part of the
gearbox that was visible? Probably not? Eventually the several hundred

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 87

kilometres to Quito were accomplished in second gear, descending from
4,500 m to 1,200 m and back up to 3000. I was reissued with a clapped out
VW Beetle that had 80,000 km on the clock — it had been thoroughly
tested in action (and worked well for the rest of my trip). I was ready to
face the more pleasant hazards of the Amazonia.

How high are butterflies found in the mountains of the tropics?
Certainly quite a lot higher than I saw them on Cotopaxi. The Bolivian
Piercolias huanaco is reputed to have been collected at 5,800 metres, and in
the Himalayas Parnassius acco has a few permanent colonies at the same
level. Species of Neotropical Phulia, tiny Pierids, are regularly collected at
5,000 m and in the Himalayas the very similar Baltia butleri occurs to at
least 5,300 m. I wish anyone wanting to collect them the very best of luck,
but I am sure that some day we shall have a record of the Painted Lady
(Vanessa cardui) hilltopping on Mt. Everest.— TORBEN B. LARSEN, 358
Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL.

Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S. (Lep.: Geometridae) — a partial second
brood

In August 1986 I obtained a few ova from a female ¢ripunctaria and found
wild larvae on the flowers of wild angelica (Angelica sylvestris). The larvae
pupated in the autumn and the moths emerged in May 1987.

In May 1989 I obtained a few ova from a female fripunctaria and fed the
resulting larva on the flowers of hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium) and
elder (Sambucus nigra). They pupated a few weeks later but I had only
three pupae. One hatched on 31.7.89 and the remaining two pupae showed
no signs of development of the moth. One of them died in the autumn and I
now have the one remaining pupa which is alive. I anticipate that it will
hatch in May 1990. Therefore, tripunctaria has a partial second brood. It
seems to me that this explains the current difficulties over voltinism which
have been discussed in recent articles. All the above moths and larvae were
from Abbotskerswell, Devon.— Dr B.P. HENWooD, 4 The Paddocks,
Abbotskerswell, Newton Abbot, Devon.

Double-brooded Eupithecia tripunctaria Herrich-Schaeffer (Lep.:
Geometridae)

The authors of several recent notes on Eupithecia tripunctaria Herrich-
Schaeffer (B.K. West antea 101: 57; G.M. Haggett antea 101: 184; A.M.
Emmet antea 101: 185 and E.C.L. Simson antea 101: 278) appear to have
overlooked my two notes in the Entomologist’s Gazette (Ent. Gaz. 35: 76
and ibid. 36: 104). In the first I stated that I had reared E. tripunctaria from
larvae on elder flowers several times, but that adults had always emerged
the following spring. I speculated that the earliest hatching May females
might lay their eggs on Anthriscus, the only umbellifer commonly available

88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.111. 1990

to flower and seed feeding larvae at that time, whereas those laying later
might prefer elder, Heracleum or Angelica.

In my second paper I noted that out of ten larvae obtained from
elderflowers in late June 1984, I obtained eight pupae from which three
moths emerged at the end of July, while the rest lay over until 1985.

This of course renders my earlier hypothesis invalid; however Haggett
did rear larvae on Anthriscus, but has anyone ever found larvae on
Anthriscus in the wild?

Thus it is clear that at least a proportion of May-June females lay eggs on
elder which produce pupae which may hatch in July-August or lie over
until the following spring. There are still two perplexing questions: whereas
I find larvae on elder annually in modest numbers, Haggett only did so in
1978. I shall not attempt to answer this.

The second question concerns the failure of both Haggett and myself
(before 1984) to rear second brood adults from early summer larvae. While
I cannot answer this entirely satisfactorily, I can provide a few ideas which
may merit further investigation. When making elderflower wine (this being
the circumstance under which I find my larvae), I wait until the flower
heads are beginning to go over, at which time the flowers strip most readily
from their stalks. By this time some of the larvae are full-grown and pupate
very soon afterwards. It is quite possible that many larvae may have
reached this stage and left the plants before I pick my flowers, and such
early larvae would be more likely to produce adults in the same season. My
pre-1984 larva samples were of very small numbers, and may not have been
looked after very well (which would retard them). In order to produce
equal numbers of July and May adults, it would be necessary, in the wild,
for the number of pupae lying over to be several times greater than those
producing the second brood. This is due to the greater length of time spent
in the pupal stage, and the difference could be further increased by the
intervention of winter. On this basis any random sample of larvae is likely
to contain a high proportion of potential overwinterers. Finally, the
proportion of moths emerging in the same season is doubtless greatly
influenced by the mid-summer temperatures; this is reflected in the varying
numbers appearing in summer in different years.— M.F.V. CORLEY,
Pucketty Farm Cottage, Faringdon, Oxon SN7 8JP.

Scydmaenus rufus Mill. & Kunze (Col.: Scydmaenidae) apparently new to
Kent.

It is somewhat remarkable that no Kent record appears to exist for this
scarce south-eastern species; at least, I have been unable to trace one. I was
interested, therefore, to come upon a specimen under bark of a fallen oak
branch in the woods at Chislehurst, W. Kent, on the southern fringe of
Greater London (12.x.89). Other beetles present under the bark were
Carpophilus sexpustulatus F. in plenty and a few Orthoperus mundus
Matth.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 89

S. rufus is principally a Surrey insect, known to me from no less than
eight localities in the county: Richmond Park, Mickleham, Shirley,
Croydon, Guildford, Leatherhead, Epsom and Wisley Common. Else-
where it is recorded from Hurst Green, E. Sussex; Enfield and Hendon,
Middx.; Watford, Herts.; and Windsor, Berks. For its two distinct types of
habitat see Owen, 1986, Ent. Rec. 98: 78-9; Allen, ibid. 211-2— A.A.
ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Rheumaptera hastata ssp. hastata Linn. (Lep.: Geometridae): A welcome
return in Herefordshire.

On the 6th September 1986, I found a spinning in birch leaves in Haugh
Wood, Woolhope. Constructed into a neat pyramid by three leaves, the
leaves were fenestrated from within by a dark grey geometrid larva. I was
almost certain that this could only be Rheumaptera hastata Linn., a species
long since disappeared from the county. The attractive Argent and Sable
duly emerged the following spring on 22.5.1987. The species is recorded
from this site up to 1968, after which it has mysteriously disappeared for
eighteen years.

I visited Queens Wood, Kempley on 28.5.1987 and was delighted to see
two moths flying along the woodland rides in morning sunshine, a new site
to me for this species. Several spinnings in birch containing larvae were
spotted later the same year in August and September. On 7.6.1987 a single
moth was seen flying erratically over mixed coppice with birch at Eastnor,
while the final irony was to see one sitting on my own front door on
5.6.1987.

Curiously I have failed to see moths or larvae in 1988 in any of the
localities mentioned. I have no data for the present status for ssp. hastata in
England except a feeling that it has drastically declined or disappeared
from many of its old sites. The preferred larval feeding place in the
Herefordshire sites have been smaller regenerative or younger coppice birch
rather than taller trees. It is to be hoped that the new resurgent interest in
coppice management may see an improvement in the status of this
attractive moth.— Dr M.W. HARPER, Cherry Orchard, Bullen, Ledbury,
Hereford.

The Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta L. — Lep.: Nymphalidae)
attracted to a lighted window.
The evening of 26th July 1989 was warm and sticky, with a high level of
entomological activity. At around midnight I was observing moths
attracted to my lighted kitchen window, when an insect struck the window
quite hard — three times. On opening the door to investigate, a Red
Admiral flew in, across the kitchen and into the lounge, where it rested on a
door, wings open.

This species has been noted at light before, but the usual explanation

90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.111. 1990

offered is that the butterfly was disturbed by the presence of an mv light
being set up — the usual circumstances when atalanta is recorded at night.
No such explanation seems appropriate here, and it seems the butterfly was
flying vigorously at night.— JAN KORYSZKO, 3 Dudley Place, Meir, Stoke-
on-Trent, Staffordshire.

Late appearance of Pieris brassicae L. — the Large White butterfly.

Around midday on 30th October, in bright sunshine, I saw in the garden of
my home a single specimen of Pieris brassicae flying along a stretch of
Rhododendron hedge. It was an exceptionally warm day for late October
following the long hot dry summer and the butterfly could have been an
example of a partial third brood.— A.C.R. REDGRAVE, 5 Holmewood
Ridge, Langton Green, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Eupithecia abietaria Goeze, the Cloaked Pug (Lep.: Geometridae), in
N.W. Hants.

A fresh specimen of a species unfamiliar to me entered my Robinson mv
trap, situated in my garden at Burghclere (v.c.12), on the night of 29/30th
May 1989. Mr B.R. Baker, lately of the Reading Museum kindly
determined the species as male Eupithecia abietaria.

The relatively early date of appearance of this species on the wing is
presumably due to the unusually advanced seasons in the first half of 1989.

There is no clear clue as to the origin of the specimen. There are isolated,
mature spruce trees in the neighbourhood. There is also a plantation some
300 yards away with alternate rows of Scots pine and Norway spruce. Most
of the latter trees are dead or dying, but there are scattered specimens of
spruce that have developed sufficiently to bear a fair crop of cones. The
specimen has been retained for the Reading Museum.—
G.G. EASTWICK-FIELD, Little Earlstone, Burghclere, Newbury, Berks.

The greenhouse effect? Occurrence of Cosmia pyralina D. & S. (Lep.:
Noctuidae) in Yorkshire.

A male Cosmia pyralina (Lunar-spotted Pinion) was taken at mv by Ms
Denise Hewitt at Bond Ing, Shadwell, N.E. Leeds on the night of 2/3rd
August 1989. This is the second record for Yorkshire and the first for
v.c.64. It was previously taken near Scarborough in 1983 (Sutton &
Beaumont, 1989 Butterflies and Moths of Yorkshire: Distribution and
Conservation. Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. 367pp.), Pyralina is not noted
aS a migrant and appears to be another of the growing band of residents of
more southern counties (these are listed among other newcomers in Sutton
& Beaumont, 1989) which seem to be moving north. This list of newcomers
is matched by another list of species which are spreading steadily north
within Yorkshire, of which Mimas tiliae (the Lime Hawk-moth) is a

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 91

prominent example. When Yorkshire becomes a Home County, what will
happen further south?

I am grateful to Mr Bernard Skinner for determining the somewhat worn
specimen.— Dr S.L. SUTTON, Dept. of Pure and Applied Biology, Leeds
University, Leeds LS29 JT.

The Small Wainscot, Photedes pygmina Haworth (Lep.: Noctuidae) — In
what stage does it overwinter?

According to the account of the life history of Photedes pygmina in The
moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 10, it overwinters as a
larva. The reference given is Forster, W. and Wohlfahrt, T.A. 1963-1971
Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas, 4: 329pp; 32 pls. Stuttgart.

On 23rd September 1982 a female P. pygmina which I had taken at
Colyton, Devon, laid nine white ova. They did not hatch in the autumn and
so I kept checking them from time to time through the winter. The first
ovum hatched sometime between 30th January and 12th February 1983 and
the larva was still alive when I found it on the latter date. On 22nd February
two more hatched, followed by a fourth within the next few days. Two of
the larvae buried into a Carex leaf which I had provided but they died a few
days later.

It would seem to me that in this country P. pygmina overwinters as an
ovum. I wonder whether anyone else has made the same or a different
observation.— Dr. B.P. HENwWoobD, 4 The Paddocks, Abbotskerswell,
Newton Abbot, Devon.

Nordeuropas Prydvinger by Eivind Palm, Danmarks Dyreliv Bind 4. —
248 pp., 8 col. plates. Fauna Boger, 1989. DKr.420 (c. £37).

This is the latest book in a series about the Danish fauna which covers the
Oecophoridae (Lepidoptera). Is also boasts being the sixth book written by
Eivind Palm in recent years. Most of the text is in Danish.

It begins with some introductory chapters covering the morphology,
biology, distribution, species of economic importance, classification etc.

There is then a key to the subfamilies. Each subfamily’s treatment begins
with a key to genera, these are well-illustrated with line drawings of head
and antenna. There is no key to species, but in the large genera
Agonopterix and Depressaria there is a key to species groups. Within each
genus or species group there are illustrations of genitalia or adult and other
features.

Each species is accompanied by a distribution map covering Scandinavia,
sometimes with a more detailed map of Denmark. At the end of each
species’ description is a very brief summary in English, which describes the
distribution, habitat and habits.

Towards the end of the book are eight colour plates depicting all the
species twice natural size. These plates have been produced from
photographs taken by David Wilson. Ali known British species are shown,
including those which are not found in Scandinavia.

92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.111. 1990

The systematic order follows Karsten Schnack’s Catalogue of the
Lepidoptera of Denmark which is more or less in the reverse order of the
latest British checklists. It also includes Ethmiinae and Stathmopoda. The
names agree with those in use in the British checklist, except that
albipunctella (D. & S.) is still used for aegopodiella (Hb.), also lipsiella (D.
& S.), which Bradley cites as a nomen dubium is used for phryganella
(Hb.).

There has been a considerable advance in the knowledge of this group in
recent years, with several additions to the British list. It is helpful to find all
these described together, albeit in Danish, with illustrations of their
genitalia as well as adults. Some of the genitalia illustrations are of poor
quality because they are photographs — in some cases of overstained
preparations. In almost no case are the socii or uncus lobes of the males
neatly arranged. The name ‘“‘clasper’’ is used for ‘“‘cuiller’’ but the
diagrams in the morphology section leave no cause for confusion. Black
and white photographs of the adults which are included seem rather
superfluous in view of the provision of full colour ones in the plates.

There are some typographical errors which suggest undue haste in the
production, e.g. Parocystola and oliviella are consistently mis-spelt
Paracystola and olivella, and Carcina appears as Carsina in the key. I am
unable to say whether or not errors abound in the Danish text. The line
drawings of specimens in their natural posture are of poor quality, in
contrast with the morphological drawings. The legend to the colour plates
gives the data for each specimen illustrated, which is helpful, but it is a pity
it does not refer to the page number of the species’ description. A few of
the specimens chosen for illustration are in poor condition for
photographing and the colour of some of the plates is just a little cold.

Despite these shortcomings a book with full colour illustrations of a
group of microlepidoptera is always welcome. It includes nine species on
the British list which were not illustrated in the papers by S.N.A. Jacobs in
the Proceedings of the South London Entomological & Natural History
Society, subsequently republished in J/lustrated Papers on British
Microlepidoptera. The Danish text will put off a number of would-be
users, but it will still be found a valuable reference book on the group.

David Agassiz

Die Raupen der Schmetterlinge Europas by Arnold Spuler. 38pp. 60
coloured plates. Reprint by Apollo Books (Lundbyvej 36, DK.5700
Svendborg, Denmark) 1989. Price DKr 780 (about £70).

Books depicting realistic illustrations of the larvae of the macrolepidoptera
have always been in great demand — witness the extraordinary price
commanded by Buckler’s Larvae of the British butterflies and moths.
Whilst the number of books devoted to the British fauna is rather limited,
there are several more European volumes on larvae, which include most of
the British species. It is a sad fact that many of the published works on

6 OBITUARY 93

larvae sport unrecognisable insects, often resting on “‘artistic’’ foodplants.

One of the best works on the larva of European butterflies and moths
was Ernst Hofmann’s Die Raupen der Gross-Schmetterlinge Europas,
published in 1893. The text was extensive, and the plates first class. When
Arnold Spuler produced his volume on the larvae of European
Lepidoptera, he drew extensively on Hofmann’s work. Although Spuler’s
text omitted the detailed descriptions of each species and was confined to a
general treatment of early stages and breeding techniques (using many of
the original line drawings), all SO of Hofmann’s plates were reproduced —
49 of larvae and one of eggs. He also added a further ten plates of larvae
not figured in Hofmann, so in all there were more than 2,000 drawings,
depicting 1,535 species. It is the reprint of this work that is considered here.

Reviewing a reprint is a rather difficult task — one can comment only on
the usefulness of the original work, and the fidelity of the reproduction. Of
its usefulness there can be no doubt — the larvae are recognisable, and the
coverage extensive. As to the fidelity of reproduction, the reviewer, not
possessing a copy of Spuler, compared the plates with those in his copy of
Hofmann and was marginally irritated to find that the Apollo reprint had
slightly better plates than his original!

The quality of reproduction can only be described as excellent, a worthy
follow-up to Apollo’s first-class reprint of Culot’s Noctuelles et Géomeétres
d’Europe. Paul Sokoloff

OBITUARY
Richard Edward Montague Pilcher Ma, MB, BCh, FRCS, MRCS, LRCP, FRES.

Rick Pilcher died on 30th December 1989, aged 86 years. Born of a well-
known Boston family, he won a classics scholarship to St John’s
Cambridge but chose also to read medicine there before studying medicine
further at St Thomas’ London. After a spell at Nottingham hospital he
joined his father’s practice in South Lincs but soon went on to study
surgery at Edinburgh, then to return to Boston (Lincolnshire) as surgeon
and finally Consultant Surgeon Emeritus at Pilgrim Hospital which he had
influenced so greatly in its inception. His long period in post at Boston
spanned four decades of ministration in a large rural area of close-knit
communities. So for that long era there were few cases of surgery that did
not come under his care, and it is easy to appreciate that such was his
popularity with all sectors of society that dockers and labourers might stop
him in the street and demonstrate their thanks to his skills.

His early days were spent in boats, Boston trawlers, harbour smacks or
punts on fen or waterway. He became expert at sea-fishing as well as fresh-
water and fly; he was a keen shot over coastal waters, marshes and flats,
experiencing the long wait, the freezing cold and waist-deep mud necessary
before intercepting geese. His intimate knowledge of the Lincs coast, its
tides, flats and wildlife derived from a company of last-century wildfowlers

94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.ii1. 1990

and marshmen. Years later he was to combine that experience with his
other talents to conduct original research into the causes of death of sea-
birds; to do this he walked the extent of the Lincs foreshore from Boston
Haven to Wainfleet, collecting bird corpses, and then humped them to pre-
arranged collecting points, finally carrying out autopsies at his home.

His great contribution to the conservation of ducks and geese was
dramatically triggered by the urgent need to personally rescue the stock of
world endangered species established not far from him by Sir Peter Scott,
already a friend of long standing. These birds he bred in specially
constructed ponds in his Boston garden, and they remained a principal
interest until retirement. He was for many years a member of the Council
of the Wildfowl Trust and latterly its Trustee, and his activities took him to
lands across the North Sea where similar interests in wildfowl protection
were practised. He was the joint author of a charming publication The
History of Borough Fen Decoy 1982 which captures the freshness and
mystery of fenland wildlife and gives a penetrating history of Fens drain-
age. Again his versatility was in demand as one of few who could work a
dog to move ducks along that decoy when the film history was made. His
love of birds was not of course confined to waterfowl, and one of his
garden delights was the acrobatics of Spotted flycatchers who reared their
young in his own nestboxes. And his sharp ear for bird songs accounted for
a good many local records. Mammals also took his interest, his work on
skull identification of the shrews and voles earning him much respect.

Conservation of birds led to protection of the broader environment and
active management on committees of the Lincs and S. Humberside Trust
for Nature Conservation. His own part in conserving the beautiful
meadows and valleys of South Thoresby is still too little known to local
residents. The rampant destruction in the name of Agriculture of so much
of Lincolnshire greatly saddened him although farmers remained amongst
his closest friends.

Throughout a long life he collected Lepidoptera but extensively only
from the end of the second World War when he began visits to Scotland
that were to kindle his affection for the Western Isles and for Islay in
particular. It was now that he took up his association with men of the day
like Demuth and Quibell, but his lowland activities were mostly within
motoring distance of Boston, so he was often at Monks Wood, Warboys,
Wicken, Castor Hanglands and the Brecks. All the while he worked his
own county fauna, and was concentrating on it when I joined him to
rediscover species long lost sight of there, and add quite new ones such as
Photedes extrema. The South Lincs area lies on a migration route that
produces records rather different from the better-known southern ones,
with Convolvulus Hawk, Bedstraw Hawk and Camberwell Beauty the most
spectacular. It was Rick who first put into practice the idea of growing
large beds of Nicotiana — not the fancy coloured plants he would say, only
the fragrant white — of which he would set a border the length of a cricket

OBITUARY 95

pitch, and so produce convol/vuli annually; he once when dressed for dinner
had the spectacle of convolvuli probing at his starched white dickey front!

The 1973 invasion there of galii gave him enormous pleasure in locating
larvae on willow-herb hard by the shore along his beloved coastline. All
who have sought larvae of Eupithecia extensaria will have savoured the rare
beauty of sunlit coast, cries of sea-birds and haunting odour of sea
wormwood, and I treasure the occasion I shared at Gibraltar Point with
Rick and his wife Moira on just such a day.

But Rick became nationaily known for his discovery in Lincs of the
Marsh moth Athetis pallustris. First he trapped it in his garden, then in the
adjoining meadows followed by systematic sampling of the coastal marshes
until he found it most plentifully on the sand-dunes. This was at a time
when the moth had become difficult to find in its fen stations, so twitchers
focussed on the Lincs coast and their batteries of mv traps revealed scores
where once a single fen moth had been a prize. Spaelotis ravida was another
local speciality that drew collectors from all over Britain and Austin
Richardson took his specimens from curtains and between books in his
host’s home when rain prevented outdoor work. Recent years saw Rick
trapping the year round in a local wood that was to produce one Cloaked
Pug and much Latin commentary between him and his classicist colleague
farmer Bill Haugh.

His card-indexed boxes of county records have been left to the Lincs
Trust and his insects to the National Collections at South Kensington where
the extensive Lincs material will be especially valuable, containing
butterflies now absent from the county such as palaemon, coridon and the
fritillaries.

Moira Pilcher died ten years before Rick when he was in the first stages
of the cancers that troubled him for the rest of his life. They leave two
daughters and a son, whom we were privileged to join to pay tribute
tosurgeon, wildfowler, conservationist and lepidopterist at South Thorseby
church on 8th January 1990. G.M. HAGGETT

100 YEARS AGO

SPECIES DOUBLE-BROODED IN 1889.— The fine weather in May and June
brought out the spring moths earlier than usual, and as a consequence of
continued fine weather for several weeks, many early species produced a
second brood remarkably early in the season, and ordinarily single-brooded
species have had a partial second brood. The second brood (I presume this
was so) of Cidaria silaceata was getting worn near Yarmouth (I. of W.) at the
end of July and beginning of August, as also was that of Ephyra porata. On
the 3lst of August, I found near Strood in Kent, fine specimens of
Metrocampa margaritata quite recently emerged. The second brood of
Platyptilia gonodactyla was out in the middle of August, and continued to

96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 25.iii. 1990

emerge up to the end of September. Of Melanippe galiata | took the second
brood during the last two days of July at Freshwater, and Aspilates citraria
began to appear about the same time. A second brood of Eubolia
lineolata* was out at Deal on the 6th of July.—J.W. TUTT, Westcombe

Hill, S.E.
(* = Phibalapteryx virgata)

On Tuesday and Wednesday, April 22nd and 23rd, Mr Howard
Vaughan’s collection of British Macro-lepidoptera was sold. The varieties
fetched high prices, three C. edusa vars. being bought one after the other
for £10 each, and a fourth for £10.10s.; the latter price was also paid for a
var. of A. aglaia (damaged); £4 for a var. of A. paphia; £9.10s. for two
vars. of V. io; the same for a var. of V. atalanta, and £10 for a var. of
cardui; £6.10s. was paid for a var. of C. dispar #, whilst the Lycaenidae
produced from 2 to 4 guineas per lot; a series of P. piniperda vars.
produced £2.10s.; a series of T. gothica £2.15s.; a series of E. lutulenta and
E. viminalis combined, £2.5s., a series of E. lutulenta, £2; whilst a var. of
C. nupta brought £4. Many others were worthy of notice, but the sale was
remarkable for the fact that almost all the high prices were for varieties;
nor it this to be wondered at, when one considers that it is one of the
scientific branches of our subject which is yet untouched, unknown, and
not understood even by the most intelligent of our workers.

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND
The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces
that awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of
entomological research with particular emphasis on:

(a) Leaf-miners

(b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera

(d) General entomology

in the above order of preference having regard to the suitability of
candidates and the plan of work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses
necessary to fieldwork, for the study of collections, for attendance
at conferences, or, exceptionally, for the costs of publication of
finished work. In total they are unlikely to exceed £600 in 1990/91.

Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuple, of
their qualifications, of their plan of work and of the precise objects
and amount for which an award is sought, to Dr M.J. Scoble,
Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum,
Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, as soon as.possible and not
later than 30th September 1990.

Continued from back cover

Scydmaenus rufus Mull. & Kunze. (Col.: Scymaenidae) ai: new to Kent.
A.A. Allen . : :

Rhueumaptera hastata Wastale ee (ep: ‘Geometridae —a ‘welconie nie ©
Herefordshire. M.W. Harper .

The Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta L.) ntrecd toa wiehied window:
J. Koryszko .

Late appearance of Biers Brassicae i. the LANES White puteently: A. C. R. Rederaver

Eupithecia abietaria Goeze., the Cloaked Pug (Lep.: Geometridae) in N.W. Hants.
G.G.Eastwick-Field .

The greenhouse effect? Occurrence a Casini praia D. & S. (hep: Nociiidac)
in Yorkshire. S.L. Sutton

The Small Wainscot, Photedes pygmina Haw. (ene iNocuudteys in what Sage
does it overwinter? B.P. Henwood Se ae ee ot ee a

Current literature. Sn

Obituary: R.E.M. Pilcher .

100 years ago .

FOR SALE
28-drawer Kendrew cabinet. Full details Ent. Rec. 101, issue 9/10.
£1,450. Buyer collects. Chestfield, Kent. 022-779 2286.

WANTED

Copy of Illustrated papers on British microlepidoptera. Offers to
K. Cooper, Abbeywood House, Newstead Abbey Park, Hucknall,
Notts NG15S 8GD.

WANTED

Macrolepidoptera records for Dungeness, including migrants and
species not known to breed on the peninsula. I hope to publish a
review of status of resident and immigrant species, and all records
will be acknowledged. SEAN CLANCY, Delhi Cottage,
Dungeness, Romney Marsh, Kent TN29 9NE.

88

89

89
90

90

90

91

91-93

93
95

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents
A review of the phenology of Eupithecia tripunctaria Herrich-Schaffer, the White-

spotted Pug (Lep.: Geometridae). A.M. Riley and G.M. Prior . : 49
The occurrence of the sub-family Aseminae (Col.: Cerambycidae) in the Brien

Isles. R.R. Uhthoff-Kaufmann. ; 55
The status of Yponomeuta evonymella L. and y. Foren Hiibn. (ice. Sipe

meutidae) in southern England. A.M. Emmet . ; : 65
Essex Emerald moth, Thetida smaragdaria maritima Prout (eps: - Geometndaese —

an update. P. Waring. : 7A
Collecting notes 1989. M.D. Bryan 75
Around Greece in fourteen days — 1988. C. al: Wacken” 77

Notes and Observations
The 5-spot ladybird in Warwickshire. M.E.N. Majerus . : 64
Record of Gyrinus minutus (Col.: Gyrinidae) from Cumbria. R. Ww. i Read 64
Ethmia terminella Fletch. (Lep.: Oecophoridae. Ethmiinae) in Essex. B. Goodey. 69
A second brood of the Dotted Footman, Pelosia muscerda Hufn. eS

Arctiidae) in 1989. §.M. Jackson . 69
Some notable migrants taken in the Dunipeness area, Keni. during 1989.

S.P. Clancy . ; 69
Presumed occurrence ares peoods of Lepidopterai in 1989. S. iP ‘Clans 70
Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Leicestershire. J. McPhail 73
Oak Eggar moth — High flier of upwardly mobile climber? G.M. Haggett. 74
Unusual abundance of the Holly Blue, Celestrina a L. (Lep.: Lycaenidae)

in 1989 in parts of Sussex. R.C. Dening . 74
Return of the White-letter Hairstreak. M.S. Haney : : 74
Abundance of Aporophyla nigra Haw. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Oxfordshie.

D.F. Owen . SF teh eee ee 76
Recent records of three epidepteran in 1a R. one 84
Unusual second brood emergences in Cornwall, 1989. A. Spaliine 84
A wasp andapraying mantis.C. Gibson . . 86
Hazards of butterfly collecting — Ecuador, 1987. T. B. Taisen 86
Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S. (Lep.: Geometridae) — a partial second broods

B.P. Henwood . 87
Double-brooded Enomccn Gipuneiane H. S. (ese Geomeniaey

M.F.V. Corley . : MR ice ae ie sae Bt 88

(Continued overleaf)

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FORAGING IN FORMICA FUSCA 97

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF
FORMICA FUSCA LINNE, AND SUCCESSFUL DEFENCE AGAINST
FORMICA SANGUINEA LATREILLE (HYM.)

N. BLACKER

Chemistry Dept., University of Warwick, Coventry.

THESE notes are based on observations of two colonies of Formica fusca
in the author’s garden from 1979 - 1988. Both colonies are quite large, each
with at least several hundred workers. They are of local origin and,
therefore, have no previous experience of Formica sanguinea, which does
not occur in East Anglia.

Formica sanguinea was introduced in 1984. Other species present include
several Myrmica spp, Leptothorax acervorum, L. interruptus, Tetra-
morium caespitum, Tapinoma erraticum, and Lasius niger.

General foraging behaviour of Formica fusca

Formica fusca is a widespread and often abundant species, and this,
combined with its fairly large size, has long made it a convenient ant for
study. It is alert and fast-moving, with considerable individual initiative. It
usually forages singly, taking a wide variety of prey and carrion. It will
sometimes tend aphids, but also milks less strongly guarded herds
belonging to other species, such as Lasius niger, using its agility to avoid
capture.

Territorial knowledge

In addition to being an alert forager, this species appears to have a detailed
knowledge of even sporadic food sources within its foraging range. This
has been noticed because of its conspicuous ability quickly to find food put
down for the other species mentioned above. In fact, most movable prey
items are taken by this species even when they have been placed very near
the nest entrances of the other species.

It is quite likely that individual fusca workers have favoured foraging
areas, but the author lacks the marking system necessary to prove this.

Stealing food

F. fusca is not an aggressive ant, but it will steal food that has been found
by another species if it can surprise them. With small species (even
Tapinoma) it will cautiously approach and reach over the other ants with its
antennae to examine the prey. If not too large it will retreat slightly, then
dart forward and snatch the prey and run off, usually scattering the smaller
ants in the process. However, it is less likely to try to steal prey that is being
moved by another ant. It rarely, if ever, steals brood from workers of a
colony that is moving to a new nest site — not even small Leptothorax
species.

98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

It is often very persistent and, if disturbed while trying to move or steal
prey, it will circle and return repeatedly, the radius of the circle usually
increasing slightly each time.

This cautious approach is in clear contrast to the aggressive behaviour of
F. sanguinea. When Lasius niger pupae and workers were placed about one
foot from the sanguinea nest the ever-present fusca rapidly started stealing
the pupae, skilfully evading the niger workers. The sanguinea, however,
gathered by the nest, and carefully advanced on the niger. They took few
brood until the niger workers had been driven off or killed, showing their
need to dominate the area. This took about ten minutes, by which time
fusca had stolen at least twenty pupae.

Selectivity towards prey

During July and August 1988 the author conducted some observations to
see if F. fusca workers are selective when given a choice of prey. This
involved closely watching the behaviour of workers finding Lasius niger
male, female and worker pupae placed by a Tetramorium colony, about
five feet from the fusca nest, across rough terrain.

It was hoped that the fusca would show some preference for a particular
size. This selectivity might be affected by the increasing presence of
Tetramorium workers, either hurrying the fusca into taking the nearest or
smaller pupae, or possibly even increasing the tendency to take larger
pupae before they lose the opportunity.

Unfortunately, the results were not completely conclusive. The first
workers to find the pile of pupae would usually walk over it for a while
(evaluating it?) before taking one, quite often a male or female pupa.
Sometimes they would pick up a worker pupa, then put it down again. Not
surprisingly, large workers tended to take larger pupae. Smaller workers
often gave up trying to move female pupae. However, individuals varied
considerably. The presence of Tetramorium workers did seem to have some
effect in reducing the size of pupae taken.

Transport of prey

Small prey items are usually carried to the nest without stopping, as would
be expected. Larger pieces are usually dragged, although they may be
carried in front when going downhill. Often, workers proceeded by-
dragging the prey briefly, swinging it round in front then dragging it again
and so on.

Most species behave similarly. When dealing with very large, awkwardly
shaped loads, ants often stop to change their grip. Interestingly, fusca
sometimes leaves such prey and explores a short distance ahead, giving the
distinct impression of trying to find the easiest way ahead. F. sanguinea
may behave similarly.

FORAGING IN FORMICA FUSCA 99

Both species also stop and circle their load briefly. As a result they
sometimes lose it, and may take several minutes to find it again. Apart
from giving a rest, this circling may have a defensive function. On several
occasions the author has seen spiders of the genus Xysticus slowly
following fusca workers carrying female Lasius pupae. No spider has yet
been observed to catch up, but the spider is likely to steal the pupa. These
spiders are undoubtedly capable of taking worker ants by ambushing them
in vegetation, but on two or three occasions the author has also seen
Tetramorium and Leptothorax interruptus workers attempting to catch
smaller specimens of the same spider. The spiders are probably reluctant to
attack an ant in the open, so, by briefly circling its load, the ant may well
reduce the risk of being surprised by predators.

Recruitment
The second aim of the experiment described above was to see if the fusca
recruited other workers to help collect the Lasius pupae.

Possible methods of recruitment are:—

(a) Chemical attractants.

(b) Chemical trails which also stimulate workers to follow them.

(c) Chemical trails which do not stimulate workers to follow them.

(d) ‘‘Language’’.

(e) Norecruitment, relying on workers to find the prey independently.

The pupae were often found by two foragers independently within five
minutes or so of each other. These would continuously shuttle back and
forth to the nest, but spent very little time there. A third ant did not usually
join in for some time, often 30 minutes or more, but from then on others
usually joined in about every five to ten minutes, to a maximum of five to
eight workers. Ants finding the pupae independently usually used different
routes to the nest, and rarely changed route. It was not clear how precisely
ants followed the same route on each occasion, which would help decide if
a trail was laid.

According to Moglich and Holldobler (1975) F. fusca does, in fact, lay
trails to food sources, but they act only as an aid to orientation, and do not
stimulate nest mates (possibility (c)). Stimulation is apparently achieved by
a rocking behaviour (d) of the forager and passing of food from its crop on
arrival at the nest.

The above observations did not contradict this but, if they are correct,
the method is rather inefficient. Possibilities (c) and (d) would both be very
difficult to verify in the field; (b) can almost certainly be ruled out, and (a)
appears to make little or no contribution in these circumstances; (e) is
significant at first, accounting for up to two or three workers.

Colony moving
This is really a special case of recruitment. Interestingly, workers
commonly carry each other to a new nest but apparently not to food.

100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

The author has only once witnessed this species move to a new site. The
initial scouting and recruitment was done by a single worker, recognisable
by a dent in its abdominal armour. The fact that a fairly small number of
workers move a colony is also true for F. sanguinea. Presumably some
workers may learn the route as they are carried, as has been shown for
Rossomyrmex proformicarum, which recruits for slave raids in this way
(Marikovsky, 1974).

Marriage flights

It is well known that Formica species usually do not have the massive
marriage flights of Lasius. Instead, the alates wander about and the
females, in particular, often do not fly, probably attracting the males with
pheromones. F. fusca is no exception, and alates typically appear on fine
mornings in July and August, although the author has seen them as early as
the beginning of April, and as late as mid-October. These are certainly
overwintered, especially in windy coastal areas. As the alates often stay
fairly near the nests (less than ten feet) they can return if they do not find
mates. This is less wasteful than the Lasius method, but dispersal may not
be so effective. L. alienus is known to kill alates that have not flown
(Jensen and Nielsen, 1975).

Raiding tactics of Formica sanguinea

Over the last hundred and fifty years or so much has been written about the

slave-making raids of F. sanguinea and Polyergus species. This account will

mainly be concerned with the factors influencing the success of a raid. The
account by Huber, quoted in Donisthorpe (1927) most agrees with the
author’s observations.

When foraging, F. sanguinea will chase other ants in a similar manner to
other aggressive species, such as F. rufa. However, while the latter uses
identical tactics in large scale attacks, sanguinea does not. It is well-known
for avoiding ‘‘in-fighting’’, especially in the early stages of an attack. This
becomes increasingly evident when fighting large species. It aims to
dominate an area, driving off the opposition, preferably without physical
combat. Raids usually take place on warm days in July.

The main stages of a typical raid are: —

(1) Preliminary activity by the sanguinea nest, and scouts dispatched.

(2) Advance of more workers, more cautiously near the fusca nest.

(3) Build up in numbers of sanguinea near the fusca nest, while advancing
slowly. A trail may be laid back to the sanguinea nest, as has been
shown for Polyergus lucidus (Marlin, 1969).

(4) Final assault — not witnessed by the author. Other accounts state that
the fusca nest is often blockaded at the same time.

Stage (3) seems to be the key to success. The sanguinea workers do not
charge forward as they get close to the fusca nest, but move carefully in a

FORAGING IN FORMICA FUSCA 101

roughly circular manner, advancing a few inches, then turning, often
stopping to greet the workers following. These meetings are probably of
vital importance to ihe advance, as they appear to lead to an awareness of
support which, if removed, leads to a retreat. The leading ants change
constantly. At this stage reinforcements should be arriving frequently. It is
vital that the sanguinea numbers build up quite quickly. Most fights are
started by fusca and, although sanguinea workers are stronger than those
of fusca, they can safely cope with only one undamaged fusca at a time.
Therefore it is essential that there remains a /ocal excess of sanguinea so the
forward momentum can be maintained. This gives those workers
temporarily immobilised by fusca time to kill their opponent without risk
of being attacked by a second one. F. sanguinea relies much more on
mandible contact than does F. rufa because poisons are too slow-acting. As
a result it carries less acid, so slightly improving mobility. The importance
of continually moving forward probably also explains why, when raiding,
sanguinea tends not to help comrades that have been attacked, in contrast
to when they are foraging. (The whole episode is, in effect, more like a
rugby match than a medieval battle.)

Defensive response of F. fusca

F. fusca has often been described as a cowardly species, but cautious would
be more accurate. It certainly prefers to avoid trouble and, except for fusca
from a hostile colony, it very rarely attacks other ants. However, it will
often fight fiercely in defence of its nest, if its chances of success are
reasonable. This has been emphasised by the repulsion of several sanguinea
attacks by the two colonies in the author’s garden, including one in July
1988 involving 150-200 sanguinea workers. It shows that, while fusca is
instinctively hostile to sanguinea, the reported tendency to flee from an
attack is learned, as rapid flight is probably a sensible tactic to persistent
attacks from large sanguinea colonies. Small sanguinea colonies probably
rely on finding nervous, weakened fusca nests to attack.

The key to a successful defence is the alert nature of this species, and the
very rapid response to an impending attack. Until 1988 sanguinea had
always attacked the nearer of the two fusca colonies, and fusca foraging
near the sanguinea nest would often wander around it, stopping
occasionally, giving a definite impression of watching it.

Experiments are needed to ascertain whether fusca does, in fact,
anticipate sanguinea raids. This might occur by two methods:—

(i) Detection of external changes or behaviour of the sanguinea (most
likely chemical) as the raiding season approaches.

(ii) Knowledge by experience that raids occur at a particular time. This
would be very significant, as it implies a long-term memory.

These fusca will not tolerate sanguinea workers within three or four feet
of their nest. When a scout (stage one) is located, the fusca worker attacks

102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

it. If it misses it runs rapidly in circles. Alarm pheromones are undoubtedly
released. Nearby workers start to search, and almost immediately others
will be attracted from the nest, until, if several sanguinea are caught,
several hundred fusca may be involved.

The whole body advances in a similar fashion to sanguinea, but faster.
Solitary sanguinea are attacked immediately and are overwhelmed by up to
about six fusca that are attracted to the spot. Groups of sanguinea,
particularly if further from the fusca nest, may not be attacked
immediately. Fusca tend not to stop and greet each other — being rather
wary, they usually run from any fast approaching object — but either by an
awareness of movement, or by chemical means, they appear to realise if
they will have support.

Fusca workers attack sanguinea by racing in and seizing a leg or antenna.
They are strong enough to restrain most sanguinea for at least five or ten
minutes. If they manage to grip the base of a leg, the sanguinea will still be
hindered even after the fusca has been killed.

The fusca have the advantage of being near their nest, so re-inforcements .
arrive quickly. In the raids the author has observed, fusca numbers built up
rapidly enough to completely overrun the advancing sanguinea, forcing
them to flee, either towards their nest, or up into vegetation where they are
less likely to be found. The fusca pursued them all the way back to the nest
and seized several workers just outside it, but never attempted to enter it.

For several days afterwards the fusca constantly maintained a stronger
than usual presence on and around the sanguinea nest, and attacked any
that ventured out. Later this was reduced, the sanguinea site being within
the foraging range of the other fusca colony. Aggressive fusca workers
occasionally attack sanguinea foragers but usually they soon let go, or are
killed, and other fusca rarely go to their aid if the colony is not threatened,

particularly if the fight is near the sanguinea nest.

References
Donisthorpe, H. St.J.K., 1927. British Ants: their life history and classification.
436pp. Routledge & Sons Ltd, London.
Jensen, T.F. and Nielsen, M.G., 1975. Ent. Meddr. 43: 5-16.
Marikovsky, P.I., 1974. Ins. Soc. 21: 301-308.
Marlin. J.C., 1969. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 42: 108-115.
Moglich, M. and Hélldobler, B., 1975. J. Comp. Physiol. 101: 275-288.

An early Hummingbird Hawkmoth in Kent.

About midday on 4th March 1990 I was surprised to see a Hummingbird
Hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum L. flying along the top of the cliffs
at Foreness Point near Margate in Kent. It was under observation for some
five minutes during which time it made a series of quick dashes followed by
periods of hovering as though it was searching for flowers which were
rather sparse at this early date.— ERIC G. PHILP, 6 Vicarage Close,
Aylesford, Kent ME20 7BB.

BURNISHED BRASS FOODPLANTS 103

THE BURNISHED BRASS MOTH, DIACHRYSIA CHRYSITIS, (LEP:
NOCTUIDAE) — A NETTLE SPECIALIST?

P. WARING

Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI 1UA.

ACCORDING to Skinner (1984) the larvae of D. chrysitis feed on
‘‘common nettle and probably other low plants’’. Davis (1983) divides the
insects that feed on stinging nettles into three categories. The first of these
is the insects that are restricted to stinging nettle or at least to the genus
Urtica. Secondly there are the species such as the Comma butterfly
Polygonia c. album that are limited to the order Urticales which contains
the families Urticaceae (nettles), Cannabaceae (hops), Ulmaceae (elms) and
Moraceae (figs) (Clapham, Tutin and Moore, 1987). Davis’ third category
contains species that ‘‘feed on nettles and unrelated plants such as grasses
or thistles or dead-nettles,’’ ie. polyphagous species. Davis considered D.
chrysitis to be ‘‘more or less restricted’’ to nettles and other Urticales.

In July 1987 I found a first instar larva of D. chrysitis feeding on
marjoram, Origanum vulgare, on a roadside embankment at Wansford,
Cambs. The nearest nettles were five metres away. I reared the larva
exclusively on Origanum, and the adult emerged in September 1987.
Origanum therefore meets the criteria given by Ward (1988) for acceptance
as a valid host plant record.

A brief search through the literature provided a number of other host
plant records for D. chrysitis and these are summarised in Table 1. It is
likely that some of the later works are repeating information contained in
earlier ones. It is clear that D. chrysitis has been recorded from various
members of two families of plants within the order Solanales in addition to
members of the Urticales. Perhaps we can expect future records from other
common members of the Solanales such as Thymus (thyme), Prunella
(selfheal), Ajuga (bugle) and Stachys (woundwort). The records from
Arctium (burdock) Achillea spp and Cirsium (thistle) suggest that D.
chrysitis can feed even more widely, on members of the Compositae. |
would be interested to hear of any larvae of D. chrysitis found on plants
other than stinging nettles.

References

Allan, P.B.M., 1949. Larval foodplants. Watkins and Doncaster, Kent.

Barrett, C.G., 1900. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands. 6. Reeve, London.

Buckler, W., 1893. The larvae of the British butterflies and moths. 6. Ray Society,
London.

Carter, D.J., 1979. The observer’s book of caterpillars. Warne, London.

Carter, D.J. and Hargreaves, B., 1986. A field guide to caterpillars of butterflies
and moths in Britain and Europe. Collins, London.

Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G., and Moore, D.M., 1987. Flora of the British Isles.
Third edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

15.v.1990

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102

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(1)

BURNISHED BRASS FOODPLANTS 105

Davies, B.N.K., 1983. Insects on nettles. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Heath, J. and Emmet, A.M., 1983. The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland. 10. Harley, Essex.

Kirby, W.E., 1890. Butterflies and moths of the United Kingdom. Routledge,
London.

Newman, E., 1869. An illustrated history of the British butterflies and moths.
Tweedie, London.

Newman, L.W. and Leeds, H.A., 1913. Text book of British butterflies and moths.
Gibbs and Bamforth, St Albans.

Skinner, B., 1984. Colour identification guide to the moths of the British Isles.
Viking, Middx.

South, R., 1961. The moths of the British Isles. Series 1. Warne, London.

Stainton, H,T., 1859. Manual of British butterflies and moths. 2. Jan van Voorst,
London.

Ward, L.K., 1988. The validity and interpretation of insect foodplant records.
Br. J. ent. nat. Hist. 1: 153-162.

Wilson, O.S., 1880. The larvae of the British Lepidoptera and their food plants.
Reeve, London.

Some interesting second and third brood records of Lepidoptera seen in
Yorkshire in 1989

A number of readers have recorded unusual second or third brood
specimens during 1989, and below are a selection from Yorkshire, mainly
the Selby district. I have incorporated records from Dr Heron (AH); Mr
Winter (PW); Mr Spencer (BS); Dr Barnham (MB); Mr Beaumont (HB)
and Mr Crowther (PC).

Butterflies

Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood) — a few, presumably third brood seen
at Owston Wood, South Yorks. 15.10.

Lasiommata megera L. (Wall) — one specimen of third brood seen at
Bishop’s Wood 26.10; also Harrogate 28.9 and 19.10 (MB).

Lycaena phlaeas L. (Small Copper) — a third brood usually occurs here. In
1989 several seen near Barlow, 10.10; also Harrogate 28.9 and 26.10 (MB).

Geometridae

Timandra griseata Peters (Blood-vein) — First brood in good numbers,
iulyessecond brood 1328219-8. 135-9:

Scopula imitaria Hb. (Small Blood-vein) — Several first brood in July;
second brood, unusual in the north, 26.9 and 1.10.

Idaea biselata Hufn. (Small Fan-footed Wave) — One second-brood
specimen taken by J. Whiteside at Grass Wood, Grassington, 17.10.

Lymantriidae
Euproctis similis Fuess. (Yellow Tail) — Second brood captures W. Melton
17.10 (HB); Wass, 16.10 (AH); Spurn, 27.10 (BS).

106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

Arctiidae

Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (White Ermine) — First brood common from
17th May; a few second brood Selby 5.9; Wass, 24.8 (AH).

Noctuidae

Agrotis segetum D. & S. (Turnip moth) — Wass. 10.9 (AH); Muston, 27.8
and 21.10 (PW); Cottingham, 25.9 — 1.10 (PC) and Selby (SMJ).

A. exclamationis L. (Heart and Dart) — Muston, near Filey, 5.9 and 25.9
(PW) and Selby (SM/J).

Lacanobia oleracea L. (Bright-line Brown-eye) — Muston, 18.8 and 22.9
(PW).

Mythimna pallens L. (Common Wainscot) — second brood specimens seen
most years at Selby, as was the case in 1989. Also at Muston, 10.9 and
18.10 (PW); Cottingham 10.9 (PC).

M. litoralis Curt. (Shore Wainscot) — Spurn, second brood seen from 27.9
(BS).

Diachrysia chrysitis L. (Burnished Brass) — not common in first brood at
Selby in 1989, but partial second brood seen 17.9; Muston 29.9 and 23.8
(PW); Wass 19.7 (AH).

Hypena proboscidalis L. (Snout) — a few second brood seen at Selby in
September; Muston 12.9 (PW); Cottingham 7.9 (PC); Wass 11.10 (AH).
S.M. JACKSON, 31 Hillfield, Selby, North Yorks YO8 6ND.

Cyclophora pendularia Cl. (Lep.: Geometridae) near Sandbanks, Dorset

I reported the trapping of a specimen of Cyclophora pendularia Cl. (Dingy
Mocha) in July 1989 in the Luscombe Valley local nature reserve, near
Sandbanks, Dorset in Ent. Rec. 101: 277. I claimed it as a new location for
this species in Dorset. Subsequently I purchased a copy of Local Lists of
Lepidoptera by J.M. Chalmers-Hunt. This very useful publication put me
in touch with the work of the late Rev F.M.B. Carr, who resided only some
250 yards from Luscombe Valley from 1947 to 1951. He caught a single
specimen of C. pendularia at a non-mv light trap in his garden in both 1948
and 1951. I think it likely that his specimens were wanderers from the
nearby wetland area of Luscombe Valley and that there may well have been
a resident colony in the valley for many years. However, the possibility that
both his and my specimens originated from the other side of Poole
Harbour (e.g. the Little Sea area of Studland), or even from the islands in
the harbour, cannot be wholly discounted.

References: Carr, F.M.B. 1951 An account of some of the macrolepidoptera of
Sandbanks, Dorset. Rep. Proc. Lancs. Chesh. Ent. Soc. 1949-50: 27; Carr F.M.B.
1952 Notes on Dorset and Hampshire lepidoptera in 1951. Ent. Rec. 64: 113.—

G.G. EASTWICK-FIELD, Little Earlstone, Burghclere, Newbury, Berks.

LEPIDOPTERA OF WIGTOWN 107

LEPIDOPTERA IN VICE-COUNTY 74 (WIGTOWN), JUNE 1989

E.F. HANCOCK
Abbotsford, Belmont, Ulverston, Cumbria

FROM 17th - 30th June 1989 my wife and I stayed in Wigtownshire
(Dumfries and Galloway) near an area of mixed woodland marked on the
1:50,000 map as The Forest. It is situated south of Kirkinner within 10 km
square ref. NX 44 and forms part of the Kilsture Forest complex owned by
the Forestry Commission.

For several years I have been accumulating records of Tortricidae for
preparing the distribution maps for Volume 5 of Moths and Butterflies of
Great Britain and Ireland (MBGBI) and for this purpose I have received
many unpublished records from other lepidopterists but only four tortricid
species were known to me from v.c.74. The area is an attractive one so we
had no hesitation in selecting it for a holiday and since I was able to add a
further fifteen tortricids to the list there is no shortage of insects there.

Of particular interest was Cydia fagiglandana (Zell.), a single specimen
which came to a light trap on 19th June being the most northerly British
record. In England it is of mainly southern distribution but has been noted
as far north as Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire with an old, unconfirmed
record from Yorkshire. Bradley ef a/. in British Tortricoid Moths (1979)
suggest that the species has possibly been overlooked elsewhere in Britain |
because its northerly range on the Continent extends to Sweden. Among
the other species Swammerdamia compunctella Herr.-Schaff. is stated by
Agassiz (Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 20: 20) to be local and little
known, but apparently commoner in the north, and he gives Scottish
records from West Lothian, Perthshire, Aberdeenshire and West Ross.

Many of the species recorded represent additions to the distributions
shown in those volumes of MBGBI already published. The area would
certainly repay visits at other times of the year and since records for the
vice-county are sparse or not readily accessible it is considered worth listing
all the species recorded during our two-week stay. The great majority were
noted in The Forest and adjoining area (Grid ref. NX 44) but a few records
from other 10 km squares, all within the vice-county of Wigtown, are
included. The species numbers and nomenclature are based on Bradley &
Fletcher’s Indexed list of British butterflies and moths (1986).

Grid ref. NX44 (The Forest and nearby area):

16 -Hepialus hecta (Linn.) 391 Glyphipterix simpliciella (Steph.)

18 —_H. fusconebulosa (DeGeer) 410 Argyresthia brockeella (Htibn.)

123 Tischeria ekebladella (Bjerk.) 415 A. retinella Zell.

136 Lampronia rubiella (Bjerk.) 439 Swammerdamia compunctella

286 Caloptilia alchimiella (Scop.) Herr.-Schaff.

354 Phyllonorycter emberizaepenella 449 Prays fraxinella (Bjerk.)
(Bouch.) 544 Coleophora albicosta (Haw.)

385. Anthophila fabriciana (Linn.) 584 C. alticolella Zell.

108

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102

15.v.1990

597
610
647

648

905

945

954

1000
1007
1011
1033
1076
1082
1083
1087
1132
1142
1176
1200
1201
1212
1259
1293
1301
1334
1345
1386
1395
1524
1531
1532
1549
1550
1551
1574
1590
1600
1626
1629
1674
1693
1722
1727
1728
1738
1769
1776
1802
1803
1817
1837

Elachista atricomella Staint.

E. argentella (Clerck)
Hofmannophila pseudospretella
(Staint.)

Endrosis sarcitrella (Linn.)
Blastodacna hellerella (Dup.)
Aethes cnicana (Westw.)
Eupoecilia angustana (Htibn.)
Ptycholoma lecheana (Linn.)
Capua vulgana (Frdl.)
Pseudargyrotoza conwagana (Fabr.)
Tortrix viridana (Linn.)
Olethreutes lacunana ([D. & S.])
Hedya pruniana (Hiibn.)

H. dimidioalba (Retz.)
Orthotaenia undulana ([D. & S.])
Epinotia subocellana (Don.)

E. tedella (Clerck)

Epiblema trimaculana (Haw.)
Eucosma hohenwartiana ([D. & S.])
E. cana (Haw.)

Rhyacionia pinivorana (L. & Z.)
Cydia fagiglandana (Zell.)
Chrysoteuchia culmella (Linn.)
Crambus lathoniellus (Zinck.)
Scoparia ambigualis (Treits.)
Elophila nymphaeata (Linn.)
Opsibotys fuscalis ([D. & S.])
Udea ferrugalis (Hiibn.)
Emmelina monodactyla (Linn.)
Ochlodes venata (Brem. & Grey)
Erynnis tages (Linn.)

Pieris brassicae (Linn.)

P. rapae (Linn.)

P. napi (Linn.)

Polyommatus icarus (Rott.)
Vanessa atalanta (Linn.)

Boloria selene ([D. & S.])
Maniola jurtina (Linn.)
Aphantopus hyperantus (Linn.)
Jodis lactearia (Linn.)

Scopula floslactata (Haw.)
Xanthoroe designata (Hufn.)

X. montanata ([D. & S.])

X. fluctuata (Linn.)

Epirrhoe alternata (Miill.)

Thera britannica (Turn.)
Colostygia pectinataria (Knoch)
Perizoma affinitata (Steph.)

P. alchemillata (Linn.)
Eupithecia pulchellata Steph.

E. subfuscata (Haw.)

1870
1885
1887
1906
1937
1941
1948
1954
1961
1962
1981
2014
2057
2060
2061
2089
2098
2102
2107
2110
2120
2158
2163
2205
2284
2289
2305
2306
2321
2326
2330
2334
2335)
2340
2345
2381
2389
2425
2434
2441
2442
2443
2474
2477

Odezia atrata (Linn.)

Abraxus sylvata (Scop.)
Lomaspilis marginata (Linn.)
Opisthograptis luteolata (Linn.)
Peribatodes rhomboidaria ([D. & S.])
Alcis repandata (Linn.)
Ectropis crepuscularia ([D. & S.])
Bupalus piniaria (Linn.)
Campaea margaritata (Linn.)
Hylaea fasciaria (Linn.)
Laothoe populi (Linn.)
Drymonia dodonaea ([D. & S.])
Arctia caja (Linn.)

Spilosoma lubricipeda (Linn.)
S. lutea (Esp.)

Agrotis exclamationis (Linn.)
Axylia putris (Linn.)
Ochropleura plecta (Linn.)
Noctua pronuba (Linn.)

N. fimbriata (Schreb.)

Diarsia mendica (Fabr.)
Lacanobia thalassina (Hufn.)
Ceramica pisi (Linn.)
Mythimna comma (Linn.)
Acronicta psi (Linn.)

A. rumicis (Linn.)

Euplexia lucipara (Linn.)
Phlogophora meticulosa (Linn.)
Apamea monoglypha (Hufn.)
A. crenata (Hufn.)

A. remissa (Hiibn.)

A. sordens (Hufn.)

Oligia strigilis (Linn.)

O. fasciuncula (Haw.)
Photedes minima (Haw.)
Hoplodrina alsines (Brahm)
Caradrina clavipalpis (Scop.)
Colocasia coryli (Linn.)
Diachrysia chrysitis (Linn.)
Autographa gamma (Linn.)

A. pulchrina (Haw.)

A. jota (Linn.)

Rivula sericealis (Scop.)
Hypena proboscidalis (Linn.)

Grid ref. NX 36 (Newton Stewart area):

1574
1600
1627

Polyommatus icarus (Rott.)
Boloria selene ([D. & S.])
Coenonympha pamphilus (Linn.)

Grid ref. NX 26 (near Tarf Bridge):

1643

Pavonia pavonia (Linn.) [larva]

LEPIDOPTERA OF WIGTOWN 109

Grid ref. NX 25 (Glen Luce area): Grid ref. NX 16 (New Luce area):

169 Zygaena filipendulae (Linn.) 1040 Acleris caledoniana (Steph.)

1531 Ochlodes venata (Brem. & Grey) (larvae on Myrica; em. end July)

1574 Polyommatus icarus (Rott.) 1142 Epinotia tedella (Clerck)

1629 Aphantopus hyperantus (Linn.) 1627 Coenonympha pamphilus (Linn.)

1909 Pseudopanthera macularia (Linn.) 1628 C. tullia (Miill.)
Acknowledgement

I thank the Forestry Commission, Newton Stewart Office, for permission
to collect Lepidoptera in the woodlands of the Kilsture Forest area.

Scopula imitaria Hibn. (Lep.: Geometridae) — a note on voltinism.

Although modern textbooks state that this insect is univoltine in Britain, C.
Barrett (Lepidoptera of the British Islands, 1902) states that there is a
partial second brood in hot seasons in September, or even late August, in
very mild and sheltered districts. The first appearance is sometimes earlier
and the second generation more complete. I can find only three references
to probable second brood specimens in recent years — C. de Worms,
Woking, Surrey, 12.ix.1976 (Ent. Rec. 89: 144) and 14.ix.1961
(Entomologist 95: 115), and A. Wheeler, Ashstead, Surrey, 11.:x.1969 (L.
& K. Evans, A survey of the macro-lepidoptera of Croydon and N.E.
Surrey, 1973). Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and moths of Kent, 3, 1981) has
surprisingly no record of a second brood specimen for that county.

Imitaria puts in an appearance at my garden mv light most years, usually
in July, occasionally in June or August, the earliest date being 13.vi.1989.
The following occasions undoubtedly refer to examples of a second
generation — 6.ix.1975 and 18.ix.1975, a year in which I encountered only
one specimen of the first brood, and that on the early date of 24th June;
28.viii.1976 and 15.ix.1976, first brood specimens appearing from 10th
July until 25th July; and 13.ix.1989 and 21.ix.1989.

Barrett’s assessment of the time appearance of imitaria would appear to
be the correct one as far as this area is concerned. However, is not one
forced to conclude that this moth must have been much commoner in its
second generation in the nineteenth century than today, for Barrett’s
observation was made before the coming of the mv light, and the few
recent sightings of September imitaria listed refer to attraction by this
source?

Of the second generation specimens of imitaria attracted to my mv light
only one was retained, that noted for 15.ix.1982, and this is an example of
ab. aequilineata Schwingenschuss, which as its name suggests has the
characteristic well-defined oblique line replaced by a thin line no more
prominent than the other cross lines. Chalmers-Hunt (/oc. cit.) has only
one reference to this form for Kent — a specimen in the National
Collection which was taken at Barham (date not given); however, it is
doubtless the one labelled ‘‘June 1921’’ in a meagre series of three,

110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

indicating that this form must be distinctly rare, and may appear in either
generation.— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PATTER
(With apologies to W.S. Gilbert)

From my youth to old age, I have sought to engage
In collecting all insects with scales.

It’s a singular hobby, just ask any Bobby,
When you’re caught up a lamp-post in ‘‘tails’’.

I’ve a mercury light, which is terribly bright,
As it shines above sheets on a tripod:

And the insects buzz round, with a soft whirring sound,
Like Arch-deacons attending a Synod.

I splash treacle on trees, and lots fall on my knees,
To attract hungry moths there to feed on;

And plump females I catch, which lay eggs by the batch,
From which many fine vars I shall breed on.

There are Micros so small, which I can’t see at all,
With names that are sesquipedalian,

But with winds South-South-West I may hope for the best
Of rare migrants ex Mediterranean.

There are wasps in my hair, and a very fine pair
Of pseudospretella in copula.

Nothing wrong with this moth, though its larvae eat cloth
And with housewives they aren’t very popular.

When you’re up in the Breck, and you race neck and neck
With a friend after grisea for a gamble.

It may look a fair bet as you swipe with your net,
But it all gets caught up in a bramble.

NOW

I’ve broken my net and I can’t see to set

And it isn’t much fun when you simply can’t run

In pursuit of a coal-black /athonia.

And that cursed dermestes, a terrible pest is —

But I’ll finish my song as the Genny’s gone wrong...
And I’ve just spilt a pint of Ammonia!

EJ EEW., @ct=1989

CLYTUS AND ANAGLYPTUS 11

THE GENERA CL YTUS LAICH. AND ANAGL YPTUS MULS. (COL.:
CERAMBYCIDAE) IN THE BRITISH ISLES

RAYMOND R. UHTHOFF-K AUFMANN
13 Old Road, Old Harlow, Essex CM17 OHB.

Clytus arietis L.

THIS IS still a common species encountered almost everywhere but
becoming rarer in Scotland. There are hardly any Irish records, about
which Dr Speight (1988) expresses some reservations.

ENGLAND: BD BK BX CB CH CU DM DT (DY) EC EK EN ES EX EY
GE GW HF AT AUIWL LNLRLS MM MX MY ND NE NH NM NN
NO NS NW NY OX SD SE SH SL SN SP SR SS ST SW SY WC WK WL
WN WOWS WW WX WY.

WALES: BR CD CR DB FT GM MN PB.

SCOTLAND: AM BW ED EL KBIA SG.

IRELAND: AN SK.

An injurious pest with liberal tastes, the larva of this beetle perforates
with its tunnellings the following trees and shrubs:- apple, bay, beech
(greatly favoured), birch, broom, cherry, chestnut, crab-apple, dogrose,
elm, false acacia, fig, hawthorn, hazel, hornbeam, juniper, laurel, lime,
maple, oak, of which it is also very fond, pear, plum, Pyrus malus,
raspberry canes, sallow, sour cherry, spindle, spruce (occasionally), willow,
Wistaria, wych elm. It is doubtfully associated with aspen.

The larva is parasitised by the Hymenopterons, Aspidogonus diversi-
cornis Wesm., Helcon annulicornis Nees, Neoxorides nitens Grav.,
Pyracmon austriacus Tschek. and P. xoridoides Strobl.

It also falls prey to the beetle, Lygistopterus sanguineus F. and has been
devoured by these spiders:- Aranea sexpunctata L., Ciflio similis Bl. and
Segestria florentina Ross.

Metamorphosis usually lasts two years but may extend to three; pupation
occurs either in August and September, the pupa overwintering, or during
spring in March and April. The adult beetle emerges then and from May
onwards and is about until July.

Popularly known as the Wasp Beetle, which insect it mimics in
coloration and movements, it runs rapidly and readily takes to wing in
sunshine. The beetle is found by sweeping grasses and aquatic vegetation. It
is not often taken off flowers, settling only momentarily on Angelica,
Anthriscus, brambles, currant bushes, dogrose, dogwood, ferns,
hawthorn, hogweed, Lonicera, nettles, Spiraea, Viburnum and_ in
flowering pea and bean fields, and seems to prefer dead hedgerows, old
logs and branches, posts and railings.

C. arietis has long been known to our early entomologists, and was
illustrated by both Martyn and Donovan in 1792.

A dozen colour varieties of this beetle are found in Europe, one of

112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

which, the var. cloueti Thery, closely resembles Allen’s (1959) medianly
black form below and distinguished from the latter by having the sub-
humeral elytral band broken into two maculations.

v. medioniger Allen.

ENGLAND: L SH.

Extremely rare on brambles, only two examples have so far been
recorded. Listed by Kloet & Hincks (1977).

Anaglyptus mysticus L.
A widely distributed beetle in England as far north as mid-west Yorkshire.
There are hardly any records from the Principality and it is unknown in
either Scotland or Ireland.

ENGLAND: BD BK BX CB CH DT DY EK EN ES EY GE GW HE HT
HU L LN LR LS MM MX MY ND NH NM NONS NW OX SD SE SH
(SL) SRSS ST SY WK WOWS WWWX WY.

WALES: DB (MG).

An equally injurious beetle whose larva is more eclectic than that of C.
arietis. It attacks the boles and branches of dry or fresh hardwoods,
especially those that have been fire scorched, including alder, almond,
aspen, beech, birch, dogwood, elder, false acacia, hawthorn, hazel, holly,
hornbeam, lime, maple, oak, pear, persimmon, plum, rowan, snowbell,
spindle tree, sycamore and wych elm.

Its only parasite is the Braconid, Aspidogonus diversicornis Wesm.

The life cycle lasts two years, with the pupa forming in autumn and over-
wintering. Imagines emerge in April and are found until July. As
Ovipositing takes place in the host tree, recurring infestations eventually
riddle it completely.

A local, sometimes fairly common beetle which settles on dogwood,
hawthorn, hogweed, nettles, Spiraea, Viburnum and old posts and faggots.
It is figured by Donovan (1794). Villiers (1978) illustrates seven varieties,
only one of which has been recorded with us. It is very rarely found on
hawthorn blossom with the type.

v. albofasciatus Deg. (a. hieroglyphicus Hbst.).
ENGLAND: BK CH HU LR NO OX SH SR WK WO WS.
First catalogued as hieroglyphicus by Beare & Donisthorpe (1904) and
again by Beare in 1930, this variety is omitted by Kloet & Hincks in their
two Check Lists (1945, 1977).

Brownean symbols are used (Kaufmann, 1989), those _ italicised
indicating a commonly recorded species and bracketed letters standing for
those still requiring confirmation.

Acknowledgements
Thanks for information and help are extended to A.A. Allen Esq, Miss I.

CLYTUS AND ANAGLYPTUS h13

Baldwin, Royal Museum of Scotland, Mrs B. Leonard, Librarian, Royal
Entomological Society, and C. MacKechnie Jarvis Esq.

References

Allen, A.A., 1959. A remarkable new variety of Clytus arietis L. (Col.: Ceram-
bycidae), Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 95: 116.

Aurivillius, C., 1912. Cerambycidae in Junk, W. and Schenkling, S., Coleopter-
orum Catalogus, 39: 368-369; 412-415. Berlin.

Beare, T.H., 1930. A catalogue of the recorded Coleoptera of the British Isles: 35.
London.

— & Donisthorpe, H.StJ.K., 1904. Catalogue of British Coleoptera: 31. London.

Chinery, M., 1986. Insects. London and Glasgow.

— , 1986. Insects of Britain and western Europe. London.

Cooter, J. & Cribb, P.W., 1975. A Coleopterist’s handbook. 2nd ed. Feltham.

Cox, H.E., 1874. A handbook of the Coleoptera, 2. London.

Curtis, J., 1837. A guide to the arrangement of British Insects: 71. 2nd ed. London.

Demelt, C. von, 1966. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 52: 2, Bockkafer oder Ceram-
bycidae 1. Jena.

Dibb, J.R., 1948. Field book of Beetles. Hull.

Donovan, E., 1792. The natural history of British Insects, 1, plate 27. London.

— , 1794. Idem, 3, plate 34, fig. 2. London.

Duffy, E.A.J., 1953. A monograph of the immature stages of British and imported
Timber Beetles (Cerambycidae). London.

Fowler, W.W., 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 4. London.

— & Donisthorpe, H.StJ.K., 1913. Idem, 6 (Supplement). London.

Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A., 1966. Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, 9.
Krefeld.

Harde, K.W., 1984. A field guide in colour to Beetles, English edn., Hammond,
P.M. London.

Joy, N.H., 1976. A practical handbook of British Beetles. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Faringdon.

Kaufmann, R.R. Uhthoff-, 1948. Notes on the distribution of the British Longicorn
Coleoptera, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 84: 66-85.

— , 1948. An annotated list of the Scottish Longicorn Coleoptera, Proc. R..Phys.
Soc. Edin., 23(2): 83-94.

— , 1989. Brown versus Watson: Round two, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 101:
61-63.

Klausnitzer, B. & Sander, F., 1981. Die Bockkdfer Mitteleuropas. Wittenberg
Lutherstadt.

Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D., 1945. A check list of British Insects: Coleoptera: 201.

Stockport.

— ,1977. Idem, Coleoptera and Strepsiptera, 11 (3): 71. 2nd ed. London.

Linssen, E.F., 1959. Beetles of the British Isles, 2. London.

— , 1987. Insects of the British Isles. 3rd ed. Harmondsworth.

Lyneborg, L., 1977. Beetles in colour, English edn., Vevers, G. Poole.

Marsham, T., 1802. Entomologia Britannica, 1, Coleoptera. London.

Martyn, T., 1792. The English Entomologist, pl. 27, f.4. London.

Pic, M., 1891. Catalogue des Coléopteres-Longicornes: 55. Lyons.

Samouelle, G., 1819. The Entomologist’s Compendium. London.

Shaw, G., 1806. General Zoology, 6, Insects. London.

114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 IS-vs1990

Speight, M.C.D., 1988. The Irish Cerambycid fauna (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae),
Bull. Ir. biogeog. Soc., 41-76.

Spry, W. & Shuckard, W.E., 1861. The British Coleoptera delineated. 2nd ed.
London.

Stephens, J.F., 1829. A systematic catalogue of British Insects: 201. London.

— , 1831. Illustrations of British Entomology, Mandibulata, 4. London.

— , 1839. A manual of British Coleoptera. London.

Villiers, A., 1978. Faune des Coléoptéres de France, 1, Cerambycidae. Paris.

Winkler, A., 1929. Catalogus Coleopterorum regionis palaearcticae, 10: 1177;
1181. Vienna.
Wood, J.G., 1883. Common British Insects. London.

A satyrid butterfly in a light trap

On 3rd September 1989 I switched on my m.v. trap (Skinner) at 21.40 hours
local time (= 19.40 GMT). It was completely dark, mainly overcast. The
afternoon temperature had been 28°C, while the night minimum was 11°C.
The trap is situated on my small balcony about 30 metres above street level,
overlooking a main road. The altitude is 920 metres above sea level.

In the morning, I found the trap to contain its normal number of 20 - 30
‘‘macro’’ moths and also a fresh looking male Brintesia circe (Fab.). This is
the largest European satyrid, with a wing span of up to about 65 mm, and
looks rather like a gigantic White Admiral. It is a common species in this
southern part of Andorra, but September is a late date — June/July is its
usual flight period. And what was it doing flying about in the dark — not
merely dusk?

I have had personal experience of penumbral Satyridae in Nigeria, North
Borneo and the Seychelles; I did not know that it is a habit of European
species; and this was not merely penumbral, but completely nocturnal.—
PATRICK ROCHE, Av. Verge de Canolich, 97, Sant Julia de Loria, Andorra.

Migrant butterflies in 1989

1989 appears to have been a good year for only one species of immigrant
butterfly, Vanessa atalanta. My first sightings for the year came whilst on
holiday in Scotland, when on 17th June two were seen at Kyle of Lochalsh,
Wester Ross. Three days later, another was seen at Bettyhill, West
Sutherland, on the north coast. Returning home, two more were seen at
Princes Risborough, Bucks, on 27th June and after this they were to be
seen from time to time throughout the rest of the season, becoming more
common as autumn approached. On 30th September a dozen or so were
seen at Dale, Pembs, mostly on ivy blossom; in the same locality two Colias
croceus Fourc, were also noted, one male and one female (another was seen
shortly afterwards but could have been one of the original two) and in
glorious warm sunshine there were large numbers of presumably third
brood Lycaena phlaeas and Lasiommata megera and two Polyommatus
icarus.— A.J. SHOWLER, 12 Wedgwood Drive, Hughenden Valley, High
Wycombe, Bucks HP144PA.

LEPTOCERUS TINEIFORMIS IN IRELAND 115

LEPTOCERUS TINEIFORMIS CURTIS: A CADDISFLY NEW TO
IRELAND FROM POLLARDSTOWN FEN, CO. KILDARE

J.P. O’CONNOR', J.A. GOOD? and K.G.M. BOND?

"National Museum of Ireland, Kildare St., Dublin 2
2 Dept. of Agricultural Zoology, University College, Dublin
3Dept. of Zoology, University College, Cork

IN 1989, the Irish Biogeographical Society set up an ‘““‘Area of Scientific
Interest Committee’’ in co-operation with the Irish Wildlife Federation.
One of the aims of this Committee was to produce a publication by the
Society on a Site of International Importance viz. Pollardstown Fen
(Newbridge Fen), Co. Kildare. This would include a review of published
records and the results of IBS surveys in 1989. JPO’C undertook to identify
any collected Trichoptera.

The fen, consisting of 1SOha, is the best developed one in Ireland and is
reputed to have the largest area of saw sedge, Cladium, in western Europe.
It is relatively recent in origin and its present ecological interest is
maintained by alkaline drainage water percolating from the Curragh
gravels (Anon, 1981). The area has produced many insect rarities including
a hoverfly new to Europe (Speight and Vockeroth, 1988).

On the night of 22nd July 1989, JAG and KGMB operated an m.v. light
trap at the fen (grid reference N773155). The trap was placed near
Phragmites, limestone springs, canal drains and Schoenus fen. The catch of
caddisflies included a single female of Leptocerus tineiformis Curtis. It was
identified using Malicky (1983). No species of Leptocerus has been taken
previously in Ireland (O’Connor, 1987). The Irish list now stands at 146
species.

In Britain, L. tineiformis occurs in lakes, large weedy ponds and
occasionally canals. It is mainly found in midland and southern England
and southern Wales (Wallace, pers. comm.). Many adult leptocerids swarm
during the day and their activity usually diminishes with darkness. Crichton
et. al. (1978) have shown that adult leptocerids are rarely caught by light
traps far from water. Typically, L. tineiformis was poorly represented in
the Rothamsted Insect Survey. However, when a light trap was run close to
suitable water, as at Millbarn Pond, there were large catches of L.
tineiformis (Crichton, 1960). It is probable therefore that the Irish
specimen originated from one of the canal drains or other suitable habitats
near where the trap was situated.

The specimen has been deposited in the National Museum of Ireland.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Dr I.D. Wallace for providing information on L.
tineiformis in Britain and for his helpful comments on this paper.

116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

References

Anon, 1981. Areas of scientific interest in Ireland. An Foras Forbartha, Dublin.

Crichton, M.I., 1960. A study of captures of Trichoptera in a light trap near
Reading, Berkshire. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 112: 319-344.

Crichton, M.I., Fisher, D. and Woiwood, I.P., 1978. Life histories and
distribution of British Trichoptera, excluding Limnephilidae and Hydroptilidae,
based on the Rothamsted Insect Survey. Hol. Ecol. 1: 31-45.

Malicky, H., 1983. Atlas of European Trichoptera. Junk, The Hague.

O’Connor, J.P., 1987. A review of the Irish Trichoptera in Bournaud, M. and
Tachet, H. (eds). Proc. of the 5th Int. Symp. on Trichoptera: 73-77.

Speight, M.C.D. and Vockeroth, J.R., 1988. Platycheirus amplus: an insect new to

Ireland not previously recorded from Europe (Diptera: Syrphidae). Jr. Nat. J.
22S So Ne

Scaphisoma assimile Erichson (Col.: Scaphidiidae) in Kent.

On 27th March 1974, I took two specimens of Scaphisoma by sieving some
fungus-infected plant litter on Hothfield Common (TQ/9645), Kent. N.H.
Joy in his A Practical Handbook of British Beetles, 1932, gives only S.
agaricinum (Linn.) and boleti (Panzer), but the Hothfield specimens would
not satisfactorily fit either species. Recourse was then made to Freude H.,
Harde K.W. and Lohse G.A., Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, Band 3, 1971,
where the specimen ran down to Scaphisoma assimile Erichson, identifica-
tion being confirmed by the male genitalia which matched the illustration
therein perfectly.

W.W. Fowler in his The Coleoptera of the British Isles, Vol. 3, 1889
under S. assimile he gives ‘‘Introduced by Mr Rye (Ent. mon Mag. ii, 140)
on a single specimen taken at Coombe Wood; he says of it, “‘My insect
exhibits all the characters, except the narrowness, as compared with S.
boleti, but I think it can hardly fail to be the true assimile’”’ (Ent. Ann.
1866, 77). Apart from being listed in both the 1945 and 1977 editions of
Kloet & Hincks, A Check List of British Insects | have been unable to find
any other published records of this species as a British insect.

I must thank Mr A.A. Allen for prompting me to publish this belated
record.— ERIC G. PHILP, Natural History Section, Maidstone Museum, St
Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent ME14 1LH.

A note on the life history of Semiothisa brunneata Thunb. (Lep.:
Geometridae) Rannoch Looper.

In Skinner (Moths of the British Isles, Viking, 1984) it is incorrectly stated
that S. brunneata overwinters as a small larva. Had the author taken the
trouble to consult Buckler (Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths,
Vol. VII, Ray Soc., 1896) this crass error could have been avoided. In fact
the eggs of S. brunneata do not hatch until the early spring as Mr R.G.
Chatelain observed when recently rearing this species.— BERNARD
SKINNER, 5 Rawlins Close, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS.

DEFOLIATION BY YPONOMEUTA RORRELLA 17

DEFOLIATION OF WILLOW TREES IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE
BY WILLOW ERMINE MOTH, YPONOMEUTA RORRELLA HUBN.
(LEP.: YPONOMEUTIDAE)

SAM CHESSER
End House, Riverside Close, Oundle, Peterborough.

DURING 1988 and 1989 a plantation of willows (Salix alba serotina),
grown to provide wood for cricket bats, has been extensively defoliated by
the larvae of willow ermine moth. Over 95% of the leaves of many of the
trees was destroyed, and the trunks of the trees had a ghostly white
appearance because they were encased in silk. This silk extended over the
nettles and grass at the base of the trees enclosing swarms each of several
hundred larvae.

The plantation is about nine hectares in area and is beside the River
Nene between Oundle and Barnwell in the East Midlands (map reference
TL 048868). A thousand willows have been planted there since 1968 and are
now being harvested for making cricket bats. In the years since 1968 a few
have been felled and replaced with small trees.

Willow ermine moths lay their eggs in late July and early August in
clusters covered by silk on the branches of the tree. The eggs are said to
hatch in September but I did not find larvae until they emerged from the
silk covering in April. They then climb up the twigs in groups and spin a
dense network of silk within the bud. They eat the leaves from the centre
outwards, and as they eat they secrete silk so that as they move to a new
food source the ‘‘tent’’ moves with them. One small twig from a three year
old tree, containing about a fiftieth of the total leaf area of the tree,
contained 526 larvae. In the quest for food the larvae move down the trunk
and the silk comes to envelope the whole tree. In the last ten days of June
the larvae stop feeding and mass beneath the main branches in tents
containing several hundred larvae — so many that sometimes the silk
breaks and the larvae fall to the ground. Pupation takes place inside the
tent and adults begin to emerge in the third week of July. Though
completely defoliated the trees soon come into leaf again once the larvae
have pupated.

The infestation was first noticed in July 1988 and was even more severe
in 1989 when over 90% of the trees were affected and many were totally
defoliated. I am grateful to Mr T.G. Winter of the Forestry Commission
Research Station at Alice Holt for the comment that he has found very
little in the British literature on this insect, and for references of its
occurrence in the Ukraine and in Iran. Mr Nicholas Wright of Great Leighs
in Essex, who supplies and harvests the trees, has told me that he knows of
one previous outbreak in Britain, in Bedfordshire about thirty-five years
ago.

There appear to be few natural controlling agents. The larvae are eaten

118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

by blackbirds and by long-tailed tits, but these make no impact on the
numbers of larvae present. A parasitic ichneumon was found, but less than
one per cent of pupae were parasitised. Karasev, V.S. (1968) has recorded
severe infestations by willow ermine moth in the Southern Ukraine, and he
established that in 1966-67 a sum of effective temperatures of 235 day-
degrees C was necessary for larval development in spring. In another paper
(Karasev, V.S. 1968) he describes high mortality of larvae in the field when
sprayed in May with spores of Bacillus thuringiensis var galleriae.
Tereshchenko, V.E. (1968) considers that the parasite Ageniaspis
fuscicollis (Dalm.) may be a good means of control.

The source of the infestation remains a mystery, although Emmet (1990)
suggests it is a scarce resident whose numbers are re-enforced by immigra-
tion. The warm winters of 1988 and 1989 have probably contributed to the
severity of the outbreak. It is disturbing in 1989 to find the moths on other
species of willow outside the plantation and at least a kilometre from it.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Mr V. Vinson for permission to work on the Barnwell
Estate, and to Mr I.F. Thomas for help with the preparation of these notes.
Mr Winter’s kind assistance with the references has already been recorded.

References

Emmet, A.M., 1990. The status of Yponomeuta evonymella L. and Y. rorrella
Hiibn. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in Southern England. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.
102: 65-69.

Karasev, V.S., 1968 (On the biology and distribution of Hyponomeuta rorrella in
the south of the Ukraine). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 47 (12): 1862-1864.

— , 1968. (Biological control of the Willow Ermine Moth). Zashchita Rasenii.
13 (11): 44.

Tereshchenko, V.E., 1968. (Biological control of the Willow Ermine Moth.) Jbid.
44-45.

Lepidoptera new to Buckingham Palace Garden in 1989

Monitoring of the butterfly and moth fauna of Buckingham Palace
Garden, which began in 1960 by gracious permission of H.M. the Queen,
was continued in 1989 from May until November. Mr David Carter of the
Natural History Museum, South Kensington, was granted permission to
join me and we were privileged to visit the garden by day. A mercury
vapour light trap was set at the western side of the lake and, by
arrangement with Mr T.Deighton, head gardener, was switched on when
nights seemed promising for moths.

The prolonged periods of sunshine and hot dry weather, for which the
1989 season was remarkable, favoured butterflies and provided seemingly
optimal night conditions for moths. The Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus)

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 119

was more numerous than at any time during the past 30 years, and in May
several could sometimes be seen flying together. The moth trap yielded a
good diversity of species but the numbers of individuals was generally low.
Catches of usually common or abundant soil-pupating noctuids such as
Noctua pronuba L. (Yellow Underwing) and Xestia xanthographa D. & S.
(Square-spot Rustic) were exceptionally small, possibly because emergence
was affected by the hard ground.

The following eleven species, listed by families, had not previously been
taken in the Palace garden:
Glyphipterigidae:
Glyphipterix simpliciella Stephens, 11 May; 1 spn. Signs of emergence
holes believed to belong to this species had been found in previous years in
stems of Cock’s-foot grass (Dactylis glomerata) growing in shady uncut
areas round the lake and on the mound.

Tortricidae:

Epiphyas postvittana Walker (Light Brown Apple Moth), 18 May; | spn.
An Australian species, discovered in Britain in the mid-1930s breeding in
Devon and Cornwall, and after 30 years reported spreading through the
south coast counties into Kent and Essex and recently into the London area
and South Wales. Acleris cristana D. & S., 20 July; 1 spn. Typically a rural
species found in woodland thickets, and not normally on the wing in July.
Lobesia littoralis Humph. & Westw., 17 July; 1 spn. Typically a coastal
species but often found inland in gardens where Thrift (Armeria maritima)
is grown.

Pyralidae:
Scoparia subfusca Haworth, 18 May; 1 male. Achroia grisella Fabricius
(Lesser Wax moth), 17 July; 1 spn.

Geometridae:
Apeira syringaria Linnaeus (Lilac Beauty), 29 June, 1 spn.

Noctuidae:
Protodeltote pygarga Hufnagel (Marbled White Spot), 15 June; 1 spn.
Acronicta leporina Linnaeus (The Miller), 22 June; 1 spn. Lithophane
ornitopus Hufnagel (Grey Shoulder-knot), 19 October; 1 spn. Lithophane
leautieri Boisduval (Blair’s Shoulder-knot), 19 October; 1 spn. This species
has become widespread in southern England since its discovery on the Isle
of Wight in 1951. Its appearance in London may be linked with the
extensive planting of Monterey Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) and other
conifers as ornamentals and screens, which became practicable with the
diminished smoke pollution that followed the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and
1968.

The total number of species of Lepidoptera from the Palace garden is
about 600, including 22 butterflies.— J.D. BRADLEY, 53 Osterley Road,
Isleworth, Middx TW7 4PW.

120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15-v:1990

The Celastrina Year

What a year for the Holly Blue! After a few years of comparative scarcity
this species returned with a vengeance during 1989.

Butterflies were seen in this part of Essex from the end of April till well
into May. In fact it was very pleasing to see numbers back to normal for the
spring months, but little did I expect to see such a profusion of this species
build up as they did from July onwards with a peak around the 17th
onwards throughout August.

One interesting feature about this butterfly was the number that I
noticed drinking together with Pieris rapae, Small White, from damp
patches on my bowling greens after overnight watering.

Larvae of the Holly Blue were plentiful amongst ivy flowers in my
garden during August 1989. I gathered sixteen, in all stages of growth, in
ten minutes searching on 16th August. All seemed reasonably healthy.

Butterflies were still flying in the same garden on 28th August. By 23rd
September all larvae had pupated and were put away for the winter in cool
quarters. However, on 29th September a parasitic wasp (Listrodromus
nycthemerus) emerged, followed by several more during the next few days.
A period of three weeks passed and once again a small emergence occurred,
resulting in three more parasites and two butterflies, one of each sex, the
last emergence taking place on 21st October. The rest of the pupae seem
alright but I have a feeling that the remaining ones will be heavily
parasitised. It will be interesting to see how the populations fare in 1990.

Two queries: where do the late butterflies deposit their eggs? and would
it be possible for them to reach maturity because I feel that the larvae only
eat buds and flowers and not mature seed and berries?

I have watched females this past summer investigating amongst various
types of flower buds including snowberry (Symphoricarpus sp.) herbaceous
phlox and the flower buds of Hebe sp. and have so far failed to find any
ova although the butterflies were seen to be probing with their ovipositors.
Even beating the plants later in the year failed to produce larvae. Although
an alternative foodplant for the second brood seems probable, I have failed
to find any evidence for it; ivy seems to be the most likely. It is very
widespread in my own area and the flower buds can be found from July to
late September, and these could support a continuous population of larvae
for many weeks hence the large numbers in all stages of growth found this
year, and what seems to be a high density of the parasitic wasp.

I have found larvae on Dogwood, Holly, Cotoneaster horizontalis, and
Alder Buckthorn in early summer. I have suspected Pyracantha buds, as an
alternative foodplant but as yet cannot prove it, but in late summer I have
only found larvae in and on flower buds of ivy species. A point of interest,
my friend Bob Dewick from Bradwell watched butterflies during 1989 laying
eggs on Lucerne and bred the odd specimens through to prove it.— D.G.
Down, ‘‘Aegeria’’, 16 Wood End CLose, Thundersley, Benfleet, Essex.

BRITISH SPECIES OF AMPEDUS 12

NOTES ON, AND A KEY TO, THE OFTEN-CONFUSED BRITISH
SPECIES OF AMPEDUS GERM. (COL.: ELATERIDAE), WITH
CORRECTIONS OF SOME ERRONEOUS RECORDS

A.A. ALLEN
49 Montcalm Road, London SE7 8QG

THE MAIN purpose of these notes is to rectify some of the rather
numerous errors in identification of the above click-beetles (up to fairly
recently always under the generic name of F/ater) in our literature; either
where I have been able to see the specimen(s) in question, or where there is
overwhelming reason to suspect an error.

The group of species concerned is that in which the elytra are wholly
bright red, and which so nearly resemble one another that mistakes are very
liable to occur. (The very rare species known here up to lately as A.
praeustus, from Ireland only, is not included.) Fortunately, our excellent
modern guide to the distribution of the Elateridae in Britain, the
‘*Provisional Atlas’” by Howard Mendel (1988), is virtually untouched by
these errors, of which Mr Mendel was already aware in contacts with the
writer prior to publication. Most of the few additional records given below
are incorporated there in the county distribution; here I merely add such
details as are known to me, together with any points of interest which
present themselves, and a rough-and-ready key to the species considered.

First, however, a word of explanation is due. Before these notes appear
in print, an important paper by Mr Mendel introducing two name-changes
that have been found necessary — cases of mistaken identity — will almost
certainly have been published (see the Coleopterist’s Newsletter, Nov.
1989, p.10). Only one of them is of concern here: the familiar A. pomonae
of British authors becomes A. quercicola (du Buysson). However, since I
shall have occasion to refer rather frequently to records published under
the established name pomonae, that name is retained here to avoid
complications and possible confusion.

Ampedus cardinalis (Schiddte) (= Elater coccinatus Rye, E. praeustus
sensu Joy partim). — In 1983, fragments referable to this species, together
with young larvae which were probably all or mostly A. balteatus, were dug
out of an old standing rotten oak at Scadbury Park, Chislehurst ( near
Bromley) by my friend Mr S.A. Williams. They fortunately included part
of a pronotum, which securely identified the species; but it is not known
whether it still survives there, no larva being reared to maturity. This is the
first record of the species in West Kent.

In or about 1981 A. cardinalis was discovered by Mr P.M. Hammond
and by Mr Mendel about the same time, in some of the old oaks in
Richmond Park, Surrey, where it has since been found somewhat freely
and very widely — another new county record. The want of earlier records
for this locality, so similar to Windsor Great Park where the species also
occurs, and well worked last century, is noteworthy; it confirms a suspicion

122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 [Sev slo

I have long entertained, that even primary-forest relicts may wax and wane
very markedly over much extended periods of time.

These two new localities just south and west of London, with the much
older records for Kensington Gardens (Rye), Highgate (in coll. Power), and
Waltham Abbey (Pool), make quite a cluster centred on the metropolis.

On 15th May, 1950, I found two examples of this species in a dead and
decayed oak trunk in Moccas Park, Hereford — incorrectly given in Hallett
(1952: 291) as praeustus F., following Beare (1930: 31). Since then it has
probably occurred to other collectors, but there was no previous record; it
appears to be much rarer in the Park than A. rufipennis. The Sussex record
(Joy, 1932) is for Parham Park in the western vice-county: E.C. Bedwell,
1939, and as lately as 1983 by Mr Mendel.

A. cinnabarinus (Esch.). — Recorded (as Elater lythropterus Germ.)
from near Ashford, East Kent (Chitty) in Fowler & Donisthorpe (1913). I
have seen the single specimen in the A.J. Chitty collection on which this
record is based, from Eastwell Park near the above town, 5.vi.1906. It is,
however, an evident A. rufipennis, thus tying in with other finds of that
species in the same district of East Kent — see under A. pomonae. An
interesting, because somewhat isolated, new record of cinnabarinus is for
North Devon; in 1957 I detected an example in Mr B.L.J. Byerley’s
collection which he informed me he had taken at Bratton Fleming, near
Ilfracombe, 1.ix.54; and that there was plenty of dead wood about at that
time and place, chiefly oak. Notable new county records published in
recent years include West Sussex and Monmouthshire. An additional one
for Gloucestershire is a specimen from Lower Lydbrook, vi.61 (Frank
Clark, per A.W. Gould).

Fowler & Donisthorpe, under EF. /ythropterus, have a record “‘Suffolk
(Morley)’’. Mr D.R. Nash informed me some years ago that there are no
Suffolk cinnabarinus in Claude Morley’s collection, and Mr Mendel has
good reason to believe that the record should refer to Tuddenham Fen, W.
Suffolk — a matter he is dealing with in a forthcoming paper on the genus
in that county. Considering, however, that the species is not certainly
known from East Anglia, but that there is a cluster of records of A.
pomonae from the fen districts (Cambs and Hunts: Mendel, pp. 18, 21), we
think it far likelier that the latter is really the Suffolk species.

I have seen specimens almost exactly intermediate between cinnabarinus
and pomonae from the New Forest (where both are known from early
times) which on external examination it is hardly possible to refer definitely
to either; if such specimens are cinnabarinus, they are undersized, with the
pronotum less punctured than normally and the pubescence varying or
indeterminate in colour; but they appear to grade into the typical state. It
may be significant that both species are well established where such
individuals occur. Occasional hybridization thus seems possible; the
aedeagi are sufficiently alike to be useless for discrimination. Jones (1931)

BRITISH SPECIES OF AMPEDUS 123

mentions that the two species were much confused in the W.W. Fowler
collection at Nottingham. It need hardly be added that the beetles are
perfectly distinct when normally developed; further, the larvae differ more
widely and constantly than the adults (van Emden, 1956: 187).

A. pomonae (auct. nec Steph.: Mendel. 1990) — The Ampedus known
here up to now by this name has, like the last, been recorded in error from
East Kent, the actual species being, again, rufipennis: Little Chart, near
Ashford, in elm and beech (Hitchings, 1956). A year or two after the late
Dr A.M. Massee, who had named this as pomonae, evidently had second
thoughts about its identity and submitted a specimen to me, when the
mistake became apparent. Only a year earlier the late K.C. Side
(Parmenter, 1955) had exhibited as pomonae a specimen from a beech log
at Godmersham (22.iv.54). This I have not seen, but in view of the other
two finds — all three within the Ashford district — it is scarcely possible to
doubt that all alike relate to one and the same species, and that pomonae
most probably has not occurred in East Kent.

The present species was recorded from Moccas Park by Tomlin (1950:
43), but once more the species turned out to be A. rufipennis — I have
examined the specimen, taken in 1933 — and there is so far no genuine
record of pomonae for the West Midlands. Those for West Wales and
South Scotland cannot be accepted until confirmed. On several occasions
during the last two decades Mr D.R. Nash has found A. pomonae, mostly
in rotten birch, in the Hamptworth area of South Wiltshire (a county from
which it was previously unknown), and kindly sent me an example.

In certain East Midland localities there occurs what seems to be a
strikingly large race of A. pomonae, which has given rise to much
confusion and has been more than once mistaken for A. sanguineus (q.v.);
at Sherwood it appears to coexist with the typical race of normal size.
Elsewhere I know of it from Northants, where the late B.A. Cooper
discovered it at Collyweston in beech trunks or logs in the spring of 1947, in
small numbers unaccompanied by typical specimens. It will be found in his
collection in Nottingham Museum (Wollaton Hall), and certainly merits
investigation.

Van Emden (1956: 187) remarks that ‘‘the imagines of pomonae and
cinnabarinus . . . are usually found together’’. They do indeed have the
same habitat, but in Britain the statement is true only of the New Forest —
the sole locality where both occur, as far as we yet know.

A. rufipennis (Steph.). — Like the last two species, this has often been
involved in error; but with the difference, that whilst it has frequently
passed as other species, any records under the name rufipennis are almost
sure to be correct. Not until 1925 was it recognised here as a good species,
and even up to now the most important character separating it from its
allies has not been noticed in British works. Ancient specimens without
locality can be found in the older museum collections. It appears doubtful

124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

whether A. rufipennis has ever occurred in the New Forest — similarly with
A. cardinalis. The records are still few and scattered (Mendel, p. 23), with
only five county divisions represented; to which one more can now be
added. Most of our specimens are from Windsor Forest and Moccas Park,
in both of which it has occurred quite freely at times (as it seems may be
true also of the East Kent centre). At Windsor its preference for beech is
very marked; at Moccas I have found adults in a fallen beech, and larvae in
an elm log.

The new record — for which I am indebted to Mr P.F. Whitehead, who
was so good as to send me an example — is for Worcestershire, where he
has met with it in at least three sites in the Pershore district from 1972
onwards, in old pollard ash trees and an elm log.

Small individuals of rufipennis can closely resemble pomonae in general
shape, sculpture and form of thorax, and all-black pubescence; but if the
antennal character (see key) be attended to, no doubt should arise except in
very abnormal cases.

A. sanguineus (L.). — Our rarest species (if it was ever really indigenous)
and probably long extinct; but, as suggested below, it may recur. The sole
apparently authentic British specimens at present known, with at least some
indication of locality, belong to the first half of last century: one in the
BMNH labelled ‘‘Salisbury’’; another in the Manchester Museum
collection marked ‘‘New Forest’’ and ‘‘J.R.H.’’ (J. Ray Hardy), teste C.
Johnson; and a third in the Dale collection at Oxford. I have examined the
first and last of these. The Dale specimen is one of three individually
unlabelled but indicated collectively in J.C. Dale’s catalogue as from
‘‘rotten Oak stumps, New Forest, Hants.’’ The other two, however, are
only cinnabarinus. Dale gives three dates, of which “‘Apr. 8, 1830’’ seems
to apply to the sanguineus specimen. It is not clear whether Fowler’s “‘New
Forest’’ for this species was copied from Stephens, whose ‘‘sanguineus’’
was cinnabarinus; in fact the wording rather implies that it was not. My
specimen was given me by the late H. Dinnage, who had it from Dr Joy
without data; presumably from some old collection (it had been pinned),
but it seems strange that Joy had not indicated how he came by it.

Records of this species crop up now and then, all apparently false and
based on misdeterminations — as Jones (1931) concluded for
‘“sanguineus’’ specimens from Sherwood Forest in the Nottingham
Museum collection. Another is entered in the late E.C. Bedwell’s diaries
(21.vi - 4.vii.1912) as taken by himself at Sherwood and vouched for as
sanguineus by Dr D. Sharp, but queried by Newbery as pomonae. I have
little doubt that such records have their source in the large race of A.
pomonae already adverted to under that species. The latest record of
sanguineus is of one from Silwood Park (near Windsor) in 1967 (Cooper,
1974). The locality, with the fact that the captor gave no hint of how he had
arrived at this unlikely determination, convinced me that the species must

BRITISH SPECIES OF AMPEDUS V2)

be rufipennis — a belief proved correct when, much later, his brother
kindly sent me the beetle for checking.

A. sanguineus poses something of an enigma in zoogeography: it ranges
widely throughout Europe and is regarded as the most generally common
of this group in the countries nearest to us. No convincing reason for its
virtual absence from Britain suggests itself. Its rediscovery here cannot be
ruled out, especially in view of our extensive afforestation with conifers —
these being its normal hosts.

There follows a short key to more or less typical specimens of the species
noticed here. It would be impractical to try to provide for the many
possible deviations, and largely self-defeating to enter into great detail
where there are so few really fixed points. Most of the characters are
necessarily comparative. Though the bright red colour of the elytra is
usually well retained, it tends to become duller and browner in very old
specimens. Pubescence-colour is often helpful, but exceptions are met with
in all the species, pomonae being especially prone to variation in this
respect. In general, small specimens have the pronotum less thickly
punctured than larger ones. Antennal characters need to be viewed
perpendicularly to the flattened surfaces of the segments.

1/2 More parallel-sided; pronotum longer in proportion, less strongly contracted
in front, dull, entirely thickly to densely punctate, even near base scarcely or
very little less so; elytra as a rule distinctly less bright in colour, rosy-pinkish
red, at least when fresh. (Pubescence dark on fore-body, often pale on elytra.
NnsBnitamnealways imired=rotenyo aks) merece eee aae-tia. ee cee cardinalis.

2/1 More evidently contracted in front and behind; pronutum shorter in
proportion except in sanguineus, more shining, especially in the basal third
where it is obviously more diffusely punctate than at sides or in front; elytra
more distinctly blood-red to scarlet.

3/4 Antennal segment 3 broad, triangular, similar in shape to (though smaller
than) 4, quite unlike 2; male with antennae longer and more serrate than in
female, in both sexes distinctly more robust. (Pubescence dark; most like
rather large pomonae. Mainly in beech, but also elm, ash,
adi binjeh) pn gees Tek a ee eee 2. sae ee rufipennis

4/3 Antennal segment 3 sublinear like 2, and so quite unlike 4; antennae similar in
the sexes and more slender, feebly and bluntly serrate (but see under
cinnabarinus).

5/6 Central channel of pronotum reaching shallowly almost to front margin (best
seen with light coming from side); pronotum more elongate (about as
cardinalis), the sides less curved. (Pubescence dark; on average the largest
SPECless AbiOdGMlamly IMNpIMe Olek) maces ees eden n-ne cesar sanguineus.

6/5 Pronotum with central channel in basal half or third only, somewhat shorter
with sides more curved.

7/8 Basal third of pronotum not so diffusely or finely punctate; pubescence pale.
(Usually larger than the next and rather broader; certain males have the
antennae distinctly more serrate than usual. Mainly in oak, beech,

AIT GOIN C IN) eee ses UM eRe ee RENE Bees 8 osc coiete sles cia eicle Seieie orties evarsia e SragakeiereageNaIataNS So cinnabarinus.

8/7 Basal third of pronotum quite or very diffusely and finely punctate;
pubescence normally dark, but not rarely pale on fore parts, where it is often
noticeably long and bristly at sides. (Typically the smallest of the group, apart
from the large East Midlands race, and rather narrower.

Hositheespthe same) sates tte et eens aod, Mrs gclahs ertee tS a pomonae.

126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

(A. nigrinus (Herbst).) — In my 1966 paper I touched incidentally on the
implausible record of this species (which in the west just reaches as far
south as Gloucestershire) from Tooting Common, S.W. London, by S.
Stevens (Fowler, p.92). Up to a few decades ago some very old oaks
survived in this locality, a fact strongly suggesting that the Ampedus taken
there by Stevens is far more likely to have been A. nigerrimus Lac. — only
definitely known here from Windsor Forest. (The rare chafer Gnorimus
variabilis L., now only found at Windsor, used to occur in the Tooting
oaks — a further link between the two localities.) The discovery of Stevens’
material, now unlikely, would alone settle the question.

Fowler’s record ‘“‘Cobham”’ (/.c.) is also problematic. The Cobham in
Surrey (likelier than that in Kent, to judge by Fowler’s customary usage) is
on the edge of pine country and so not an impossible area for A. nigrinus
to have inhabited in the past. There is no mistaking its attachment to pine
in its Highland headquarters (query: was Fowler’s datum ‘‘occasionally in
oaks’’ based on British experience, notably that of Stevens?), so it is
remarkable that for the Continent, Lohse (1979: 109) does not include
conifers among its host trees (“*. . . alder stumps, more seldom oaks and
other deciduous trees’’). This could, conceivably, put a different
complexion on the old Tooting, Cobham, and Windsor records of
nigrinus.)

Acknowledgements

I thank those friends and colleagues who (formerly or latterly) were kind
enough to furnish information, send material, and especially Mr H.
Mendel for reading through the manuscript and offering valuable
comments. Also the authorities at the British Museum (Natural History),
the Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford, and the National Museum
of Wales, Cardiff, for their willing assistance.

References

Allen, A.A., 1966. The rarer Sternoxia (Col.) of Windsor Forest. Entomologist’s
Rec. J. Var. 78: 14-23.

Beare, T.H., 1930. A catalogue of the recorded Coleoptera of the British Isles.
London.

Cooper, S.H., 1974. New records of Diptera and Coleoptera from Surrey, Berkshire
and Herefordshire. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 110: 84.

van Emden, H.F., 1956. Morphology and identification of the British larvae of the
genus Elater (Col.: Elateridae). Ibid. 92: 167-188.

Fowler, W.W., 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 4: 88-92. London.

Fowler, W.W. & Donisthorpe, H.StJ.K., 1913. Ibid. 6: 274.

Hallett, H.M., 1952. The Coleoptera of Herefordshire, first supplement. Hereford.

Hitchings, G.J., 1956. Re-occurrence of Elater pomonae Stephens (Col.: Elateri-
dae) in Kent. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 92: 30.

Jones, H.P., 1931. On some specimens of Elater sanguineus L. and allied species
in the Nottingham Natural History collection of Coleoptera. Ibid. 67: 16-7.

BRITISH SPECIES OF AMPEDUS 127

Joy, N.H., 1932. A practical handbook of the British beetles, 1. London. 1

Lohse, G.A. In Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A., 1979. Die Kafer Mittel-
europas, 6: Krefeld.

Mendel, H., 1988. Provisional Atlas of the Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
of the British Isles. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Grange-over-Sands.

Mendel, H., 1990. The status of Ampedus pomonae (Stephens), A. praeustus (F.)
and A. quercicola (du Buysson) (Col., Elateridae) in the British Isles. Entomolo-
gist ’s Gazette, in press.

Parmenter, L., 1955. [London Nat. Hist. Soc. Notice of Exhibits, 2.xi.54.]
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 91: vii.

Tomlin, J.R.le B., 1950. The Coleoptera of Herefordshire. Hereford.

Homoneura hospes Allen (Dipt.: Lauxaniidae): a postscript.

In connection with my recent paper (antea: 101: 199-201) describing this
species, Mr Steven J. Falk has very justly pointed out that, because of its
possession of a pair of normally well-developed presutural dorsocentral
bristles, the new species does not (or only doubtfully) run out to the genus
Homoneura using the generic key to the British species of the family by
Collin (1948) referred to in my paper. This is indeed the case and ought to
have been noted in the latter, but was somehow overlooked by all three of
us who originally examined the fly. In actual fact the above fault is inherent
in the key as it stands, even without reference to H. hospes; for if one uses
it to key out H. limnea Becker, which like hospes possesses a presutural DC
bristle (see couplet 8, p.235), the same difficulty, or uncertainty, is
encountered. The problem hinges on the character given under couplet 10
(p.226) intended to cover both Sapromyza and Homoneura, but which in
fact applies clearly to the former of them alone.

I shall not attempt to juggle with the key in order to remove the fault;
-_preferring, if it is to be done, to leave the task to someone more qualified
and with a better knowledge of our Lauxaniidae. Meanwhile, any known
British Homoneura can readily be recognised as such by the three
characters given on p.227, couplet 12, in combination (but see under
Homoneura on p.235). Indeed it is more than likely that the very clear and
definite character relating to the row of small black costal spines (p.227)
will itself suffice for generic diagnosis. Should this prove to be so,
correction of the key will be much simplified.

I am grateful to Mr Falk for bringing the above discrepancy to my
notice. — A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Hazel as an important larval foodplant of the Barred Umber, Plagodis
pulveraria L. (Lep.: Geometridae)

Further to my note on the above (Ent. Rec. 100: 135-136) comparing the
frequency of P. pulveraria on birch, hazel and hawthorn, Gerry Haggett
(pers. comm.) informs me that in his experience also P. pu/veraria is most
numerous and almost entirely found on hazel. In Haggett (1951) he reports

128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

of Arundel, Sussex that ‘“‘hazel appears to be the first choice hereabouts of
Anagoga pulveraria; we could mamage only one from sallow, whereas it
was plentiful on hazel.”’

Steve Church (pers. comm.) reported to me a single larva of P.
pulveraria which he found on ash Fraxinus excelsior at Kings Park Wood in
Surrey and he has subsequently reared the species from egg to adult on ash.

A computerised literature search using the NCC Entscape data base
which covers the national entomological journals and some local ones back
to 1930, produced no papers referring specifically to P. pulveraria or
synonyms so I would be interested to receive any additional information on
the larval biology of this species. Several correspondents have observed
that P. pulveraria is mainly found on ancient woodland sites and I would
be interested in any views on this subject and any contradictory data.
Ancient woodland sites have been defined as sites known to have had
continuous cover since at least 1700 with no periods of grubbing up or
ploughing in the intervening centuries (Rackham 1980).

References: Haggett, G. 1951. Autumnal moth larvae at Arundel, 1951. Ento-
mologist 84: 276-277. Rackham, O. 1980. Ancient woodland, its history, vegetation
and uses in England. Arnold, London.— PAULWARING, Nature Conservancy

Council, Northumberland House, Peterborough, PEI] 1UA.

The non-feeding final instar of Lycophotia porphyrea (D. & S.) (Lep.:
Noctuidae)

Dr Henwood’s comments (Ent. Rec. 101: 253) on this larva are most
interesting. I have no first-hand knowledge of this species, so the
suggestion that follows is pure speculation. The larvae of the Phylloc-
nistinae (Lep.: Gracillariidae) have a non-feeding final instar in which the
mouth-parts are degenerate and a spinneret is developed for the first time
(Moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland 2: 364). The purpose of
the instar is solely to enable them to spin their cocoons prior to pupation. It
is possible that L. porphyrea likewise undergoes a structural change of
greater importance than the modification to pattern and colour.

If Dr Henwood has another opportunity to rear this species, I suggest
that he compares the organs of the head-capsule before and after the final
ecdysis.— A.M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron
Walden, Essex CB11 3AF.

An early Garden Carpet.

On the morning of 7th February 1990 I was surprised to find a fresh speci-
men of the Garden Carpet, Xanthorhoe fluctuata L., flying in my kitchen
in Chelmsford, Essex. Although it is tempting to suggest that the mild win-
ter had brought this moth out in advance of its usual appearance in April,
the possibility of an undiscovered pupa in the kitchen itself cannot be
ignored.— C. PENNEY, 109 Waveney Drive, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 5QA.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW — 1988 129

MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1988

Compiled by DAVID AGASSIZ
10 High View Avenue, Grays, Essex RM17 6RU.

THE SEQUENCE of poor summers was not broken by 1988, and
consequently there was a paucity of Lepidoptera recorded. Similar reviews
to this are published for Denmark and Sweden and for the first time in 1988
Ingvar Svensson was unable to report a new species for Sweden. Happily
that situation has not yet arisen here and there are no less than five
additions to the British list, as well as other discoveries of interest.

Elachista eskoi Kyrki & Karnoven was taken by the late E.C. Pelham-
Clinton as long ago as 1956. He had long recognised it as an undescribed
species, but only with the publication of its occurrence in Scandinavia has it
obtained a name. First recognised in 1985, the discovery of Batia internella
Jackh has now been made public by Dr Michael Harper after the capture of
a second specimen. Since it was recognised in Europe several micro-
lepidopterists have been on the look-out for this species, and it is surprising
that only in Herefordshire should it have been found. A published account
is awaited.

Gelechia senticetella Staud. which appeared in the compiler’s garden in
Grays is one of the increasing number of species whose advent may be
linked to the activities of Garden Centres! It is just possible, though
perhaps unlikely that it may be able to retain a foothold in Britain. Cydia
medicaginis Kuzn. is added thanks to the sharp eyes and experience of the
Danish entomologist Ole Karsholt, but it has been resident in this country
for many years. It remains to be seen whether it is at all widespread.
Sclerocoma acutellus (Eversm.) was taken in Hampshire by D.H. Sterling
where it seems conceivable that this secretive species could reside, even
though those writing up reports of migrants in this journal lay claim to it!

Since the discovery of Scotia adelphella (F.v.R.) last year further
specimens have been recognised in collections, which seems to suggest that
it is established from Kent to Suffolk, and possibly further west to give rise
to the original Wiltshire specimen. The appearance of Argyresthia abdomi-
nalis Zell. in north-west Scotland is almost as remarkable as a species new
to Britain. It shares the same disjunct distribution as Phalonia rutilana
(Hiibn.), but it is hard to imagine what the mountains of Wester Ross have
in common with chalk downs of the south-east. In a quite different
category is the discovery of the life history of Mompha subdivisella
Bradley. This shows that this secretive and hitherto little known species
may be quite widespread and even common.

I try to draw attention to publications which are a useful source of
records and other information. The revised edition of the Field Guide to
the Smaller British Lepidoptera edited by A.M. Emmet provides an even
more up-to-date account of the known life histories of our micro-

130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

lepidoptera. This is such a treasury of information that it must do much to
further the study of these insects. Two county lists of micros were
published in 1988 marking a very encouraging trend: The Smaller Moths of
Staffordshire by R.G. Warren and published by the Staffs Biological
Recording Scheme is a useful little booklet giving a reliable list of records.
Part 3 of the Butterflies and Moths of Derbyshire by F. Harrison & M.J.
Sterling is published by the Derbyshire Entomological Society. This too
brings together much information that might previously have been difficult
to dig out. A list of species recorded on Barra appeared in Ent. Rec. 101: 95
and Migratory species are included in the annual Review of migration in
Ent. Rec. 101: 107f and 131-135.

Acknowledgements

The full systematic list below includes most of the records submitted by
recorders and those gleaned from journals. A slightly longer duplicated list
is available on request from the compiler.

My thanks are always due to the contributors who are identified by their
initials: D.J.L. Agassiz, B.R. Baker, R.J. Barnett, H.E. Beaumont, K.P.
Bland, K.G.M. Bond, E.S. Bradford, M.F.V. Corley, J.M. Chalmers-
Hunt, A.M. Emmet, A.P. Foster, E.F. Hancock, R.J. Heckford, O.
Karsholt, J.R. Langmaid, S.M. Palmer, M. Parsons, the late E.C. Pelham-
Clinton, C.W. Plant, A.N.B. Simpson, F.H.N. Smith, D.H. Sterling, M.J.
Sterling, P.H. Sterling, M.R. Young.

SYSTEMATIC LIST
MICROPTERIGIDAE
4 Micropterix aruncella (Scop.) — Monawilkin (H33) 23.vi.88, Straduff
Bog (H36) 23.vi.88 — KGMB

ERIOCRANIIDAE

7 Eriocrania chrysolepidella (Zell.) — Unhill Wood (22) larvae mining
Corylus 13.v.88 — BRB; Pelyn Wood, near Lostwithiel (2) mines
23.v.88 — FHNS; Buttler’s Hangings NR (24) larvae v.88 — PHS;
Glendine Bridge (H6) 8.iv.88 — KGMB

9 EE. sparrmannella (Bosc) — Magus Muir (85) larva 31.vii.88 — KGMB

10 E. salopiella (Stt.) — Tourig River (85) larva 31.vii.88 — KGMB

11. £. haworthii Bradley — Budby (56) iv.88 — MJS; Curraghbinny (H4)

12 E. sangii (Wood) — Budby (56) iv.88 — MJS

NEPTICULIDAE

40 Bohemannia pulverosella (Stt.) — Curraghbinny (H4) mines on Malus
sylvestris 28.vi.88 — KGMB

23 Ectoedemia argyropeza (Zell.) — Cloghereen Wood (H2) mines on
Populus tremula 24.ix.88; Glenveagh (H35) mines 5.xii.88 — KGMB

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW — 1988 131

28 E. angulifasciella (Stt.) — Chilmark (8) mine on Rosa xi.88 — SMP

42 Fomoria septembrella (Stt.) — Ross Island (H2) mines on Hypericus
perforatum 16.ix.88 — KGMB

58 Stigmella ulmariae (Wocke) — Deerfold Wood (37) mines on
Filipendula ulmariaix.88 — ANBS

59 S. poterii (Stt.) — Ivinghoe (24) xi.88 empty mines on Poterium
sanguisorba — MJS; Lambourn (22) mines x.88 — MFVC

61 S. serrella (Stt.) — Glen Strathfarrar NNR (96), mines ix.88 — MRY

64S. continuella (Stt.) — Glen Strathfarrar NNR (96) and Ariundle NNR
(97) mines ix.88 — MRY

72 §S. myrtillella (Marion) — Berrie Dale, Hoy (111) mines 23.ix.88 —
R.I. Lorimer

87 S. svenssoni (Johan.) — Bagley Wood (22) 21.vi.88 — MFVC

88 S. samiatella (Zell.) — Maidstone (15) mine ix.86, Petts Wood (16)
mines 21.ix.88 — JMC-H, Ent. Rec. 101:39f

INCURVARIIDAE
128 Phylloporia bistrigella (Haw.) — Curraghbinny (H4) 26.iv.88;
Blackhill Bog (H33) 19.vi.88 — KGMB; Groveley Wood (8) 26.v.88 —

SMP
137 Lampronia morosa Zell. — Denaby Ings (63) 11.vi.88 — HEB

138 L. fuscatella (Tengst.) — Bramshott Chase (12) 4 galls 31.iii.88, 1
emerged — JRL

143 Nematopogon metaxella (Hitibn.) — Gearagh (H3) 2.vi.88 — KGMB

145 Nemophora minimella (® D. & S.¥%) — Burgess Hill (14) i.viii.88 —
OK

147 N. metallica (Poda) — Wellow (6) 16.vii.88 — DJLA

HELIOZELIDAE
156 Heliozela resplendella (Stt.) — Thrunton Woods (68), vili.88 — MRY;
Straduff Bog (H36) 23.vi.88 — KGMB

PSYCHIDAE
180 Diplodoma herminata (Geoff.) — Colwick (56) Two first year cases
vil. & vili.88 — MJS & A.S. Boot

TINEIDAE

196 Morophaga choragella ({D. & S.]) — Sherwood Forest (56) several at
light 24.vi.88 — HEB; Edwinstone (56) 25.vi.88 (4) — MJS; Milton
Keynes (24); Gussetts Wood (24) 17.vili.74; Yardley Chase (32)
6.vill.88 — G.E. Higgs, Ent. Rec. 101: 90

215 Nemapogon granella (Linn.) — Cork City (H5) dead adult 20.ix.88 —
KGMB; Grays (18) 2.vii.88 — OK

218 N. variatella (Clem.) — Perth (88) 1868, coll. Buchanan White —
KPB, Ent. Rec. 101: 202

132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

231 Monopis imella (Hiibn.) — Foulney Island (69) 13.vi.88 - T. Dean per
EFH

237 Niditinea fuscella (Linn.) — Perth (88) 1869, coll. Buchanan White —
KPB, Ent. Rec. 101: 202

238 N. piercella (Bentinck) — Whitstable (15) 12.vii.88 — ESB

LYONETIIDAE
260 Leucoptera malifoliella (Costa) — Dinton (8) vacated mine on
Crataegus 15.1x.85 — SMP

HIEROXESTIDAE
279 Opogona antistacta Meyr. — Borehamwood (20) bred from larva
among bananas 1963 — ESB

BUCCULATRICIDAE
272 Bucculatrix cidarella Zell. — Correl Glen (H33) 20.vi.88 — KGMB

GRACILLARIIDAE

281 Caloptilia populetorum (Zell.) — Petts Wood (16) 27.xi.87, 20 &
23.vili.88 — D. O’Keeffe, Ent. Rec. 101: 64

282 C. elongella (Linn.) — Larvae on Alnus incana — A.S. Boot, Ent.
Rec. 101: 166f

284 C. rufipennella (Hiibn.) — Braemore (105) spinnings common
24.vi.88 — JRL & ECP-C

287 C. robustella Jackh — Rhandirmwyn, near Llandovery (44) vi.87 —
D. Davies & R.M. Palmer, Ent. Rec. 101: 21

289 C. falconipennella (Htibn.) — Petts Wood (16) bred 19.ix.88 — D.
O’ Keeffe, Ent. Rec. 101: 64

292 C. leucapennella (Steph.) — Dinton (8) 5.xii.88 — SMP

297 Calybites auroguttella (Steph.) — Sullane Beg River (H3) 7.v.88 —
KGMB

308 Parornix finitimella (Zell.) — Somerford Common (7) mine 23.x.88 —
MFVC et al.

321 Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zell.) — Mines in Quercus borealis —
A.S. Boot, Ent. Rec. 101: 116

331 P. lanatanella (Schrank) — Chilmark Common (8) mines ’88 — SMP

338 P. cavella (Zell.) — near Canonteign Barton (3) mines on Betula
23.ix.87, em. 8-18.v.88 — RJH

340 P. scopariella (Zell.) — Impstone Plantation (22) 23.vi.88 — BRB

348 P. quinqueguttella (Stt.) — Holy Island (68) vili.88 — MRY

354 P. emberizaepennella (Bouch.) — Kilmelford (98) mines vii.87, moths
bred v.88 — MFVC

CHOREUTIDAE
387 Prochoreutis sehestediana (Fabr.) — Hurcott Pools (37) 24.viii.88 —
ANBS

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW — 1988 133

GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE
394 Glyphipterix forsterella (Fabr.) — Brockhurst Wood, Beaconsfield

(24) 12.vi.88 — MFVC

DOUGLASIIDAE
399 Tinagma balteolella (F.v.R.) — East Sussex coast (14) 1985 — R.

Fairclough, Ent. Rec. 101: 34

- YPONOPEUTIDAE

401

403

406

412

413

416

430

435

439

442

443
447

452

468

472

474

Argyresthia laevigatella (Zell.) — Churchill (6) 28.vi.88 — DJLA;
Dinton (8) 20.vi.88 — SMP

A. glabratella Zell. — Morecombe Plantation (4) larvae 25.iv.88 em.
25.v.88 — RJH

A. abdominalis Zell, — Beinn Eighe (105) one bred from juniper
collected 21.vi.88 — ECP-C. New to Scotland.

A. pygmaeella (Hiibn.) — Drumclure (H30) 25.vi.88 — KGMB

A. sorbiella (Treits.) — Letterbarrow (69) 24.vi.88 — EFH

A. glaucinella Zell. — Uphams Plantation, near Yettington (3) ex 1. in
bark of Castanea sativa 25.v.88 — RJH; Glen Strathfarrar NNR (96)
v1.88 — MRY

Yponomeuta plumbella ({D. & S.]) — Groveley Wood (8) 1.viii.88 —
SMP.

Zelleria hepariella Stt. — Latterbarrow (69) 7.vili.88 — EFH; Roudsea
Wood (69) bred from pupa on Euonymus, on which the larva ‘
appeared to have fed, new foodplant, em. 28.vii.88 — EFH.
Swammerdamia compunctella H.-S. — Mochrum (74) one at mv light
29.vi.88 — JRL & ECP-C; Inverlael (105) 5.viii.88 — S. Nash
Savernake Forest (7) 17.vi.88 — MFVC etc.

Cedestis gysseleniella Zell. — Roudsea Wood NNR (69) 26.viii.88 —
EFH

C. subfasciella (Steph.) — Beinn Eighe (105) 11.vii.88 — S. Nash
Roeslerstammia erxlebella (Fabr.) — Rannoch (88) em. 15.v.88 —
KPB

Ypsolopha nemorella (Linn.) — Inverlussa, Jura (102) 23.vili.86 —
MFVC

Rhigognostis incarnatella (Steud.) Dhoon Glen (71) 26.vii.88 —
KGMB

Digitivalva pulicariae (Klim.) — Curraghbinny (H4) 26.iv.88 —
KGMB

Acrolepiopsis betulella (Curt.) — Glasdrum NNR (98) ix.88 — MRY;
Distribution in v-cs 105, 83, 98 — MRY, Ent. Gaz. 40: 101-2

EPERMENIIDAE

479

Cataplectica farreni Wals. — Swyncombe Downs (23) larvae abundant
in seeds of Pastinaca sativa, viii.88 — PHS

134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

COLEOPHORIDAE

487 Metriotes lutarea (Haw.) — West Wycombe (24) v.88 — PHS

491 Coleophora gryphipennella (Htibn.) — Lein of Garmouth (95) bred ex
cases vi.88 — MRY; Malahide Point (H21) 18.vi.88 — KGMG

493 C. serratella (Linn.) — Faringdon (22) case on cultivated apple —
MFVC

496 C. milvipennis Zell. — Ariundle NNR (97) cases 1x.88 — MRY

498 C. alnifoliae Bar. — Padworth (22) 4.v.88 old case from A/nus —
BRB

503 C. fuscocuprella H.-S. — Carran (H9) 15.vi.88 — KGMB

509 C. violacea (Strom) — near Kingsmoor Cross (4) case on Betula
23.ix.87, em. 24.5.88 — RJH

511 C. orbitella Zell. — Whixhall Moss (40) 2 cases on Betula 1.vii.88 —
JRL & ECP-C

513 C. potentillae Elisha — Somerford Common (7) cases 23.x.88 —
MFVC et al.

517 C. frischella (Linn.) — Wykeham Forest (62) v.82 — HEB

524 C. lithargyrinella Zell. — Drummondreach Wood, Black Isle (106),
v1.88 — MRY & KPB

541 C. pyrrhulipennella Zell. — Sutton Park (38) larvae 26.iv.88 & 17.v.88
— RJB

546 C. genistae Stt. — Burghfield Common (22) cases 4.vi.88 — BRB

552 C. lassella Stdgr — Wisley (17) viii.88 — R.M. Palmer, Ent. Rec. 101:
186

553 C. striatipennella Nyl. — Monawilkin (H33) 20.vi.88 — KGMB

565 C. saxicolella (Dup.) — Salisbury Plain (8) 16.vii.88 — SMP

567 C. adspersella Bernander — Whitstable (15) bred Chenopodium
7.viili.85 — ESB; Faringdon (22) 20.vii.88 — MFVC

ELACHISTIDAE

590 Perittia obscurepunctella (Stt.) — Tourig River (H5) 8.iv.88 — KGMB

592 Stephensia brunnichiella (Linn.) — North Unhill Bank (22) 4.vi.88 —
BRB; Walton Down (6) 26.vii.88 — DJLA

598aElachista eskoi Kyrki & Karn. — Gordon Moss (81) 1!1.vi.56,
Auchencorth Moss, near Penicuik (83) 27.vi.56 — ECP-C, New to
Britain, Ent. Gaz. 39: 265-268

600 E. luticomella Zell. — Rossweer Bog (H33) 23.vi.88 — KGMB

602 E. apicipunctella Stt. — Earls Coine (19) pupae in old stems of
Heracleum 22.ii1.88 — JRL & AME; Monawilkin (H33) 23.vi.88 —
KGMB

603 E. subnigrella Dougl. — Bredon Hill NNR (37) 6.v1.88 — ANBS

606 E. humilis Zell. — Magus Muir (85) 30.vii.88 — KGMB

614 E. triseriatella Stt. — Salisbury Plain (8) 5.vii.87 — SMP & JRL; St
Abbs, Berwicks (81) 2.vii.88 KPB, New to Scotland

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW — 1988 135

623 E. bisulcella (Dup.) — Sexton, Bere (3) larvae on Festuca arundinacea
24.11.88 — JRL & ECP-C; Howth (21) 26.vi.88; Magus Muir (85)
31.v1i.88 — KGMB

625 Biselachista cinereopunctella (Haw.) — Gragan Fort (H9) 15.vi.88 —
KGMB

629 B. utonella (Frey) — Penhale (1) mines common in Carex paniculata
23.viii.88, emerged 7-10.1x.88 suggesting possibly bivoltine in Corn-
wall — RJH & P.N. Siddons per FHNS

OECOPHORIDAE

639 Bisigna procerella ({D. & S.]) — Whitstable (15) 9.viii.88 — ESB

640aBatia internella Jackh — Aymestry (36) viii.85 and viii.88 — M.W.
Harper, New to Britain, Ent. Gaz. in press

641 B. lambdella (Don.) — Eastbourne (14), larvae 8.vi.88 —MP

644 Borkhausenia fusce: cens (Haw.) — Colwick (56) 23.viii.88 — MJS

647 Hofmannophila pseudospretella (Stt.) — Larvae feeding on slug
pellets — PAS, Ent. Rec. 101: 90

660 Pseudatemelia josephinae Toll — Rhandirmwyn, near Llandovery (44)
vli.82-87 — D. Davies & R.M. Palmer, Ent. Rec. 101: 22

671 D. ultimella Stt. — Douglas River (H4) 16.v.88 — KGMB

674 D. badiella Hiibn.) — Pendover (2) 28.viii.88 — FHNS

694 Agonopterix nanatella (Stt.) — Ashbury (22) larvae v.88 — MFVC

702 A. assimilella (Treits.) — Laurieston Forest (73) 6.vi.88 from larvae in
Sarothamnus stem — EFH

706 A. nervosa (Haw.) — Rodel, Harris (110) 24.viii.88 — MFVC

708 A. carduella (Hiibn.) — Folkestone Warren (15) 25.x.88, a late date —
JMC-H, Ent. Rec. 101: 39

709 A. liturosa (Haw.) — Orley Common (3) 1. on Hypericum hirsutum
8.vi.88 em. 30.vil.88 — RJH

714 A. yeatiana (Fabr.) — Culmstock (3) 13.vi.88 — EFH

ETHMIINAE

717 Ethmia terminella Fletch. — Eastbourne (14) 16.vi.88, Camber Sands
(14) 28.vi.88 — MP

718 E. dodecea (Haw.) — Foulden Common (28) larvae common — APF

720 E. bipunctella (Fabr.) — Camber Sands (14) 29.vi.88 — MP

GELECHIIDAE

73l1aEulamprotes phaeella Heck. & Lang. — Described as new to Science,
Ent. Gaz. 39: 1-11 — RJH & JRL; Glen Urquhart (96) 1 at mv 24.vi.88
— JRL & ECP-C; Gower (41) v.1983 — ANBS

732 E. unicolorella (Dup.) — Carran (H9) 13.vi.88; Monawilkin (H33)
20.vi.88 — KGMB; Groveley Wood (8) 24.vi.88 — SMP

733 E. wilkella (Linn.) — Berrow (6) 27.vi.88 — DJLA

136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

735 Monochroa tenebrella (Hiibn.) — Pollawaddy (H33) 22.vi.88 —
KGMB

747 Chrysoesthia sexguttelia (Thunb.) — Ballymona (H5) 23.vii.88 —
KGMB

758 Recurvaria leucatella (Clerck) — Wychwood Forest (23) 13.viii.88 —
MFVC

773 Teleiodes paripunctella (Thunb.) — Wishmoor Bottom 17.vi.88 —
BRB

778 Bryotropha umbrosella (Zell.) Ulverston (69) 3.vili.88 — EFH; Par
beach (2) two 31.v.88 — FHNS

780 B. similis (Stt.) — Dinton (8) 25.vi.88 — SMP

781 B. mundella (Doug.) — Ballyteigue (H12) 5.vi.88 — KGMB

782 B. senectella (Zell.) — Tregirls, near Padstow (1) 7.viii.88 — FHNS,
(confirming a 1985 record by P.N. Siddons); Tentsmuir Sands (85)
30.vil.88 — KGMB

786 B. desertella (Doug.) — Ballyteigue (H12) malaise trap, 5.vi.88 —
KGMB

792 Mirificarma mulinella (Zell.) — Donaghmore (H11) 15.vili.88 —
KGMB

798 Neofriseria peliella (Treits.) — Eastbourne (14), larvae 8.vi.88 — MP

802b Gelechia senticetella (Stdgr) — Grays (18) 6.viii.88 — DJLA, New to

Britain, Ent. Gaz. 40: 189-192

803 G. muscosella Zell. — Whitstable (15) tapped from Salix 5.vi.87 —
ESB

811 Scrobipalpa samadensis Pfaff. — Robert’s Cove (H4) 8.vii.88 —
KGMB

814 S. ocellatella (Boyd) — Gannel, Newquay emerged 30.v.88 from
larvae on Beta — PNS per FHNS

814aS. pauperella (Hein.) — New synonym for S. klimeschi Povolny —
KS, Ent. Gaz. 40: 7-12

815 S. nitentella (Fuchs) — Gannel, Newquay (1) 30.v.88 ex larva on
Atriplex — PNS per FHNS

817 S. clintoni Povolny — Cairnryan (74) larvae 28.vi.88 — JRL & ECP-
C; Borgue (73) larvae 29.vi.88 — JRL & ECP-C

823aScrobipalpula_ tussilaginis (Frey) — Published account of its
occurrence in Britain with a description of the life history etc. and
distribution in v-cs 3, 9, 11 — ECP-C & M.R. Shaw Ent. Gaz. 240:
103-108; Milford-on-Sea (11) larvae 7.xi.87, moths bred — JRL; Wear
Cliffs, Seatown (9) 1. mining Tussilago leaves 30.x.87 em. 11-17.v.88;
1. 17.vii.88 em. 9-11.viii.88; Eype Mouth (9) 1. 30.x.87 em. 18-26.v.88
— RJH

839 Nothris congressariella Bruand — Gannel, Newquay (1) larvae in
Scrophularia scorodonia 28.iv.88, moths bred vi.88 — FHNS

843 Aproaerema anthyllidella (Hiibn.) — Robert’s Cove (H4) 8.viii.88 —
KGMB

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW — 1988 137

846 Syncopacma vinella (Bankes) — Burgess Hill (14) 1 pupa, 1 adult
31 .vii.-2.vili.88 — OK

858 Hypatima rhomboidella (Linn.) — Altamont (H13) 15.viii.88 —
KGMB

864 Dichomeris ustalella (Fabr.) — Shrewley Wood (37) 6.vi.87, larvae
2.1x.87 — ANBS, Ent. Rec. 101: 17f

871 Oegoconia deauratella (H.-S.) — Leigh (37) 12.viii.88 — ANBS

BLASTOBASIDAE
874 Blastobasis decolorella (Woll.) — Chapelton (77) 6.vii.87 — EFH;
Cumnor (22) 11.viii.88 — MFVC

MOMPHIDAE

880 Mompha langiella (Hiibn.) — near Ashurst (11) larvae in mines in
Circaea lutetiana 12.viii.88 — DHS & JRL

881 M. terminella (H. & W.) — Pendover (2) mines in Circaea lutetiana
28.vili & 6.1x.88 — FHNS

887 M. lacteella (Steph.) — Life history described — DHS; Brit. Journal
ent. nat. Hist. 1: 126 (1988)

890 M. subdivisella Bradley — Discovery of life history in stems of
Epilobium hirsutum in v-cs 19, 20, 23, 24 — PHS & JRL, Ent. Gaz.
40: 199-201; Iffley, Oxford (23) 1 adult 19.vii.87 — PHS

891 M. nodicolella Fuchs — Dinton (8) 18.ix.88 — SMP

COSMOPTERIGIDAE

894 Cosmopterix ziegleriella (Htibn.) — Dry Sandford Pits (22) old mines
x.88 — PHS

897 C. lienigiella L. & Z. — Leckford (12) larvae in Phragmites communis .
30.x.88 — JRL & PHS

899 Pancalia leuwenhoekella (Linn.) — North Unhill Bank (22) 4.vi.88 —
BRB

903 Glyphipteryx linneella (Clerck) — Colwick (56) 24.vi., 4.viil & 5.vili.88
— on Lime tree bark — MJS & A.S. Boot; Carlton (56) 24.vi.88 —
A.S. Boot, Ent. Rec. 101: 202

906 Blastodacna atra (Haw.) — Grays (18) 21.v.88, an early date — DJLA

909 Sorhagenia lophyrella (Dougl.) — Churchill (6) 21.vii.88 — DJLA

SCYTHRIDIDAE
915 Scythris picaepennis (Haw.) — Ballyteigue (H12) 4.vi.88 — KGMB

TORTRICIDAE: COCHYLINAE

927 Piercea minimana (Caradja) — Mochrum (74) two, 29.vi.88 — JRL &
ECP-C

929 Phalonidia vectisana (H. & W.) — Tregirls, near Padstow (1)

138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

swarming over a small isolated clump of Triglochin at back of dunes,
7.vili.88 — FHNS

933 P. gilvicomana (Zell.) — Swyncombe Downs (23) larvae in Mycelis
muralis viil.88 — PHS & JRL

942 Aethes piercei Obraztsov — Carreens (H17) 14.vi.88 — KGMB

951 A. beatricella (Wals.) — Spurn (61) vi. & vii.88 — HEB

960 Falseuncaria ruficiliana (Haw.) — Moulsford Downs 6.v.88 — BRB

965 Cochylis hybridella (Hiibn.) — Kineton (38) 22.vii.88 & 8.viii.88 —
RJB

TORTRICINAE

971 Pandemis cinnamomeana (Treits.) — Ulverston (69) 23.vi.88 — EFH

973 P. dumetana (Treits.) — Rothley Lakes (67) 1.vili.81 — M.D. Eyre
per T.C. Dunn, Ent. Rec. 101: 174

982 Choristoneura diversana (Hiibn.) — Monks Wood (31) 17.vii.88 from
spinning on Acer campestre — EFH

985 Cacoecimorpha pronubana (Htibn.) — Newcastle upon Tyne (67)
9.vi.81 — T.C. Dunn, Ent. Rec. 101: 52

991 Clepsis senecionana (Hiibn.) — Broadmoor Bottom (22) 23.v.88 —
BRB

1021 Cnephasia asseclana ([D. & S.]) — Feeding on Cynoglossum ger-
manicum — K.R. Tuck, Ent. Gaz. 40: 182

1034 Spatalistis bifasciana (Hiibn.) — Rhandirmwyn, near Llandovery (44)
vii.87 — D.Davies & R.M. Palmer, Ent. Rec. 101: 22

1037 Acleris comariana (L. & Z.) — Faringdon (22) 19.x.88 — MFVC

1046 A. shepherdana (Steph.) — Strumpshaw RSPB reserve (27) ca.
15.viii.88 — APF

1047 A. schalleriana (Linn.) — Fairmile (22) bred from Viburnum lantana

16.vi.88 — BRB
1058 A. lorquiniana (Dup.) — Woodbastwick NNR (27) 16.vii.88 — APF
& MP

1059 A. abietana (Hiibn.) — Discussion of possible foodplants — MRY,
Ent. Rec. 101: 37f; also M.C. Townsend, Ent. Rec. 101: 208

OLETHREUTINAE

1064 Celypha rosaceana (Schlag.) — Malahide Point (H21) 18.vi.88 —
KGMB

1067aC. rurestrana (Dup.) — Merthyr Tydfil (41) 2.vii.1926 — coll. G.
Fleming per RJH, Ent. Gaz. 39: 260

1074 Olethreutes palustrana (L. & Z.) — Tentsmuir Point (85) 30.vii.88 —
KGMB

1075 O. olivana (Treits.) — Straduff Bog (H36) 23.vi.88 — KGMB

1086 Hedya salicella (Linn.) — near Canonteign Barton (3) larvae on Salix
15.v.88 em. 7, 16.vi.88 —RJH

1101 Endothenia ustulana (Haw.) — Grandsen Wood (31) 18.vi.88 — B.
Dickerson per EFH

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW — 1988 139

1103 E. ericetana (H. & W.) — Wishmoor Bottom (22) 17.vi.88 — BRB

1108 Lobesia abscisana (Doubl.) — Berrow (6) 7.vili.88, B. Slade per
DJLA; Rhandirmwyn, near Llandovery (45) vi.86 — D. Davies &
R.M. Palmer, Ent. Rec. 101: 22

1110 Bactra furfurana (Haw.) — Kineton (38) 22.vii.88 — RJB

1119 Ancylis geminana (Don.) — Doomore (H9) 14.vi.88 — KGMB

1122 A. obtusana (Fabr.) — Brampton Woood (31) 24.vi.88 — B.
Dickerson per EFH

1135 Epinotia demarniana (F.v.R.) — Sherwood Forest (56) 24.vi.88 —
HEB

1143 E. fraternana (Haw.) — Muir of Ord (106) several 17.vi.88 — JRL &
ECP-C; Tarradale House, Black Isle (106) vi.88 — MRY

1146 E. rubiginosana (H.-S.) — Edwinstone (56) 25.vi.88 — MJS

1162 Rhopobata myrtillana (H. & W.) — Impstone Plantation (22) adults
on leaves of Vaccinium myrtillus 20.v.88 — BRB

1190 Eucosma aspidiscana (Hiibn.) — Snelsmore Common (22) 21.v.88 —
S. Nash per MF VC

1202 E. obumdratana (L. & Z.) — Niddrie Mill, Edinburgh (83) 1 &
2.vili.80 — K.I. Ransome, Ent. Rec. 101: 177

1208 Blastesthia posticana (Zett.) — Beeley Moor (57) 13.vi.88 — MJS

1212 Rhyacionia pinivorana (L. & Z.) — Perry West Wood (31) 21.vi.88 —
B. Dickerson per EFH; Crom Castle (H33) 21.vi.88 — KGMB

1220 Collicularia microgrammana (Guen.) — Ballyteigue (H12) 4.vi.88 —
KGMB

1225 Pammene obscurana (Steph.) — Otley (64) 10.vi.67 — C.C. Smith
collection per EFH; Combrook (38) 16.v.88 — RJB

1233 P. aurantiana (Stdgr) — Gransden Wood (31) 6.vili.88 — B.
Dickerson per EFH

1242 Cydia internana (Guen.) — Lein of Garmouth (95) vi.88; Monadh
Moor, Black Isle (106) vi.88 — MRY

1255aC. medicaginis (Kuzn.) — Grays Chalk Quarry (18) vii.88 — O.
Karsholt & DJLA, New to Britain, Ent. Gaz. 40: 193-196

1273 Dichrorampha petiverella (Linn.) — Rathbaun (H13) 15.viii.88 —
KGMB

1274 D. alpinana (Treits.) — Drummee Quarry (H33) 19.vi.88 — KGMB

1275 D. flavidorsana Knaggs — Parkside (38) 7.vili.88 — RJB

1281 D. simpliciana (Haw.) — Portmarnock (H21) 21.viii.88 — KGMB

1282 D. sylvicolana Hein. — Burgess Hill (14) 1.viii.88 — OK

PYRALIDAE

1289 Euchromius ocellea (Haw.) — Freshwater (10) 2.x.88 — S.A. Knill-
Jones, Ent. Gaz. 40: 93-

1290 Chilo phragmitellus (Hiibn.) — Douglas River (H4) 19.vii.88 —
KGMB

140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

1314Catoptria margaritella ({D. & S.]) — Chilmark (8) dead xi.87 — SMP

1325 Platytes alpinella (Hiibn.) — Camber Sands (14) 29.vi.88 — MP

1341 Eudonia lineola (Curt.) — Berrow (6) 18 & 19.vili.88 — B. Slade per
DJLA

1353a Oligostigma polydectalis (Walk.) — Escot (3) 1 dead specimen
indoors — RJH, Ent. Gaz. 39: 275

1358Evergestis pallidata (Hiibn.) — Middle Hurling Fen (28) 31.vii.88 —
APF

1359Cynaeda dentalis (1D. & S.]) — Portland (9) 9.ix.88, a late record —
E.G. Smith, Ent. Rec.101: 36; also 8.1x.88 — R. Darlow, Ent. Rec. .
101: 85

1360 Hellula undalis (Fabr.) — Cusgarne (1) 21.x.88 — A. Spalding

1364 Pyrausta sanguinalis (Linn.) — Carran (H9) 14.vi.88 — KGMB

1369 Uresiphita polygonalis ([D. & S.]) — Wallasey, Cheshire (58) 16.ix.88
— MFVC, Ent. Gaz. 40: 94

1371 Sitochroa verticalis (Linn.) — Ham Island (22) 24.vi.88 — BRB

1375a Sclerocoma acutellus (Eversm.) — Leckford (12) 8.viii.88 — DHS,
New to Britain, Ent. Gaz. 40: 1-3

1380Phlyctaenia perlucidalis (Htibn.) — Leckford (12) 28.vi.88 — DHS,
Brit. Journ. ent. nat. Hist. 1: 189; Whitstable (15) 20.vi.88 — ESB;
Woodbastwick NNR (27) 2.vii.88, Boughton Fen (28) 8.vii.88 — APF

1391 Udea decrepitalis (Herr.-Schaff.) — Glen Strathfarrar NNR (96)
larvae ix.88 — MRY

1396Mecyna flavalis (\D. & S.]) — Leckford (12) 8.viii.88, first post-war
record from mainland Hampshire — DHS

1403 Diasemiopsis ramburialis (Dup.) — Cusgarne (1) 17 & 27.x.88 — A.
Spalding

1421 Aglossa pinguinalis (Linn.) — Nagden (15) bred from straw refuse
15.vii.88 ESB

1424a Endotricha consobrinalis Zell. — Reference for species included in
1987 Review, Ent. Rec. 101: 107f

1425 Galleria mellonella (Linn.) — Broadheath (37) ex. old honeycomb,
v.88 — ANBS

1444Pempelia obductella (Zell.) — Mount Caburn NNR (14) swept
29.vii.88 — P. Kirby per MP; Folkestone Warren (15) 4.viii.88 —
JMC-H

1447aSciota adelphella (F.v.R.) — near Sittingbourne (15) 6.vii.76 &
4.vii.85 — P.H. Jewess; Ent. Gaz. 39:271-274; Orlestone Woods (15)
v1.48 & 15.vi.51, Dymchurch (15) ’75, Stonelees (15) 21.vii.84,
Stodmarsh (15) 26.vi.84, Thorpeness (25) 18.vii.64 — JMC-H

1449 Microthrix similella (Zinck.) — Wasing Wood (22) 9.vii.88 — BRB

1454Dioryctria abietella ({D. & S.]) — Tubney Wood (22) bred from cones
of Larix collected 6.viil.88; Dinton (8) 4.viii.88 — SMP

1454a D. schuetzeella Fuchs — Olney (32) 15.vii.88 — G.E. Higgs, Ent.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA REVIEW — 1988 14]

Rec. 100: 276; Chippenham Fen (29) 18.vii.88 — JMC-H, Ent. Rec.
100: 276

1456Epischnia bankesiella Rich. — Boscastle (2) larvae 13.v.88 em.
5.vii.88; Dinas Head, Trevose Head (2) larvae 13.v.88 em. 20, 30.vi.88
— RJH; Cligga Head, Perranporth (1) larvae in Inula crithmoides
6.v.88 — FHNS; Cornwall (1) & (2) — RJH, Ent. Gaz. 40: 244

1457 Hypochalcia ahenella ((D. & S.]) —, Burley-in-Wharfedale (64) ’88 —
HEB; Ham Island (22) 24.vi.88 — BRB

1463 Pempeliella ornatella ((D. & S.]) — Capel-la-Ferene (15) 19.vii.88 —
JMC-H

1469 Euzophera cinerosella (Zell.) — Nottingham (56) fairly common at mv
vi.88 — MJS

1483 Phycitodes binaevella (Hiibn.) — Spurn (61) 23.vi.88 — HEB

1484P. saxicola Vaughan — Portland (9) bred from flowerheads of /nula
crithmoides, larvae 26-28.vii.88 — OK

PTEROPHORIDAE

1491 Crombrugghia distans (Zell.) — Camber Sands (14) 29.vi.88 — MP

1512Pterophorus baliodactylus Zell. — Groveley Wood (8) 2.vii.88 —
SMP

1518 Leioptilus lienigianus (Zell.) — Burton Joyce (56) vii.88 — A.S. Boot,
det MJS

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Yemen, Ibb, 1980

The old walled city of Ibb in Yemen has hardly changed since it was first
described to the outside world by Carsten Niebuhr more than two hundred
years ago. The streets are too narrow for cars, modern sewage systems
cannot be installed, and the only evident change is a veritable spaghetti of
tangled phone and electricity wires. The garish and ghoulish posters
advertising dental services and glasses are, perhaps, also innovations. In
recent years, unfortunately, sprawling concrete suburbs begin to engulf the
old battlements.

Ibb is a splendid base for butterfly collecting. An hour’s walk will bring
you to lush montane meadows where the rare Saharan Swallowtail (Papilio
saharae) flies and from where I described a new species of Blue, named
Cacyreus niebuhri after the famous explorer. An hour’s drive down one of
the world’s more frightening roads will get you to Wadi Dur and Wadi
Annah with permanent water, lush riverine and a plethora of tropical
butterflies. Here, too, I found a species new to science and half a dozen
new to Arabia. At a distance of nearly fifty metres I was able to recognise
the characteristic wing beat of the first Neptis recorded from Arabia
(Neptis serena annah).

The evening meal all over Yemen, but for the few luxury hotels in Sana’a

142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

and Taizz, is the same. There are three or four choices, mostly not choice,
served on battered tin plates, with a mug of coffee to follow. One of the
restaurants, though, had a very special service — individual place mats
made from old newspapers, a luxury in a country where a newspaper is
hardly seen. For a Dane it was rather surprising to find that they were
Danish newspapers, and the following evenings I read old newspapers that.
had not yet been turned into place mats while waiting for my meal.

Images of eager boy scouts combing the leafy suburbs of Copenhagen
sprang to mind; sadly they will never know where the fruits of their labours
ended up. The Danish equivalent of the Sun and its ilk, with naked ladies
gracing page nine, were missing. It was hard to believe that Yemeni
censorship could have eliminated them all. So where were they?

The next day I happened to hitch a ride with a truck that was full of
newspapers. Danish newspapers. The gentlemen on the truck obviously
could not read, and certainly not Danish, but when I showed them the girls
on page nine they soon learnt to recognise the logo of the racier papers. I
left three contented men ploughing their way through two tons of
newspaper in search of, by Yemeni standards, truly amazing pictures.
Doubtless some resourceful soul had spotted this before the last bunch of
papers was delivered to the restaurant.

So somewhere in the back streets of Mocha, Ibb or Hodeida, far from
the eyes of the religious police, I suspect there are now small shops where
page nine girls change hands at several times the original price of the
newspapers in question. People have traditionally been unkind to
yesterday’s newspapers. Not in Yemen they are!— TORSEN B. LARSEN, 358
Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL.

Migrant Lepidoptera from the Sussex coast in October 1989

During the weekend of 28th-29th October strong south-westerly winds,
Originating in southern Europe, swept across southern England. This,
coupled with a weather forecast for the 30th predicting a light southerly
airstream and overcast conditions, prompted me to make atrip to the south
coast in pursuit of migrant moths.

I joined my friend Mark Parsons on the cliffs near Eastbourne at dusk
on the 30th, when we set up four mv lights and one actinic tube. Within
minutes four noteworthy immigrant species were noted; Palpita unionalis
(Htibn.), Mythimna loreyi (Dup.), M. unipuncta (Haw.), and Heliothis
armigera (Hiibn.). A steady stream of migrants, dominated by Udea
ferrugalis (Hiibn.), Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.), Agrotis ipsilon Hufn.
and Autographa gamma L., together with a few individuals of scarcer
species, continued until approximately 21.00 hours. Then there was a lull
until about 23.15, when a marked influx of moths was noted at all the
lights, with the prevailing species being A. ipsilon, Phlogophora meticulosa
L. and A. gamma. This later period of activity continued for an hour or so,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 143

during which a few Peridromia saucia (Hiibn.), more P. unionalis and a
single M. /oreyi were also noted. Rain arrived not long after midnight and
became increasingly heavy, forcing us to pack up about two hours later.

The numbers of scarcer migrant species noted during the night were as
follows, with most being recorded before 21.00 hours; twelve P. unionalis,
one Mythimna albipuncta (D. & S.), five M. loreyi, two M. unipuncta and
two Heliothis armigera. It is also worth reporting the almost certain
sighting of a single Diachrysia orichalcea (F.). This moth was seen by us
both to settle, momentarily, on one of the traps before disappearing off
into the darkness, not to return

I stayed in Sussex until the following evening, when Mark and I returned
to the same locality for the dusk flight, and were accompanied by Colin
Pratt. The sky was fairly clear, and a stronger wind made conditions cooler
than the previous night; not surprisingly fewer moths were on the wing.
Nonetheless, one P. unionalis and a further two M. /oreyi were recorded,
all before 19.15, at which time I had set off for the return trip to Norfolk.
En route back we stopped for just a few minutes, on the Pevensey Levels,
to search ivy blossom, and here one of only three moths seen was a worn
male M. unipuncta.

Incidentally, I had visited the cliffs near Eastbourne earlier in the month,
on the 5th October. On this occasion singletons of the following species
were noted at mv light; Agrius convolvuli (L.), Macroglossum stellatarum
(L.), Mythimna l-album (L.) and M. unipuncta.— A.P. FOSTER, 58 St
Laurence Avenue, Brundall, Norwich NR13 SQN.

Further notes on Phyllonorycter leucographella (Zeller), (Lep.:
Gracillariidae)

In my paper on this species (Entomologist’s Record 101: 189-194), I stated
that according to Continental authors it was univoltine, though Hering
thought a second generation to be likely. I can now report that it has three
adult emergences, April-May, late July-August and October, the first, at
any rate in Essex in 1989, being the largest.

I felt it appropriate to continue my research in Mrs Sargent’s garden,
since it was she who had brought attention to the presence of the species in
Britain. I paid my first visit on the 21st June. All the leaves with winter
mines had now fallen and Mrs Sargent reported that her pyracantha
blossom had been the best she had ever witnessed. Larval feeding of P.
leucographella was already present but wholly epidermal and not at all
conspicuous.

My next visit was on the 19th July. The mines on the bushes facing east
had made little progress, but those facing west, which were receiving
extensive sunshine, were much further advanced. Many larvae had reached
the parenchyma-feeding stage with the leaves folding upwards into the
characteristic pods. I collected about 70 mines from which 14 imagines

144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

emerged between the 23rd July and the 8th August; there were only six
parasites of two species, now with Dr M.R. Shaw. The small number of
emergences may have been due to my having collected the leaves too early.

My third visit was on the 30th September. The pyracantha berries were
making a wonderful display and the heavy infestation had clearly done no
lasting damage. The mines on the shadier side of the garden included
relatively few that were fully formed and many contained dead larvae. On
the sunnier side the situation was again different, with plenty of fully
developed mines, though fewer than in March. I took 25 from which 12
adults and one parasite emerged between 13th and 28th October.
Emergence was also taking place in the wild; R.J. Heckford captured an
adult at Grays, Essex on 28th October (D.J.L. Agassiz, pers. comm.).

Although I have said that there are three broods, possibly there is only a
single generation in shady situations. Against a sun-baked fence
development is more rapid to produce the smaller second and third
emergences. There may, however, be no clear demarcation between
them.— A.M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron
Walden, Essex CB11 3AF.

Dates of emergence of Abraxas grossulariata (Linnaeus) (Lep.: Geometri-
dae) in South Cumbria

I was much interested in the recent note by Mr A.A. Allen (Allen, 1989)
concerning the seasonal cycle of the Magpie moth (Abraxas grossulariata).
His note stimulated me to review the records of this species covering a
period of 68 years — 1918 - 1987 inclusive — which exist for this district of
Cumbria (v.c. 69).

The late Dr R.C. Lowther, who was for many years in medical practice in
Grange-over-Sands, kept very detailed records of all his captures and
observations on the moths of Grange and its neighbourhood. In the three
large volumes of records, which were given to me by Mrs Lowther after her
husband’s death, there is a page for each species of macrolepidopteron
giving details of first annual dates of occurrence in Grange, Arnside,
Kendal and other local areas. These records form the basis for the earlier
years here considered and cover the period from 1918 to 1949 inclusive.

In 1969 Mr Jerry Briggs moved from Yorkshire and came to live in the
very favoured locality of Beetham, near Milnthorpe, Cumbria. Here he
operated a mv trap from 1969 until the present time. Records of his
captures and observations were kept in very great detail. Unfortunately
health problems put a stop to full recording in 1985. Recently his collection
and note books have been donated to the Cliffe Castle Museum, Keighley
where they are in the charge of Miss Margaret M. Hartley who kindly
abstracted relevant records for inclusion in this paper. Between 1950 and
1969 full records of first dates are not available. A few records for this
period are included in the data, these provided by the late Rev J. Vine-Hall
(Vine-Hall, 1954) and the author.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 145

The following is a summary of 56 observations of first dates for the
Magpie moth over a period of 68 years (the number of records is given in
brackets):

May (1 only, 29 May 1942; R.C. Lowther); June 1-7 (1); June 8-15 (5);

June 16-23 (4); June 24-30 (3); July 1-7 (18) July 8-15 (4) July 16-23 (5);

July 24-31 (8); August 1-7 (5); August 8-15 (2).

(I’m afraid our “‘first date’’ record does not beat Mr Allen’s of 24th May
1989!)

Thus for this district, it is clear that the major time of appearance of the
Magpie is about the first week of July. It is perhaps of interest to compare
by month the records of Dr Lowther (RCL) and Mr Briggs (JB):

RCE JB

(1918-49) (1969-85)
May ] 0
June 13 0
July 18 10
August 0 6

From these data it would appear that in recent years the date of first
appearance is in fact /ater than in earlier times. It is possible that climatic
conditions may be an influence as Grange-over-Sands has a reputation for
enjoying a mild climate, and for this reason the species may occur earlier
than at Beetham which is situated on similar carboniferous limestone and
only six miles in a direct line from Grange.

The evidence here presented does not support Mr Allen’s interesting
hypothesis that the Magpie is emerging at an earlier date than formerly —
at least so far as north-west England is concerned. It would be interesting to
learn if data similar to those here presented are in existence for south-east
England. Only if they are, perhaps, can a true assessment of the situation
be made.

I am very grateful to Mr Briggs for giving me permission to use his
records and to Miss Margaret M. Hartley B.Sc., F.M.A., Keeper of
Natural Sciences at Cliffe Castle Museum, Keighley, Yorkshire for
abstracting his records lodged in the Museum.

References
Allen, A.A. (1989) Has Abraxas grossulariata L. (Lep.: Geometridae) been shifting
its seasonal cycle? Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 238.
Vine-Hall, J. (1954) Entomologist’s Gaz. 5: 125-134.
Dr N.L.BIRKETT, Beardwood, Carter Road, Grange-over-SandsLA11 7AG.

Pyracantha and the Holly Blue.

I can add a little to Mr Plant’s observations of Pyracantha as a possible
foodplant for the larvae of this butterfly (Ent. Rec. 102: 41). Holly Blues
were everywhere in this neighbourhood last summer and I often saw them
‘‘investigating’’ Pyracantha bushes in our garden. On two occasions, last

146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

June, I watched a female lay a single egg, each on the stem of a floret on
one of the bushes. Later, on return from holiday, I found the remains of
the eggs but could not find any larvae. Some time later still, however, I
noticed that some of the green berries near where I had seen the eggs had
small erosions as if larvae had been attempting to eat into them but they
had not managed to get inside.— JOHN OWEN, 8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom,
Surrey KT17 3PU.

The Holly Blue, Celastrina argiolus L., ovipositing on Pyracantha.

In view of the note by Mr C.W. Plant strongly pointing to the latter as one
of the foodplants of C. argiolus (antea. 41-3), it may be worth reporting
that my friend Dudley Collins definitely saw a first-brood female
ovipositing on a flower-bud of the firethorn in his garden at Carshalton
Beeches, Surrey, three of four years ago. As soon as she had departed, he
was able to locate a single egg. Like myself, he was rather surprised to learn
that Pyracantha was not yet recognised as a foodplant of the butterfly.
Admittedly, one egg does not amount to positive proof that larvae would
have fed up on this host, but, taken in conjunction with the experience of
other observers, it comes near to doing so.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm
Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Hellula undalis Fabr. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in 1989.

I was pleased to take, despite it being a micro, the third URES specimen of
this rare immigrant species at Eastbourne, East Sussex, on 23rd October
and two more at Littlehampton, West Sussex, on 30th October. Previously
H. undalis had been recorded from South Devon in 1967 and Cornwall in
1988, and this year single specimens have also been reported from
Studland, Dorset, on 24th October by D.C.G. Brown and from
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, on 26th October by S.A. Knill-Jones.

Returning to the nights of my captures: at Eastbourne the H. undalis
appeared well after midnight and was accompanied by Palpita unionalis
Hb., Plutella xylostella L., Rhodometera sacraria L. and other immigrant
species. A number of these moths were clearly seen approaching from a
southerly direction and both Mark Parsons, who was present, and I felt we
were witnessing their actual arrival from the Continent.

In complete contrast the two H. undalis at Littlehampton appeared in
the two hours following dusk as did a host of other migrant species which
included six Spodoptera exigua Hb., five Mythimna loreyi Dup., two M.
unipuncta Haw. and single examples of Palpita unionalis Hb., Mythimna
albipuncta D. & S., M. vitellina Hb., Heliothis armigera Hb., Trichoplusia
ni Hb. and Chrysodeixis acuta Walk. Resident species continued to appear
after this time, but no further migrants suggesting that the above had
arrived at the earliest the previous night, if not before.— BERNARD
SKINNER, 5 Rawlings Close, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 147

Immigrant Lepidoptera in mid-Kent, September 1989.

Whilst walking through a field of grass at East Malling, Kent, on 21st
September 1989, I was pleasantly surprised to disturb an example of the
brown form of the Vestal moth, Rhodometra sacraria L. Encouraged by
this find, an mv trap was operated at East Malling on subsequent nights.
After the night of 26th September, a fine specimen of the pyralid moth
Euchromius ocellea Haw. was noted, at the last moment — its coloration
having rendered excellent camouflage against the background of an egg-
tray. —D.A. CHAMBERS, 15 Briar Close, Larkfield, Maidstone, Kent
ME20 6NA.

Perizoma blandiata Schiff. (Lep.: Geometridae) in West Sussex.

On the night of 2nd August 1989 I was surprised to capture a single
specimen of the Pretty Pinion moth, Perizoma blandiata, in fresh
condition at an mv light operated in a woodland ride near Midhurst in West
Sussex. So far as I am aware this is the first time this species has been taken
in southern England, though there are several unauthenticated 19th century
records, including one for Sussex (Pratt, C., 1981 A history of the
butterflies and moths of Sussex.)

A visit to the locality on the night of the 8th August failed to produce any
further moths and a daytime search of the area failed to locate any
Euphrasia officinalis (eyebright), the larval foodplant of this species.—
J.T. RADFORD, Bramblings, West Walberton Lane, Walberton, Arundel,
Sussex BN18 0QS.

Lozotaeniodes formosanus Geyer (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Somerset.
On 2.vii.1989, at Berrow, Somerset (vc6) I was pleased to take a specimen
of L. formosanus in a Heath trap in the garden.

Bradley, Tremewan and Smith (1973, British Tortricoid moths vol. 1) do
not include Somerset, although Turner (1955, Lepidoptera of Somerset)
says “*. . . a recently introduced species, which has established itself in some
pine woods. Taunton, m.v. 1955’’.

Since the publication of British Tortricoid moths, this species has
extended its range considerably from its original south-eastern distribution,
occurring as far north as Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, and west to
south Devon, Glamorgan (vc41) and Denbigh (vc50), although it has not
yet reached the westernmost counties. I am most grateful to Mr E.F.
Hancock for his helpful comments on this moth.— B.E. SLADE, 40 Church
House Road, Berrow, Somerset TA8 2NQ.

Plusia putnami gracilis Lempke and Agrotis ripae Hb. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in
Ireland.

On 15th July 1989 I took a specimen of P. putnami gracilis, Lempke’s Gold
Spot, which appears to be the first record for Ireland. The locality was an

148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

area of marshy ground on the shores of Lough Inchiquin, near Kenmare,
Co. Kerry.

Later in the year I visited numerous coastal sites in search of A. ripae
(Sand Dart) and as well as in the known localities found larvae on the
Dungarvan sandhills, Co. Waterford and at Castle Gregory, on the Dingle
Peninsula, Co. Kerry. The first record would appear to be new to the
County and the second makes the site the most northerly known locality on
the west coast.— BERNARD SKINNER, 5 Rawlins Close, South Croydon,
Surrey CR2 8JS.

A directory for entomologists by Duncan Reavey and Mark Colvin.
Amateur Entomologists’ Society. Pamphlet no. 14. 43 pp. Card cover.
1989. £2.30.

This useful little publication, printed entirely on recycled paper, was
produced in response to the numerous requests for information received by
officers of the AES. In many respects it is complementary to the volume
Entomology: a guide to information sources by Pamela Gilbert and Chris
Hamilton, aimed particularly at the non-professional and hobby
entomologist.

It is very much an address and contact list broken down into some 16
sub-headings including conservation organisations, national and local
societies and recording schemes, periodicals, museums, libraries,
exhibitions, butterfly houses and farms, education and training, trade
fairs, traders and other directories.

Inevitably some of the information will become rapidly dated, but much
is likely to stand the test of time. For a beginner this is a treasure trove of
information, and for the more experienced there is plenty of interest — for
example a list of museums with entomological collections. It is pleasing to
note that the Trade section is dominated by suppliers of literature and
equipment, with very few peddlers of dead insects. The Society is to be
congratulated on producing such a useul and inexpensive booklet.

Paul Sokoloff

Hadley Great Wood: the wildlife and history of Belfairs Nature Reserve
edited by B.M. Spooner and J.P. Bowdrey. 278 pp., Several maps and figs.
Paperback. South Essex Natural History Society. 1988. £6.75 (available
from 75 St Mary’s Road, Benfleet, Essex).
This comprehensive work on the flora and fauna of a local nature reserve is
the product of many years’ work by members of the South Essex Natural
History Society and others. Introductory chapters deal with the general
aspects of the reserve, from geology to conservation and pre-history to
educational uses.

The bulk of the book is a list of the animals and plants of the reserve.
Each group has a brief introduction, followed by an annotated list of the
species known to occur within the reserve’s boundaries. The text is

CURRENT LITERATURE 149

enhanced by numerous sketches to give the general reader a “‘feel’’ for the
group under discussion. Most records are treated with care, and those that
are dubious or doubtful are identified. Unlike many similar publications,
the coverage of various taxa is good, and there are extensive lists of insects,
including the lepidoptera, coleoptera and diptera.

There are many interesting snippets ranging from an unsolved murder in
the reserve to the effects of the great storm of 1987. The reserve appears to
be under some pressure from recreational use, and such a comprehensive
database can only be of value in assessing the changes that will inevitably
occur over the years. Considering the size and scope of the work, the price
represents excellent value.

Ecology and natural history of tropical bees by David W. Roubik. 514 pp.
Numerous figs. Boards. Cambridge University Press. 1989. $69.50.
Bees as a group display a wide spectrum of behaviours and ecological roles
that have provided biologists with a vast amount of material for study.
There are social and solitary bees, those that pollinate and those that
destroy flowers, those that can survive under water, nocturnal bees, those
that nest underground and those that nest in the tallest rainforest trees.

This volume draws together the vast amount of available information
into a readable and informative monograph.The author emphasises the
function of bees within the tropical biotopes and their interactions with
human populations. The linking themes are ecology, natural history and
evolution. |

The book is divided into five main sections, dealing with introductory
material, foraging and pollination, nesting and reproductive biology,
community ecology and appendices. There is an extensive bibliography.
The treatment is both scholarly and readable.

Butterflies of the British Isles: The Pieridae by Michael Easterbrook. 24pp.
32 figs (25 in colour). Shire Publications Ltd. 1989. £1.95.

We have reviewed a number of publications in the Shire Natural History
series in these pages, and have found them to be an excellent series —
covering a far wider range than just insects — sold at what might be
suggested is a ridiculously low price, considering all the volumes are
illustrated in colour.

In this book, the author considers the general biology of the Pierids,
including techniques for observing and breeding, and comments on each of
the species in turn. A surprising amount of information is packed into this
small volume. There is a useful series of line drawings showing sex and
brood differences between imagines of the Small White and Large White.
There are numerous colour illustrations of butterflies, eggs and larvae. The
reproduction of the colour slides is not up to the standard of some of the
previous volumes. Paui Sokoloff

150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

100 YEARS AGO

‘“SyNONYMIC NOTES ON THE MOTHS OF THE EARLY GENERA OF
Noctultes.”—I have to thank Mr. Tutt for calling my attention
(Record, pp. 9-10) to what he considers to be three serious errors in
my recent paper on “the earlier genera of NOCTUITES.”

One of these I am willing to admit may be a stupid blunder; though
on the other hand it may be the result of a careful study of the original
description of Agrotis ypsilon. I do not remember, and therefore I
can do no less than agree with Dr. Staudinger and others that 4. suffusa
shall be called 4. ypselon and not FPeridroma saucia. Curiously enough
I arranged them in our collection under these names.!

With regard to A. segetis it is the older name for the species and
must stand in preference to A. segetum.

Agrotis subgothica is admitted as a distinct species in Grote’s check-
list. 1t is a common North American species, and if it was ever taken
in England (as Stephens says) it was imported. It is quite distinct
from A. /¢rtticti—A. G. BUTLER, British Museum (Natural History),
South Kensington, S.W.

[If Mr. Grote considers 4. subgothica a species it is hardly possible
to get from the fact that the species should be called A. subgothica,
Grote, and not swbgothica, Haw. There is no doubt that swbgothica, Haw.
is a variety of ¢vz¢zct, and if Grote has described an American species
under this name it should be on his authority not Haworth’s.—Eb.]

* I think this is good prémé facie evidence that an error was committed rather than
that a probable change of names should take place.—ED.

EARLY SprinG Morus.—On Friday, January 31st (1890), I went
out to take some Hybernia progemmaria, a very variable species here,

and when I had just filled my boxes, I came upon Phigalia pilosarta on
the wing in scores, all flying round a dwarf holly bush ina hedge. I
had a man with a lamp with me, and fortunately we had a net each. I
had to resort to my pocket killing bottle, andmy man caught them
until my bottle was full, and we then had to give up. They swarmed
round the holly bush, but we could not beat any out. They ceased for
about five minutes, and then came again as thick as ever. I concluded
there were females about, but the most vigorous search failed to find
any trace. When I reached the inn and turned out my killing bottle,
there were 16 P. fzlosaria, all freshly emerged specimens, which were
very variable. The result of my outing was 16 P. pilosaria, 13 4.
progemmaria, 27 H. rupicapraria, 2 Cheimatobia brumata, and 2 Depres-
sarie (sp?). 1 do not consider this bad for the 31st of Januaryt The
night was still, warm, and bright moonlight..—B. BLayDEs ‘THOMPSON,
Harrogate.

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Contents — continued from back cover

The Holly Blue, Ce/astrina argiolus L. ovipositing on Pyracantha. A.A. Allen 146
Hellula undalis Fabr. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in 1989. B. Skinner 146
Immigrant Lepidoptera in mid-Kent, September 1989. D. Cheygles 147
Perizoma blandiata Schiff. (Lep.: Geometridae) in West Sussex. J.T. Redrord 147
Lozotaeniodes formosanus Geyer (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Somerset. B.E. Slade 147
Plusia putnami gracilis Lempke and Agrotis ripae Hb. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in

Ireland. B. Skinner are Bape eh FB tie aan sR te det Sr 147
aie mH ANIL Cer erey eee ae se hays RA (is ee ee ae td ee ine tee aed 148- 149
100 Years Ago. 150

FOR SALE
28-drawer Kendrew cabinet. Full details Ent. Rec. 101, issue 9/10.
£1,450. Buyer collects. Chestfield, Kent. 022-779 2286.

WANTED

Copy of Illustrated papers on British microlepidoptera. Offers to
K. Cooper, Abbeywood House, Newstead Abbey Park, Hucknall,
Notts NG15 8GD.

WANTED

Macrolepidoptera records for Dungeness, including migrants and
species not known to breed on the peninsula. I hope to publish a
review of status of resident and immigrant species, and all records
will be acknowledged. SEAN CLANCY, Delhi Cottage,
Dungeness, Romney Marsh, Kent TN29 9NE.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on I5th April 1890)

Contents

Some observations on the foraging behaviour of Formica fusca L., and successful
defence against Formica sanguinea Lat. N. Blacker . :

The Burnished Brass moth, Diachrysia chrysitis (Lep.: Mee rmicee) —a nets
specialist? P. Waring .

Lepidoptera in Vice-county 74 ipso. ime 1989. E. Fe ieaveeee hee

The genera C/lytus Laich. and Anaglyptus Muls. (Col.: Cerambicidae) in the
British Isles. R.R. Uhthoff-Kaufmann

Leptocerus tineiformis Curtis: a caddisfly new to ert om 'Pollerderenen Fou
Co. Kildare. J.P. O’Connor, J.P. Good & K.G.M. Bond :

Defoliation of willow trees in Northamptonshire by Willow Ermine en
Yponomeuta rorrella Hiibn. (Lep.: Yponomeutidae). S. Chesser .

Notes on, and a key to, the often-confused British species of Ampedus Gera
(Col.: Elateridae), with corrections of some erroneous records. A.A. Allen

Microlepidoptera — a review of the year 1988. D. Agassiz .

Notes and Observations
An early Hummingbird Hawkmoth in Kent. E.G. Philp :
Some interesting second and third brood records of eee seen in oda in

1989. S.M. Jackson :

Cyclophora pendularia Cl. Let Geometridae) n near Sages. pevsee.

G.G. Eastwick-Field . tee 2
Scopula imitaria Htibn. (Lep.: Geomemaee) —a more on Soleieieree PB K. West ;
Entomological patter. E.H. Wild.

A satyrid butterfly in a light trap. P. Roche

Migrant butterflies in 1989. A.J. Showler . .

Scaphisoma assimile Erichson (Col.: Sesutidhdze: in akon EB: G. Philp

A note on the life history of Semiothisa brunneata Thunb. (Lep.: ge
Rannoch Looper. B. Skinner . .

Lepidoptera new to Buckingham Panes Garden 2 in 1989. S, D. Eyal

The Celastrina year. D.G. Down .

Homoneura hospes Allen (Dipt-.: Larcenatidee a Pomerat A. A Allen

Hazel as an important larval foodplant of the Barred Umber, Plagodis da i”
(Lep.: Geometridae). P. Waring :

The non-feeding final instar of Lycophotia porphyrea ©. & S. ) )(Lep

Noctuidae). A.M. Emmet
An early Garden Carpet. C. Penney. .

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Yemen, Ibb, 1980. iE B. Laeen :
Migrant Lepidoptera from the Sussex coast in October 1989. A.P. Foster .
Further notes on Phyllonorycter leucographella (Zell.) (Lep.: Gracillariidae).

A.M. Emmet
Dates of emergence of Jibei pone E (use Canmerides in ‘Sou

Cumbria. N.L. Birkett Ee ioe es ae ANAS I

oF

103
107

111
1B le)
ce1y.
121
129
102
105
106
109
110
114
114
116
116
118
120
127
LZF
128
128
14]
142
143

144

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QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY 151

THE QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY USSORIA LATHONIA (L.))
(LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE) ON MADEIRA — RESIDENT OR
MIGRANT?

T.G. SHREEVE & A.G. SMITH
School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Polytechnic, Headington, Oxford OX3 0OBP

THE QUEEN of Spain fritillary (ssoria lathonia) is widespread throughout
the Palaearctic and resident in the Mediterranean region, but described as
migratory in the western part of its range (Emmet & Heath, 1989: p. 224). It
is also described as being resident in the Canaries (Higgins & Riley, 1973) and
present on the island of Madeira. When Wollaston visited the Atlantic
islands in the early to mid 19th century he described it as abundant
throughout Madeira. More recently it has been infrequently recorded. The
last known published date of its recording was December 1957, when it was
found at Choupana (near Monte) in the south of the island, by Gardner &
Classey (1960). Despite the number of visits that have been made to the island
by entomologists of various nationalities there are no published records
since, though G. Maul of the Municipal Museum of Funchal is aware of
occasional sightings since 1957.

We therefore think it worth recording that on a recent visit to Madeira by
ourselves two specimens were recorded at different locations. The first was a
fresh male on a south-west facing slope approximately one km due north of
Achada do Poiso on the ER208 road to Paul de Serra. This site was
approximately 600 m. in elevation and the butterfly was flying in a small
clearing in a eucalyptus grove between agricultural terracing and laurel and
heather forest. The second, of unknown sex, was feeding at roadside flowers
near Fonte da Pedra in an area of degraded laurel forest at a height of
approximately 1000 m. on the north-western slopes of Paul de Serra south of
Porto de Moniz. Both specimens were recorded on 10th September 1989. In
both sites there were scattered clumps of violets (species unidentified) which
we assume are the host plant of the species. Despite visiting much of the
accessible parts of the island during the period 7 - 21st September whilst
engaged in other work we found no other specimens of this butterfly.

Whilst we cannot definitely distinguish between this butterfly having
maintained its presence on the island or whether the specimens we found
were immigrants from the Canaries, North Africa or Iberia, we tentatively
suggest that the former may be the case for two reasons. Firstly, the two
specimens were in two locations on southern and north-western slopes some
12 km apart. If these two specimens represent part of a migration it is
surprising that no other specimens were found on the island. Secondly, the
sites where we recorded our specimens are those which appear to be less
frequently visited by entomologists, particularly in the north -west which has
only recently been made more easily accessible by a new road from Paul de
Serra to the north-west tip of the island. This site was part of a very extensive

152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.v.1990

area of laurel forest where steep slopes make observations difficult. The
butterfly may have maintained itself in this region.

We therefore hope that this part of the island will be visited by others
and the presence of this butterfly reported.

References

Baker, G.T., 1891. Notes on the Lepidoptera collected in Madeira by the late
T. Vernon Wollaston. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1891:
197-221.

Gardner, A.E. & Classey, F.W., 1960. Report on the insects collected by E.W.
Classey and A.E. Gardner expedition to Madeira in December 1957. Proceedings
and Transactions of the South London entomological and natural history society,
1959: 184-206.

Emmet, A.M. & Heath, J., 1989. The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ire-
land ), Vol. 7, Part 1: Hesperiidae-Nymphalidae. Harley Books: Colchester.

Higgin, L. & Riley, N.D., 1973. A field guide to the butterflies of Britain and Europe.
2nd edition. Collins: London.

Hydraecia petasitis Doubl. (Lep.: Noctuidae) The Butterbur in Angus.

I took a female H. petasitis at light on the sandhills of Lunan Bay, Angus, on
23rd August 1988. Apart from being new to the County this species does not
appear to have been previously reported north of the counties of Midlothian
and Stirlingshire. The foodplant, Petasites hybridus flourishes in the nearby
Lunan Water and further investigation is needed to ascertain whether or not
this normally sedentary species is resident.— BERNARD SKINNER, 5 Rawlins
Close, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS.

Purple Hairstreak in swimming poois.

I was interested in Mr Percival’s note (Ent. Rec. 102: 4). I have also rescued
Purple Hairstreaks from our pool here, although only two and those a few
years ago. I have never seen the butterfly in the garden although they do
occur locally. It may be that the pale blue colour is attractive to this butterfly
but in our case, after 30 years, the blue colour of our pool is more of a
memory.

Here, butterfly victims of the pool are in the minority, and usually
Meadow Browns or Whites. Moths are more frequent after muggy nights,
mainly the frailer geometrids (although two specimens of the Waved Black,
Parascotia fuliginosa L. last year were a bit of a surprise). Noctuids seem to
be able to get up enough steam, like a hydrofoil, to escape.

This reminds me of a different form of ‘‘suicidal’’ behaviour witnessed last
spring, when burning up tarred timbers from a storm-blown barn. I was
horrified to see a Speckled Wood ignore the smoke, and fly, about six feet
from the ground above the hottest spot, where it perished.— H.
MACKWORTH-PRAED, Tunbar, Headley, Epsom, Surrey.

IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1989 153

THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES
IN 1989

R.F. BRETHERTON! and J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT?
' Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE
? 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG

NINETEEN EIGHTY-NINE proved eventually to be a very good year for
immigrants. Numbers of most species were small until mid-July but then
rose progressively through August and September and reached very high
levels in late October, with some overlap into November. The very sunny
summer helped both the observation and the local breeding by early
arrivals, though the prevalence of clear nights kept down numbers of moths
which attended light traps. It is not clear how far local breeding contributed
to numbers in the autumn, but it was sufficient to make it difficult to
define the precise timing of immigrations of many species, which certainly
continued on a very large scale. An outstanding feature was the abundance
of the Wainscot moths, with White-speck (Mythimna unipuncta Haw.) and
the White-point (Mythimna albipuncta D. & S.) especially prominent.

Another feature of the year was the appearance suddenly in great
numbers in Essex, Norfolk and elsewhere of species which have not
previously been regarded as immigrants. These included the Common
Wainscot (Mythimna pallens L.), the Tineids Yponomeuta evonymella L.
and Y. rorrella Hb, Ethmia terminella Fletcher, and the Noctuid Beautiful
Golden Y (Autographa pulchrina Haw.}, of which 72 appeared on a single
night in Orkney. The question whether some or all of these were due to
local population explosions or to immigration is still under discussion, and
they have not been listed in Annexe II of this paper. But it can be noted
here that a species new to the British list, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke, was
trapped at Bradwell-on-Sea, South Essex on 23rd October by A.J. Dewick,
along with several certainly immigrant species. Other species, well spread in
their dates but in outstanding total numbers, were the Red Admiral
(Vanessa atalanta L.) and the Vestal (Rhodometra sacraria L.).

The rarities included the Pyrales Antigastra catalaunalis Dup., Uresipita
polygonalis D. & S., Maruea testulalis Geyer and Hellula undalis Fab. 1989
was the best year ever for undalis (only two previous records). Also notable
were the butterflies Berger’s Clouded Yellow (Colias alfacariensis Berger)
and Long-tailed Blue (Lampides boeticus L.); macro moths Tawny Wave
(Scopula rubiginata Hufn.), Striped Hawk-moth (Hyles livornica Fabr.),
Silver-striped Hawk-moth (Hippotion celerio L.), Great Dart (Agrotis
crassa Hb.), Tunbridge Wells Gem (Chrysodeixis acuta Walk.), Flame
Brocade (Trigonophora flammea Esp.), Orache Moth (Trachea atriplicis
L.) and Bloxworth Snout (Hypena obsitalis Hb.). From the Channel
Islands were Pine-tree Lappet (Dendrolimus pini L.), Oak Processionary
(Thaumetopoea processionea L.) and Guernsey Underwing (Polyphaenis
sericata Esp.). Most of these were only in single examples.

154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

Table I. COMMONER IMMIGRANTS 1989
Dateable records only; approximate. Britain only.

C. cardui
A. tpsilon

ry

tq]

3
j

He . noctuella
iw)

ie P. xylostella

'
L
bs
[o'e)
=< V. atalanta

(oe)

Ol ar] m] co] se =

a P. saucia
OLN m1 ho hm

ON
~
N

> | oH
2 |e
i
Cc
~”A
er
—
gle
60] Oo
OAS)
|
tral
% Sy Iles re) C. croceus
~ ]o]n 1d] BR],
~~)
—
Jes
AN
ON
B
is
ON
—
—
~
&
Sha
Se A all ead

pS
Nn
—
—
-
~~]
—
\O
fms
—
[°<)
Nn
N

6

©)

-— | CO
m— 1] ON
Ss] Nn
Ca] —
—
m1 ©
NPN

1v%)
el LD
&} Oo
00} Nn

qn bo
Bl. | His

PN uo} | — M. stellatarum
rr) =| | 0 Bl Al AT] NO| I~
a

—
Nn
nN
S NO
="
S CO] ~I] ] ee] ee

Totals 1988 | 1383 | 674 1830 | 343

NOTE. The numbers of dateable records are considerably smaller than estimates of the total records received.

—
NM
NM

Of the butterflies the Clouded Yellow reversed its scarcity in 1988 to
show 1989 as probably the best year since 1983. Two were seen on 5th May
in the Cuckmere Valley, Sussex and a few widely scattered singles in June
and July. Major influxes began on 2nd August and continued as new
arrivals or survivors through that month and much of September mainly to
the south coast of Devon, where over 60 were scored in daily watching at
Slapton Sands with the last on 6th October. It was well spread elsewhere
along the coast and inland to Dartmoor, but we have only one record on
the north coast, at Combe Martin on 2nd September. They were also
common in both east and west Cornwall. Five were seen together at Land’s
End on 25th October and the last at Par on 12th November may have been
late immigrants. Eastwards it was fairly numerous in Dorset, where 24 were
counted at Portland Bird Observatory and as many elsewhere. But there
were only two each in Hampshire and West Sussex and none in Kent or
Essex, though two at Felixstowe, east Suffolk on 15th October.

Inland it was seen in very small numbers only in Wiltshire,
Warwickshire, Worcestershire and north to South Yorkshire and
Lancashire. There is no clear indication of local breeding. A few were seen
in Guernsey. In Northern Ireland less than ten were seen, and in the
Republic we know of only about a dozen. The main influx appears to have
been wholly from the south-west, with little if any association with other
immigrant species.

IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1989 155

The Red Admiral was first reported at Ventnor, Isle of Wight in early
January and at Swithian, West Cornwall on 21st January. These may have
been winter survivors, but there was a small but clear cut influx to the
south- west late in March, from which a female was watched as it laid eggs
at Pershore, Worcestershire on 30th March, and another, more general, in
the third week of May which gave its first record to Canna in the Inner
Hebrides. The usual invasion beginning on 16th June was large and very
widespread through many English counties to Aberdeen, Caithness,
Orkney and again the Isle of Canna in Scotland. Survivors from it probably
accounted for scattered records in much of July, but arrivals began again in
force in its last ten days and continued well into August, when it reached its
highest numbers. It remained very numerous through much of September
and into October. That month contained most of the reported “‘last
dates’’, but a few stragglers, some still fresh, were about even in Scotland
during the first half of November.

Well grown larvae were first noted at Muston, South-east Yorkshire on
27th July and in several other places in early August. These probably
resulted from the June invasion, and the regularity of regular records of
adults without marked peaks of numbers in August and later suggests that
many were locally bred. An interesting exception was the observation at
Spurn Head, South-east Yorkshire of southward flights on August 18th
(107), 19th (117), 21st (146) and again on 23rd September (120), which must
surely imply very heavy successful breeding somewhere to the north. It was
probably the combination of large immigrations from abroad with
extensive internal movement by their native bred offspring which accounts
for its appearance in so many inland counties, including many for which we
have no dated records. A habit of the species probably previously
unnoticed is its drinking during the drought from seawater in August and
September (O’ Heffernan, Ent. Rec. 102: 45).

In Northern Ireland a total of at least 900 Red Admirals was observed
from 23rd April to 23rd November (S. Rippey) and in the Republic from
him and from other sources we have about 40, to which can be added an
estimate of 1,000 seen flying or at rest on walls near the lighthouse at Galley
Head, Co. Cork in the afternoon of 29th September, with a single Clouded
Yellow. This is the only account of a mass arrival in 1989 which we know of.

The Painted Lady with only about 300 reported sightings made a poor
showing after its abundance in 1988. The first were seen singly at East
Prawle, South Devon, on 22nd and 24th January, and at Ballaugh, Isle of
Man on 21st January. A few came sporadically off the sea to South Devon
in April and May, and at the end of that month and in early June there
were records curiously spread from Cornwall and Sussex to Yorkshire,
Aberdeen and Canna in the Inner Hebrides, with others later which were
still mostly of singles and also widely spread, on the western side through
Somerset and some of the Midland counties to North Lancashire and again
on Canna. But the first numerous influx came only in late July and

156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

provided many of the mounting number of records in July and August.
There were others which cannot be clearly dated then and in September and
again with other immigrants in late October and into November. The last
was seen at Plymouth, South Devon on 24th November. Larvae were
found on the island of Colonsay and traces of them on Canna, and one on
Wormwood in Warwickshire in late August, but there are also accounts of
unsuccessful search for them in several places where adults had been seen.
About 70 were reported in Northern Ireland from 25th May to 30th
October, mostly in Co. Down, and a few further south. In Guernsey the
report is of a fairly good year, with sightings from 18th July to August.

The Hummingbird Hawkmoth clearly benefited from the summer sun,
which gave it good mobility and wide distribution after arrival, the first in
April and May in Cornwall. It was mostly seen singly at any one time and
place, and the more than 240 records which have reached us came from
very many observers, spread over some 30 counties north to Cumberland in
England and Aberdeen in Scotland. That in Cumberland was seen high on
the Pennines at 1,150 feet. It was first seen at St Columb, 27th March and
Marazion, Ist April, in West Cornwall. There were several others in April
and May and in June the numbers rose to 20. July and August was its time
of abundance. Numbers dropped away after mid September and through
October, and the only record in November was at St Germans, East
Cornwall, 11th November. In Guernsey nine were recorded at seven sites
from 11th July to 21st September.

Larvae were found in Kent at Dungeness on 25th July and Greatstone
Dunes on 2nd August; in Sussex on White Bedstraw in Friston Forest, 25th
July; South-east Yorkshire at Flamborough and Filey, 28th and 29th
August; and in Somerset at Berrow, eggs from a female on Ist August
hatched Sth August, gave a pupa on 28th August and imago emerged 26th
September. If this was typical of development in the wild it seems likely
that some of the later moths were locally bred.

In Northern Ireland Hummingbird Hawks were seen in Co. Antrim, Co.
Down, Co. Tyrone, Co. Armagh and Co. Fermanagh from June to mid
September; in the south regularly in late July in Co. Cork and in Co. Kerry.

The Dark Sword-grass (Agrotis ipsilon Hufn.) had an outstanding year,
with c. 3,500 covered by our records. The big numbers were registered in
light traps which were regularly operated throughout the season, of which
the two at Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex scored 1,065 and those in Dorset at
Portland Bill 657, and at Durlston Country Park 932. Two which were seen
at Monmouth and in the Isle of Wight on 4th and 10th January may have
been autumn remnants. Averages of about 30 in March, April and May
were not exciting, but the second half of July gave sudden abundance. This
continued in August and reached its highest in September. Numbers
dropped to about 500 in October, and there were still many in November,
with the last at Bradwell-on-Sea on 7th December. The dating of records

IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1989 157

suggests that there was a considerable influx with other immigrants in late
October. There were no reports of the larva, which feeds cryptically at or
below ground level. But past rearing in captivity from eggs laid on 9th July
gave moths from 25th to 30th September. In the warmth of 1989 there
should have been time for early immigrants to produce moths in the wild
before the winter; but there is no evidence that they did so.

Despite its high total numbers, recorded distribution was only to about
20 counties, only six of which were inland. The large numbers were
essentially south and east coastal. In Northern Ireland we have only four
records, from Co. Down and Co. Armagh.

The Pearly Underwing (Peridroma saucia Hb.), which often comes with
Agrotis ipsilon, had a total of nearly 400 with much the same pattern of
timing and reverse of the scarcity of the previous year. One was seen on Ist
January (S.A. Knill-Jones, Ent. Gaz. 40: 186). There were two at Ronague,
Isle of Man on 23rd March, but nowhere many until the end of June, and it
shared only weakly in the general immigration of late July. Numbers rose
sharply in August and reached about 200 in September with good
continuance in October and November, with the last in South Wiltshire on
21st November. Distribution was broadly similar to that of Agrotis ipsilon,
but only to 17 counties with none north of South-east Yorkshire and inland
only in Berkshire, Nottinghamshire, Warwickshire and South Wiltshire. In
the Isle of Man it appeared at one site on six nights from 7th to 28th
September, and in Ireland twenty specimens were recorded in Co. Cork on
9th and 10th August.

The Silver Y (Autographa gamma L.) was as usual the commonest
nocturnal immigrant, but the dateable records suggest that it was
considerably less numerous in most months than in 1988, and this is
supported by comments on its scarcity in several places both coastal and
inland. In 1989, a few widely scattered, were reported in the first week of
January which may have been survivors from the autumn. A few noted at
the end of March were part of a small immigration with other species, and
between 20th and 27th May there were over 80, some of them as far north
as South-east Yorkshire and the Isle of Man. Thereafter numbers were less
than in 1988 until a high peak of about 1,850 in September, and about 50
reported in November, with the last at Wash Common, near Newbury,
Berkshire and Penzance, Cornwall on 20th November. One was seen with a
M. unipuncta, on Skye in the Hebrides on 10th October. It was reported
abundantly in Berkshire but only in small numbers inland in
Nottinghamshire, Northants, Surrey, Warwickshire and Wiltshire,
accounting in all for less than 6% of the total dated records. In Guernsey it
was seen at eleven sites on about 20 nights; in Northern Ireland in Co.
Antrim, Co. Armagh, Co. Down, Co. Fermanagh and in the south at
Fountainstown, Co. Cork, but apparently nowhere in large numbers.

The Rush Veneer (Nomophila noctuella D. & S.) was very unusually

158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

scarce, with some 560 dated records, less than one-third of those in 1988.
As then, there were few in the early months, but though numbers began to
rise in July they never approached those of 1988, the total of about 50 in
October was conspicuously lower than the high peak of the previous year.
It was noted in only 17 counties, including Guernsey. We have no
information about it in Ireland.

The Rusty Pearl (Udea ferrugalis Hb.) on the other hand, did very well
with a total of about 420 dateable records in a curious pattern. It is usually
regarded as essentially an autumn immigrant commonest in October and
November. But in 1989 the records began with one at Penzance, Cornwall
on 25th May, several in June, over 40 in July, and a peak of at least 170 in
August. Numbers dropped sharply in September but rose again through
October to a lesser peak of over 60 in November. More than half the
records came from Cornwall and many from Dorset, otherwise in declining
numbers along the south coast to Kent; on the east coast, at Bradwell-on-
Sea, in a total of 38, 13 came in a sudden peak on 28th October, but only
four were in November. Two in South-east Yorkshire were the most
northerly. Inland it was only reported in Berkshire, Warwickshire and
Wiltshire. In the Isle of Man it was seen from 6th June to 3rd September,
and in Guernsey in good numbers from 20th May to 31st October. In
Ireland we have heard only of a few at Fountainstown, Co. Cork, 4th to
8th August, and one at Curracloe, Co. Wexford, 11th September.

The Diamond-backed moth (Plutella xylostella L.), which is probably
more Often ignored than counted, had fewer records than in 1988. The first
was at Sparsholt, Hampshire, Ist April and the last at Burghclere, also
Hampshire, 31st October, with most in July. It was widely spread, reaching
Yorkshire and Aberdeen and Colonsay in Scotland, and in Guernsey it was
numerous at ten sites from 25th May to 9th September.

Approximate monthly numbers of dateable records of the commoner
immigrants in Britain are given in Table I. All records of the scarcer species
are detailed by locality and county in Annexe II and are summarised
monthly in Table II. These include some from Ireland but are not a full
account for it. It brings out very clearly the importance of the great influx
of the scarcer Wainscot (Mythimna) species, already referred to. The White
Speck (M. unipuncta) with over 500 was far more plentiful than ever
known before. The White Point (M. albipuncta) and the Cosmopolitan (M.
loreyi) were similar cases. The Vestal (R. sacraria), about 280, also shared
in these influxes, but was not more numerous than frequently in the past.
So did some other scarce species, making a total with the ten commoner
species of 29 immigrants in all for this autumn period. Apart from this it
was a year of frequent immigrations usually in small numbers. Those in late
July and early August provided most of the rarities. Origins must be
speculative, but France or Spain are the most probable. It is significant that
none of the sub-tropical species which sometimes reach us from north

IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1989 159

Africa were reported, and there is no clear indication of arrivals across the
North Sea from Scandinavia.

The number of our recorders has now risen again to about 180, with
records sent directly or indirectly to us or drawn from other publications.
We are very grateful for these, and we thank especially those who provided
the results of detailed daily observations or moth trapping over much of the
season. We have again, as usual, adopted the Watsonian system of counties
and their vice-counties as our basis, and we ask recorders to do so where
this differs from their postal addresses. The history and advantages of this
system have recently been discussed by M.G. Morris (Ent. Rec. 102: 25-30).

(to be concluded)

Lomographa species (Lep.: Geometridae) and FEriogaster lanestris Linn.
(Lep.: Lasiocampidae) overwinter fully developed in the pupa.

I read with interest Adrian Riley’s note on overwintering pupae of
Chloroclystis v-ata, some of which had fully developed moths inside (Ent.
Rec. 102: 38). I have experience of breeding Lomographa temerata D. & S.
and L. bimaculata Fabr. In both species the wing markings of the moths
become clearly visible through the pupal skin in the autumn. They over-
winter at this stage with the moth apparently fully formed and hatch the
following summer. I have only bred very small numbers of these species but
they have all developed as described. I suspect that these Lomographa
species always Overwinter in this way.

An entry in my notebook on 12th December 1977 states that I had four
Friogaster lanestris pupae. Two male and one female pupae had fully
formed moths inside and one female did not but was still alive. Two males
hatched on 26th March 1978 but the female pupae died. South (The moths
of the British Isles) states that this species may overwinter for two or three
years and has been known to emerge after seven years. He states that the
moth is said to be fully developed within the chrysalis all the time.— Dr
B.P. HENWOOD, 4 The Paddocks, Abbotskerwell, Newton Abbot, Devon.

Hippotion celerio L. (Lep.: Sphingidae) Silver-striped Hawk-moth in
Dorset.

On the night of 26th/27th September 1989, Dick Chatelain and I operated
several mv lights on the cliff tops overlooking Swanage Bay, Dorset.
Favourable weather conditions and reports of migrant activity in the area
boded well, but around midnight, after five hours of trapping, with a single
Mythimna albipuncta D. & S. being the only possible immigrant our
optimism had distinctly started to wane. Two hours later when even the
resident species had ceased to appear we decided to call it a night.

160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

At about 2.30 am, within seconds of extinguishing my last lamp, a male
H. celerio audibly landed on the sheet and it was almost sacrilege to box
such quivering splendour. With renewed enthusiam we resumed full
operations and within fifteen minutes Dick was rewarded with a gravid
female Heliothis armigera Hb. from which we both reared a fine series.

In the past H. celerio had the occasional ‘‘good’’ year, but more
recently, reported visits to Britain have been much declined; and I can find
but eight records for the 1970s and only four others for the 1980s.—
BERNARD SKINNER, 5 Rawlings Close, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS.

A melanic form of Paradarsia extersaria Hubn. (Lep.: Geometridae) in
N.W. Kent.

Melanic forms of this moth would seem to have been distinctly rare in
Britain, there being but two specimens, both ab. variegata Raebel, in the
National Collection, one undated from S. Devon and the other from the
New Forest, 13.vi.1899; a third specimen is noted by Chalmers-Hunt
(Butterflies and Moths of Kent 3, 1981) from Bickley, June 1912. Ford
(Moths, 1953) however, states that there are several melanic forms of
extersaria, two of which, including variegata, occur in a few Kentish woods
and that their genetics do not appear to be known. Melanic extersaria
seems not to be mentioned elsewhere in the standard textbooks, including
Barrett (Lepidoptera of the British Islands, 1901) and curiously Kettlewell
(The Evolution of Melanism, 1973).

At the Annual Exhibition of the British Entomological and Natural
History Society in 1987 D. O’ Keeffe exhibited a specimen of variegata from
Petts Wood, Kent, 27.v.87, and the following year B. Skinner exhibited
several obtained at mv light in the woodland near my residence, taken
8.vi.1988. That year two specimens were noted at my garden mv light, on
June 12th and 26th. In 1989 I understand further specimens were
encountered at mv light in these woodlands at Dartford by B. Skinner and
R. Chatelain, while on 14th June I found a specimen settled upon the trunk
of a sweet chestnut tree at the edge of the woodland; another visited my
garden mv light on 9th June.

These, and other woodlands, in N.W. Kent have been well worked
entomologically for over a hundred years, so this sudden appearance of
melanic extersaria in some numbers, especially during a period when
atmospheric pollution has dramatically decreased, is surely remarkable,
although it may be accompanying a local population increase in the species
over the past few years. My garden mv light has been in operation since
1969, but extersaria was not observed at it until 1976 (1), and after that not
until 1984 (1), and then annually from 1986 (3), 1987 (1), 1988 (11) to 1989
(10). A further intriguing question is which are the Kentish woodlands
referred to by E.B. Ford, are there specimens from them in existence, and
if so, where are they located?— B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent
DAS 2HN.

THE BRITISH CALLIDINI 161

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE CALLIDINI TRIBE
(COL.: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN THE BRITISH ISLES

RAYMOND R. UHTHOFF-K AUFMANN
13 Old Road, Old Harlow, Essex CM17 0HB

Introduction

THIS little group of British Longhorn Coleoptera includes some of our
smaller but most beautiful beetles. All four are to a major or minor extent
destructive to external woodwork, although present-day methods of
treating unstripped timber has reduced the considerable damage that can be
caused by these insects.

Alphabetical symbols used are those advocated by Balfour-Browne
(Kaufmann, 1989): italicised letters mean that the distribution is
widespread and those in parentheses indicate doubtful or unconfirmed
records; a dagger (+) signifies an importation.

Callidium violaceum L.

The range of this beetle stretches from Cornwall and then along the coastal
counties of the Channel, East Anglia, and the central Midlands to as far
north as Cumberland. There is as Welsh record and a few from Ireland, but
the beetle has not been reported from Scotland.

ENGLAND: BD BK (BX) CB CH CU DM+ DT DY EC EK EN ES EX
EYt GE GW HT LLN LRLS MX NH NM NO NS NW OX SD SE SH
SLt+ SRST WK WN WO WS WW Wx.

WALES: GM.

IRELAND: ANT DU SK.

The larva of this species is a pest; it is found in the dried bark of dead
beech, birch, juniper, larch, oak, maple, Scots pine, silver fir, spruce and
fruit trees on which it feeds beneath the bark, and more particularly where
the growths are used with their bark intact in the manufacture of ‘‘rustic’’
outdoor fittings, such as summer houses, garden seats, pergolas, palisades,
etc. Duffy (1953) questions its presence in the bark of alder and willow. The
damage is superficial but it causes the bark to loosen and fall off,
completely spoiling the appearance of the products the larvae infest;
standing timber does not seem to be attacked. The larva is sometimes
present in great numbers in stacked, unstripped poles and logs in timber
mills and completed outdoor furniture makers’ stocks. It is very
occasionally found in stripped finished woodwork.

The larva is parasitised by the Ichneumons, Coleocentrus caligatus Grav,
and Ephialtes manifestor L., and by the Braconids, Doryctus striatellus
Nees, Helcon aequator Nees, H. carinator Nees, H. dentator F., H.
rusparator Nees. A possible parasite is the fly Stevenia umbratica Fln.

The life cycle is variable and may last from two to three years, pupation

162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

taking place in the brood wood, with the adults emerging from April until
July — there is a very early record for February — when they are about
until August. The beetle visits hawthorn blossom but is more usually taken
off old posts and railings, and, of course, the finished goods it spoils.

C. violaceum is a local, sometimes very common beetle which varies in
colour from a typical shining blue-violet to green (v. virescens Stierlin) or
purple (v. salessei Pic).

Pyrrhidium sanguineum L.

Forty-five years ago, based on records that had been published over the
previous years, an attempt was made to show that this species was not a
beetle indigenous to this country (Kaufmann, 1944). He was wrong: a few
years later (Lloyd, 1950; Allen & Lloyd, 1951) this scarce, beautiful scarlet
insect, clothed in iridescent red pubescence, and illustrated by Donovan in
the early 1800s, was rediscovered in a very ancient forest area in Moccas
Park, thus corroborating the comments on pabulum made by Curtis (1830)
and Stephens (1831). Since the late Mr Lloyd’s observations, there is solid
evidence that the beetle now occurs in a few isolated localities in similar
habitats, where if undisturbed it may continue to extend its range. Its
distribution was formerly largely confined to the south-west, some of the
western counties and Wales. Of course, some of the older records are
certainly of importations, but Pyrrhidium is now very vulnerable and on
the list of endangered Cerambycids (Shirt, 1987). If it is to survive it should
be left to complete its life cycle, protected from the attentions of over-
enthusiastic collectors.

ENGLAND: DT HF L MM SD SE+ SP SL+ (SR) SY+.
WALES: A BR RA.
SCOTLAND: ED#.

The most favoured pabulum of the larva is the oak, whose thicker
branches, crown, felled trunks and stumps it attacks; it is also known to
affect other deciduous hardwoods, including beech, chestnut, elm,
hornbeam and fruit trees. It has been found in pine (Fraser, 1948). It does
less damage than the following species but is known to infest unstripped
stacked wood.

It is host to a number of parasites, namely: —

Bracon truncorum Gour., Chaeropachys colon L., Dibrachys cavus W\k..,
Doryctes gallicus Reich., Ipobracon obscuripennis Ths., Neoxorides nitens
Grav., Pyracmon xoridiformis Hlgr., P. xoridoides Str., Spathius rubidus
Rossi, Xorides filiformis Grav. and X. praecatorius F. Apart from those
Hymenoptera, the larvae is also parasitised by the Diptera, Billaea
triangulifera Zett. and possibly Phryne vulgaris Fall.

Metamorphosis varies between one and two years. Pupation usually
occurs in March and April, eclosion taking place from then until June; but

THE BRITISH CALLIDINI 163

should it be deferred until the late summer, then the beetle overwinters
until the following year. During its transitory adult life the imago
sometimes visits flowers, but it evidently prefers to stay basking in the
sunshine near its host tree. No adults have been found in the open beyond
June.

Like some other Cerambycids with strong mandibles, sanguineum has
been known to bite its way through metal sheeting (Houlbert, 1912) and, in
a laboratory, through a lead crucible (Laing, 1920); there is also a curious
instance (Léveille, 1897) of its eating through a pile of gelatine
photographic plates.

The uncertainty about the status of P. sanguineum in Great Britain as to
‘whether or not it was a native or an imported species is reflected in the
British catalogues published over the last 150 years; ten such list it as
indigenous, seven as an importation and two omit its name altogether.
Unfortunately our latest catalogue (Kloet & Hincks, 1977) erroneously
includes it as adventitious.

Phymatodes testaceus L.
A beetle that ranges from the base of the south-west peninsula, the south-
east, the Home Counties, East Anglia, some western areas and the central
Midlands but not beyond Cheshire and south Yorkshire and Lancashire.

ENGLAND: BD BK BX CB CH DM+ DT DY EK EN ES EX GE GW HF
HT IW L LN LR MX MY+NE NM NO NS NW OX SE SHSL SRST SY
WK WN WO WS WW WX.

WALES: GM.

SCOTLAND: ED+.

The larva usually attacks the branches, dead boles and unstripped logs of
deciduous trees, but it also infests coniferous growths including apple, ash,
beech, birch, blackthorn, elm, hazel, hemlock, Hicoria, hornbeam, horse
chestnut, larch, maple, oak — its favourite host plant — pine, poplar, sour
cherry and willow. On the Continent it damages hop poles and vine props.
The larvae of Trinophylum cribratum Bates, an Indian Coleopteron which
has established itself in English oak in a few localities, has been found to be
also present in that tree where it is already heavily infested with P.
testaceus.

The larva of the latter is host to nearly a score of Hymenopterous

Ichneumonids and Braconids which include:—
Cheiropachys colon L., Coelocentrus caligatus Grav., Doryctes gallicus
Reinh., D. leucogaster Nees, Echthrus reluctator L., Ephialtes mesocentrus
Grav., E. manifestator L., E. tenuiventris Holmg., FE. tuberculatus
Fourcr., Helcon carinator Nees, H. tardator Nees, Iphiaulax flavator F.,
Ischnocerus filicornis Kriechb., Neoxorides nitens Grav., Pteromalus
bimaculatus Rtz., Spathius exarator F., S. ferrugatus Gour., Xorides
filiformis Grav., and X. praecatorius F.

164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

Metamorphosis is variable; in suitable conditions it can be as short as one
year; when they are adverse, it may extend to three winters. Pupation takes
place from March until May, the perfect insect emerging, sometimes by the
hundred, where the damage it causes is extensive, throughout the early
summer until August. P. festaceus is at its commonest in the southern
counties. It may be beaten off hawthorn but more frequently it settles on
old posts and wood piles. Crepuscular by nature, the beetle usually shelters
under the bark in daytime. It is attracted to light and entomologists’
“‘sugar’’.

The insect is often imported into this country in unstripped logs and is of
economic importance in the tan bark industry, where, although the damage
it does may be superficial, it is nevertheless costly. P. testaceus has also
bored through finished products such as oak planking and finished
carpenters’ stocks. A record from abroad relates how it gnawed its way
through a bale of silk (Duffy, 1953).

The imago, which is drawn by Martyn (1792), is subject to considerable
variation, colour forms which have been divided into three sections, viz.,
unicolourous testaceous, bicoloured yellow-brown and blue, and its blue,
green and violet forms (Klausnitzer & Sander, 1981). Villiers (1978)
categorises the varieties differently, describing 27 of them and illustrating a
dozen. Many of them will occur in this country and in our collections: very
few records have been published.

v. melanocephalus Ponza ENGLAND: BK IW LR.

v. analis Redt. ENGLAND: BK IW.

Vv. praeustus F.* ENGLAND: IW.

v. fennicus L.* ENGLAND: IW LR.

* Listed only in Crotch’s 1863 British catalogue.

P. (Poecilium) alni L.
The distribution of this beetle is still rather patchy, ranging along the
Channel coast, some of the Home Counties, Fenland, parts of the West
Midlands and the north, but not farther than Cumberland; unrecorded
from either Scotland or Ireland.

ENGLAND: BK CH CU DM DT DY EK ES EX GW HF HT HUIWL LR
MM MX NH NW OX SD SE SH SR WK WN WO WS WX WW (WY).
WALES: DB.

The larval stage is spent in recently dead or decaying twigs, slender
branches and freshly cut unstripped palings of alder, ash, aspen, chestnut,
elm, fir, hazel, maple, oak (its preferred pabulum) and rose. Its only
parasite is the Hymenopteron, Spathius rubidus Rossi.

Metamorphosis is usually completed within a year, but the life cycle
sometimes extends to a two year period. Pupation takes place during the
spring, the imagines emerging in April and May; thereafter, the beetle,
which runs very swiftly, may be taken until August by sweeping or beating

THE BRITISH CALLIDINI 165

bundles of faggots, hop and vine poles, hurdles, posts and railings,
woodstacks, brambles, hawthorn, old oak scrub, in whose withered tops it
will shelter, and rhododendrons.

A fairly common, pretty little beetle, causing the occasional infestation
but not regarded as a serious pest, as many as 24 beetles have been found in
a 25 cm. length of branch (Demelt, 1966).

The elytral fasciae vary considerably, ten forms of which are drawn by
Villiers (1978). It is also depicted by Martyn (1792).

Acknowledgements
The following are thanked for their information and records: —
A.A. Allen, D.B. Atty, M. Collier, J. Cooter, R. Key. Mrs B. Leonard,
Librarian, Royal Entomological Society, D.R. Nash and Professor
J.A. Owen.

References

Allen, A.A. & Lloyd, R.W., 1951. Pyrrhidium sanguineum L. (Col.:
Cerambycidae) as a British species, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 87: 157-158.

Aurivillius, C., 1912. Cerambycidae in Junk, W. & Schenkling, S., Coleopterorum

Catalogus, 39: 343-353. Berlin.

Chinery, M., 1986. Insects of Britain and Western Europe. London.

Cooter, J. & Cribb, P.W., 1975. A Coleopterist’s Handbook. 2nd ed. Feltham.

Curtis, J., 1830. British Entomology, 7, pl. 295. London.

Demelt, C. von, 1966. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 52:2. Bockkdfer oder
Cerambycidae, 1. Jena.

Dibb, J.R., 1948. Field book of Beetles. Hull.

Donovan, E., 1793. The natural history of British Insects, 2, pl. 61, fig. 1. London.
— , 1813. Idem, 16, pl. 553, fig. 1. London.

Duffy, E.A.J., 1953. A monograph of the immature stages of British and imported
Timber Beetles (Cerambycidae). London.

Fowler, W.W., 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 4. London.
— & Donisthorpe, H.StJ.K., 1913. Idem, 6 (Supplement). London.

Fraser, M.G., 1948. Pyrrhidium sanguineuum L. (Col.: Cerambycidae) in Lanca-
shire, Entomologiust’a mon. Mag., 84: 161.

Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A., 1966. Die Kdfer Mitteleuropas, 9.
Krefeld.

Hall, C.A., 1914. Common British Beetles. London.

Harde, K.W., 1984. A field guide in colour to Beetles. London.

Hickin, N., 1987. Longhorn Beetles of the British Isles. Princes Risborough.

Houlbert, C., 1912. Dégats produits par le Criocephalus rusticus dans les bois de
construction, /nsecta: 2(24): 310, footnote 7.

Joy, N.H., 1972. A practical handbook of British Beetles. 2 vols. 2nd ed.

Ear ye do nn :

Kaufmann, R.R. Uhthoff-, 1944. Is Pyrrhidium sanguineum L. (Col.: Cerambyci-
dae) a British Insect?, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 80: 261-262.
— , 1946. On some doubtful or rare Longicornia (Col.) included in the new Check
List of British Insects, /bid., 82: 181-185.
— , 1948. Notes on the distribution of the British Longicorn Coleoptera, /bid.,
84: 66-85.

166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

— , 1989. Browne versus Watson: Round two, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 101:
61-63.

Klausnitzer, B. & Sander, F., 1981. Die Bockdfer Mitteleuropas. Wittenberg
Lutherstadt.

Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D., 1977. A check list of British Insects, 11 (3), Coleoptera
and Strepsiptera: 71. 2nd ed. London.

Laing, F., 1920. Insects damaging lead: supplementary note, Entomologist’s mon.
Mag., 65: 12.

Léveillé, A., 1897. Sur la destruction de clichés photographiques par un Coleéoptere,
Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 66, Bull.: 122.

Linssen, E.F., 1959. Beetles of the British Isles, 2. London.

Lloyd, R.W., 1950. Pyrrhidium sanguineum L. (Col.: Cerambycidae) in Hereford-
shire, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 86: 36.

Lyneborg, L., 1977. Beetles in colour, English edn., Vevers, G. Poole.

Marsham, T., 1802. Entomologia Britannica, 1, Coleoptera. London.

Martyn, T., 1792. The English Entomologist, plate 25, fig. 15; plate 26, fig. 23;
plate 28, fig. 14. London.

Pic, M., 1900. Catalogue bibliographique et synonymique des Longicornes
d’Europe et des régions avoisinantes: 49-51. Lyons.

Shirt, D.B. (ed.), 1987. British red data books: 2. Insects. Peterborough.

Spry, W. & Shuckard, W.E., 1840. The British Coleoptera delineated. London.

Stephens, J.F., 1829. A systematic catalogue of British Insects: 200-201. London.
— , 1831. Illustrations of British Entomology, Mandibulata, 4. London.
— , 1839. A manual of British Coleoptera. London.

Villiers, A., 1978. Faune de France, 1. Coleoptera: Cerambycidae. Paris.

Westwood, J.O., 1839. An introduction to the modern classification of Insects.
London.

Winkler, A., 1929. Catalogus Coleopterorum regionis palaearcticae 10: 1173-1174.
Vienna.

Variation in Adalia bipunctata L. (Col.: Coccinellidae)

Each year some three to five per cent of the Adalia bipunctata L. coming
out of hibernation turn out to be varieties, but at Kew during March 1990,
the proportion of such varieties was much higher at 17% (six out of 36
specimens noted). These were three quadrimaculata, two bar-annulata and
one duodecempustulata. — A.J. BALDWIN, 33 Defoe Avenue, Kew
Gardens, Surrey TW9 4DS.

Eudonia mercurella (L.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) reared from Kidney Vetch

On 16th July 1988 the late Dr K.C. Greenwood found a larva in the seed-
heads of Kidney Vetch, Anthyllis vulneraria L., at Harbury, Warwicks. He
reared an imago therefrom, which emerged on 10th August and was later
identified as E. mercurella by R.J. Barnett, then of the Herbert Art Gallery
and Museum, Coventry, where the specimen now rests. This is a most
extraordinary record, as the larva normally feeds on mosses (vide Emmet,
1988, A Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera 2nd ed.).— JOHN
ROBBINS, 123b Parkgate Road, Coventry CV6 4GF.

WEST COUNTRY REVISITED 167

THE WEST COUNTRY REVISITED

B.R. BAKER
25 Matlock Road, Caversham, Reading, Berks.

I FIRST went to Cornwall some forty years ago and when, from time to
time, I visit familiar places it is always with a sense of great anticipation.
Speaking entomologically there have been many blanks during those forty
years, but perhaps this isn’t a bad thing. It makes one even more
appreciative of the occasional ‘‘good night’’ such as 18th September 1975,
given mention in Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 88: 83-86.

On 30th September 1989, we again went back to Cornwall, always in
hope, but in reality not expecting very much. From Reading down to The
Lizard is not far short of 300 miles so almost anywhere west of the Tamar
Bridge is welcomed as a short break in the journey. We chose a familiar
back-lane near Herodsfoot and sat on a sunny bank which seemed alive
with Lycaena phlaeas (L.) and even the occasional Lasiommata megera
(L.). High overhead a buzzard mewed, a pair of raven indulged in leisured
acrobatics and it was good to be back in the West Country.

That night I set up the trap in the small garden of the thatched cottage
which was to be our home for the next week, then took the Tilley to the ivy
on the nearby cliffs. Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) was there along with
Peridroma saucia (Hb.) and Mythimna I|-album (L.) — the night was mild
and promised well for the following morning. A promise fulfilled, for
there, as if inviting comment by its conspicuous position, sat an Agrius
convolvuli (L.) on the white wall of the cottage. Outside and inside the trap
were many Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.) (to prove the commonest moth of
the week), several markedly ochreous Eumiichtis lichenea (Hb.) (so
different from the Portland form), some very fresh Polymixis flavicincta
(D. & S.), two late P. xanthomista (Hb.) and two fresh Mythimna
unipuncta (Haw.). This wainscot revived memories of 1975 when, thanks
to a co-operative female, I was able to raise a large November/December
brood. Nothing quite equals one’s first glimpse of a new moth, especially if
it is a migrant, but to see wnipuncta again after a long absence was still
breath-catching. We recorded a total of eighteen during the week, the moth
appearing every night except one. Yet on that particular night when
unipuncta stayed away, a very welcome female Mythimna albipuncta (D. &
S.) awaited in the trap. Apart from E. postvittana micros were few at light
during the week — two Mecyna asinalis (Hb.) on 4th October, two
Nomophila noctuella (D. & S.) and a single Udea ferrugalis (Hb.) on the
6th.

It was a surprise to see a single Habrosyne pyritoides (Hufn.) on 3rd
October, but other lepidopterists will also probably record unusual second
broods arising from the warm summer weather of 1989. Butterflies also
produced some additional broods — as well as the previously mentioned

168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

phlaeas and megera, a single male Polyommatus icarus (Rott.) was flying
on the 4th October in Kynance Cove. This famous beauty spot had few
holidaymakers on that sunny October afternoon, and such as there were
had all succumbed to the spell of the sands. I headed up the back valley and
in no time had the place entirely to myself. Ever mindful that a friend had
seen a Danaus plexippus (L.) here in 1981, I climbed the steep slope, found
a convenient, sun-warmed ledge and watched and waited until the shadows
lengthened. From time to time small groups of swallows swept down
towards the sea, numerous Vanessa atalanta (L.) fluttered over the ivy
blooms, a solitary (and very ragged) Cynthia cardui (L.) warmed itself on
the path — but of plexippus there was no sign. Another year perhaps we
can try again, but the time spent in that sun-lit valley was not wasted. Had I
not waited there the two peregrine falcons, poised high in a blue sky, would
have been disporting themselves without a single human to admire their
display.

A late Xestia agathina (Dup.) on 7th October was a newcomer and, as we
packed the car on that last morning, a single Macroglossum stellatarum
(L.) was busily inspecting the red valerian in the cottage garden. It was dull
and sun-less but the weather in no way deterred the hawkmoth from its
early morning feed. At 8.30 am the previous morning another specimen (or
perhaps the same one) had been similarly engaged, though then on valerian
the other side of the cottage.

Every visit to Cornwall ends too soon, but this year we were to linger
awhile in the West Country by staying briefly with friend John Robbins on
Exmoor.

On the drive northwards we had the rising wind at our backs and the car
fairly hummed over Davidstow Moor. We sidetracked briefly to see if the
years had changed Crackington Haven — our last visit was in 1950 when
Maculinea arion (L.) still flourished not far distant. On this October day,
the gaunt headland was as impressive as ever, perhaps more so with no
sunlight to relieve its black mass and an angry sea pounding down below.
As for the hamlet it seems not to have suffered the passage of time, the air
of remoteness is still there though the hotel is not as we remembered.

The winds increased throughout the day and as we topped the climb up
over Countisbury the radio programme was interrupted to announce
““storm force ten imminent in sea area Lundy’’. It was soon upon us — the
moors were misted out, visibility was negligible and we descended Porlock
with more than usual care.

That night seemed an impossible one for mothing, but seventy-five posts
were sugared and the trap lit in a sheltered corner of John’s large garden.
As expected, no moths came to those windswept posts, but Agrochola
helvola (L.) and Lithophane leautieri (Boisd.) managed to reach the trap as
had an impressive Vespa crabro (L.).

The storms gave way to a day of autumn sunshine and we were taken toa

WEST COUNTRY REVISITED 169

secluded Exmoor combe which seemed alive with Pieris brassicae (L.).
They were everywhere, floating over the heathery slopes, whilst phlaeas
was common as in Cornwall. Sweeping produced some useful Coleophorid
records, Col. Emmet having asked John to try for C. juncicolella Stt. and
C. pyrrhulipennella Zell., both apparently unrecorded for v.c.5.

Our Exmoor visit however will probably best be remembered for insects
other than lepidoptera. Hornets, a scarce insect back home, had been noted
consistently at house lights ever since our visit here last June — twelve were
in the trap on 9th October. The nest must have been close by for a busy
flight path towards the garden shed was in operation, but difficulty of
access made us give up the search.

I was informed that ‘‘hornets are very docile at this time of year’’ — but
the many neatly severed moth wings seemed at variance with such a
statement. Even so, ones friends must be trusted so several worker hornets
were gingerly fingered out of the egg trays and released. Yet ‘‘best admired
from a distance’’ remains a conviction hard to dispel.

After six days the albipuncta eventually obliged with eggs, but the
comment in the literature ‘‘takes rather longer to feed up than do others of
the migrant Mythimnas is proving only too true!

Effects of the mild 1988 - 1989 winter on beetles in Worcestershire

No British winter for 330 years has been as mild as that of 1988-89. Despite
snow cover on 20th November 1988, the whole of the ensuing period was
exceptionally mild; in the second half of December some southern English
counties were the warmest places in Europe. At this time temperatures in
south Worcestershire regularly reached 14°C, some 9°C above the normal
mean.

This note describes the effect of that winter on terrestrial beetles (and
one or two others of climatically non-buffered niches) largely in OS grid
square SP/03, Worcestershire. Many terricolous beetles that overwinter as
adults move to local refugia, presumably in response to climate. Rank, low-
lying grassland is a favoured biotope for many.

In 1988, this dispersal took place right up to the snow of 20th November,
involving in the third week of the month such species as Anotylus
complanatus (Er.), Oxytelus laqueatus (Msh.), Stenus fuscicornis Er.,
Philonthus longicornis Ste., Quedius schatzmayri Grid., Atheta excellens
(Kr.), Aphodius sphacelatus (Pz.), A. obliteratus Pz. and Chaetocnema
hortensis Ste.

170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

Bembidion properans (Ste.) was active in late November, and fresh
adults were observed in late December; Omalium oxyacanthae Gr. was in
flight in late November, Atheta fungivora (Th.) active in early December.
In many cases a high level of activity was maintained through the whole
winter period (Atenus bimaculatus Gyll., S. brunnipes Ste., and Aphodius
sphacelatus (Pz.) this last through November, rarely in December,
throughout January, or for a part of it, viz Onthophilus striatus (Forst.),
Nossidium pilosellum (Msh.) late December; Catops fuliginosus Er. and C.
grandicollis Er., early to mid-December, the latter in cop.; C. nigricans
(Spence) late December and first half January; O. /aqueatus mid-
December; Rugilus orbiculatus (Pk:) end December; Quedius fumatus
(Ste.) early December; A/oconota gregaria (Er.) mid-November to early
December; Atheta nigra (Kr.) late December and all January; Aphodius
obliteratus and Leiosoma deflexum Pz., late December.

Carabidae active during mid-December included Notiophilus biguttatus
F., Agonum marginatum (L.) and Trechus obtusus Er.; during late
December Bembidion femoratum Stm., B. quadrimaculatum (L.),
Acupalpus meridianus (L.) and Badister bipustulatus (F.). A particularly
interesting record at this time and a true measure of the climate was the
finding of the widespread adventitious species Cercyon unipunctatus (L.).
Anotylus inustus (Gr.) was active throughout January, and Leistus
spinibarbis (F.), Staphylinus melanarius Heer, and Atomaria lewisi Reit.
early in the month.

Abraeus globosus (Hoff.) remained active through December and
January; later in January Cercyon terminatus (Msh.) and Phyllotreta
nigripes (F.) were observed more frequently. An Encephalus complicans
Ste. was obseved in mid-January.

It would be a mistake to draw too many conclusions about these mani-
festations of climate; they need not ultimately act in favour of the species
mentioned, which may for instance need to face competition from new
colonists. The advanced appearance of species of Bembidion, Aphodius
and Leiosoma early in 1989 led to no evidence of an increase in their
numbers in the area in question.— P.F. WHITEHEAD, Moor Leys, Little
Comberton, Pershore, Worcs WR10 3EP.

(As an immediate footnote to this communication, I record the following
Coleoptera as a part of a much larger assemblage active in a pile of straw stable-
bedding at Broadway, Worcs on 4.i1.1990: Cercyon haemorrhoidalis (F.) several
hundred; C. melanocephalus (L.), C. terminatus (Msh.); C. unipunctatus (L.);
Cryptopleurum minutum (F.); Onthophilus striatus (Forst.); Peranus bimaculatus
(L.); Ptenidium pusillum (Gyll.); Lithocharis ochracea (Gr.); Philonthus discoideus
(Gr.); P. longicornis Ste.; Quedius cruentus (Ol.) 90% ab. virens Rott.; Q.
mesomelinus (Msh.); QO. molochinus (Gr.); QO. nemoralis Baud.; Crataraea suturalis
(Man.); Clambus pubescens Redt.; Ahasverus advena (Walt.); Ephistemus globulus
(Pk.); Mycetaea hirta (Msh.); Anthicus floralis (L.). Co-incident has been the very
strongly marked decrease of Cercyon spp. in many of their normal rank-grassland
winter quarters in the local area. Is this an expression of climatic warming?)

MOTHMANSHIP 1H

MOTHMANSHIP
(HOW TO BE ONE-UP AMONGST LEPIDOPTERISTS)

PART III: MIGRANTS

E.H. WILD
7 Abbots Close, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Dorset BH23 5BH.

IT MUST be admitted that, in the case of scarce migrants and major
varieties, luck plays a major role for the collector, no matter how wise he is
in field craft. Some of us do have amazing good fortune, time and again
while others never strike lucky. There is no merit in this, but it happens.
Consider. I once found a fully grown larva of Lasiocampa quercus and
remembering that I needed one replacement, took it home where it spun up
at once. What emerged was the unique female with male coloration. Others
might have reared hundreds without a trace of variation. Or, again, I
decide to take a different way home and Cosmolyce boeticus settles on a
hedge in front of me and allows herself to be caught in the only plastic tube
I have in my pocket for emergencies. I can think of a dozen others who
seem to have this sort of luck, but I also remember so many hard working
others who never experience the thrill of the early post-trap phone call to
the grape vine. Their collections are beautifully set and arranged, but never
a rare migrant or super var. in sight, never a specimen to be photographed
at The Exhibition. Most stumble across one or two jewels in a lifetime but
what of those who never do? Is there a ploy by which they can keep their
end up?

As far as vars. go the only hope is to plug away on an extended course of
inbreeding, double the number of traps and seek pastures new and they
must expect things to turn up — they must not give way to despair.
Optimism breeds luck. But where migrants are concerned there are a few
ploys which have been exploited, among others, by the late P.B.M. Allan.
You must make a virtue of necessity.

P.B.M. was a delightful character and his books are most entertaining,
but he was the first to admit that he had never turned up anything unusual
in his life. To be fair, he collected in pre-m.v. days but if he had had
luck .. . Ihave found both auricoma and fraxini at rest on tree trunks at
Ham Street, took my first sacraria on a gas-lamp in Croydon, and even
netted ononaria dusking with a torch on the bridge in Tilgate Forest! Now
the Old Moth-hunter does not despise rarities. His books are full of them.
He devotes many pages to casting doubts on many species which time has
shown to be regular visitors, some of which, like /unula and compta have
since become well established. His other ploy is to denigrate the importance
of such chance visitors, on the grounds that they do not differ on the two
sides of the Channel, as if dispersal, migration, and colonisation were not
quite as interesting as which part of a leaf his prominent larvae eat.

There are others like him around. The gentlemen who only collect “‘Our

JL 722 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

indigenous species’’. Let them find nerii in their trap one morning! Will
they cast him forth? And should they retire to the south coast they can
scarcely avoid those nights when migrants make up half the catch. No,
there is no real gambit for the unlucky ones except the rueful smile and the
shrug of the shoulders. Do you remember a past treasurer of this Journal,
Peter Renshaw? His young daughter pestered him for a chance to catch a
butterfly. He gave her a net. Her first capture was a halved gynandromorph
Pieris rapae. So start training the family at once!

A word of warning. It does not pay to take chances with your luck.

One night in Worth Forest, where I was sharing my sheet with B.M.,
who had provided transport, I rashly wandered off to speak to Richardson
who was below in the swamp. On my return, B.M. showed me a moth
which had just come in and which he did not recognise. So, alas, the
deceptoria intended for me went to another. The same mistake cost me
dear on Portland. I had offered my pet spot to T.P. who needed a species
which usually was taken there. Within a short time he had an ostrina! Still,
to be honest, T.P. is pretty lucky himself.

Finally, for those who do not know the tale, there was the great
Watkinson Ploy. After a meeting in Maidstone of The Entomologists of
Kent, we had all taken over the snug on the Local. It was a mild night and
the window was open to let out the fug. Suddenly a moth buzzed round the
lamp to attract all eyes. It settled for a moment and someone shouted
““ni!’? There was a furious uproar as empty beer mugs and matchboxes
came into play and in the scuffle it was realised that there two of them.
Then Watkinson was spotted releasing a third. He had been doing work on
them as pest species for his firm. We rapidly lost interest but it was an
exciting few moments and the emptied glasses were soon refilled.

One solution for unlucky Northerners, if they want to keep up with the
Joneses, is to move to Freshwater.

References

Wild, E.H., 1989. Mothmanship (How to be one-up amongst lepidopterists) Part I:
Namesmanship, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 175-176.
— , 1989. Mothmanship (How to be one-up amongst lepidopterists) Part II: ploys
with light. [bid. 239-240.

Eilema pygmaeola pygmaeola Doubl. (Lep.: Arctiidae) in Lincolnshire.
Four examples of this species were caught on the nights of 7th and 8th July
1989 in a Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap at Saltfleetby (Site no. 471).
This appears to be a new county record for the Pigmy Footman. The
specimens were most probably immigrants — several other immigrant
species being seen along the coast at about the same time.— C. PENNEY,
109 Waveney Drive, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 5QA.

HABITATS FOR GARDEN TIGER 173

GARDEN TIGER MOTH, ARCTIA CAJA L. (LEP.: ARCTIIDAE) —
A CLUE TO THE IDEAL HABITAT FOR THE SPECIES?

P. WARING

Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough.

I READ with interest the notes on A. caja in this Journal (West, 1989). As
in previous papers Mr West again draws attention to the apparent gaps in
the literature concerning the habits of even the more common British
moths and their larvae and to the need for more quantitative information. I
would therefore like to record some observations on the comparative
abundance of A. caja at Woodwalton Fen National Reserve, Cambs.

On the night on 13th/14th August 1987 I operated six actinic Heath traps
(Heath, 1965) all night on Woodwalton Fen and recorded a total of 49 A.
caja including at least two females which laid eggs on the egg boxes lining
the traps. The highest numbers of adults were recorded on the edges of two
sites which consisted of tall fen vegetation heavily dominated by several
years’ growth of standing reed, Phragmites australis, but with herbs and
forbs present, particularly stinging nettle, Urtica dioica (NCC compart-
ments 29 and 56). Each of these two traps contained 12 A. caja, an
impressive sight. On a site where the fen vegetation was growing back after
having been cut and removed the previous year, a trap captured nine adults
(compt. 46). A trap on the edge of sallow carr (compt. 51) captured six
adults and a trap on the edge of the ‘‘copper-fields’’ (compt. 37) which are
now also dominated by reed, captured three adults. Only the saliow carr
and copper-field sites had trees and shrubs nearby on which eggs might
have been laid as proposed by Shaw (1985).

The larvae of A. caja are also seen regularly by visitors to the fen. On Sth
May 1987 I saw over twenty part-grown, post-hibernation larvae. These
were in several groups feeding on young stinging nettle plants amongst dry
reed litter on the edges of paths through the fen vegetation. The larvae were
not concealed and were easy to spot as they sat in the weak sun. They were
not under trees or shrubs. On 3rd June 1989 I photographed a final instar
larvae feeding on a taller nettle plant on the edge of a bank of reeds on the
margin of the fen. The larvae have also been reported on several occasions
feeding on the great water dock, Rumex hydrolapathum, that grows on the
fen (R. Harold, reserve warden, pers. comm.).

I have encountered A. caja in many places in Britain, both as adults and
larvae but no-where have I had so many adults in a Heath trap or seen so
many larvae in a day as at Woodwalton Fen. Chippenham Fen, Cambs also
has a large population of A. caja. I have not trapped there at the peak of
the flight period for this species but on a visit on 18th/19th August 1987 a
total of 13 were captured in six Heath traps (including five in one) and the
species had already been on the wing there a month earlier, for on the night
of 20th/21st July 1987 I recorded four using six Heath traps.

174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

My experience from a variety of sites indicates two results which may
prove to be general. Firstly the larvae of A. caja do not conceal themselves
when feeding and are often found in full sun. Probably their black colour
assists them to warm up at the beginning and end of the year to facilitate
activity and digestion, as has been shown by Porter (1982) for the black
larvae of the Marsh Fritillary butterfly Eurodryas aurinia. Secondly the
sites in which I have trapped most adults have been in open habitat where
rank herbs and forbs are present in quantity.The moth is present in
woodlands but less numerous. For example between 1984 and 1986 in
Bernwood Forest on the Oxon/Bucks border adult A. caja turned up at the
rate of one or two per night per Robinson trap (Robinson and Robinson
1950) in late July and August if the trap was situated on a ride. At Heath
traps only three A. caja were recorded in two years of weekly trapping at
six sites within the wood. Two of these moths were on rides, one was
trapped in a recently-coppiced plot and none were recorded under the
canopy of broadleaved trees, so the moth could hardly be described as
common in Bernwood. It was more frequently seen at my family home
eight miles away at Kidlington, Oxon, where I operated a Robinson trap
most weeks of most years from 1976 to 1986 in a large garden surrounded
by other gardens and also fields grazed by cattle and horses. Here I
sometimes caught three A. caja per night in the Robinson trap, seldom
more, and in 1985 when I also operated a Heath trap on a weekly basis I
caught none in the latter. At Park Farm larvae were occasionally found
feeding on broad-leaved dock, Rumex obtusifolius and dandelion,
Taraxacum spp. but at this and other sites they were usually encountered
when full-grown, running across roads, tracks or open ground, and so
provided no host-plant information.

Clearly A. caja is more common in some habitats than in others. The
apparent variation in numbers of moths on different parts of Woodwalton
is Of interest and would be worth further investigation. The sites on the fen
where most A. caja were trapped and where the larvae were seen all have a
plentiful supply of dry stubble and litter. This was less well developed at the
other sites on the fen though it was present within 50 m of each, over which
distance A. caja presumably has no difficulty flying.

Another site where I trapped rather more A. caja in a night than
elsewhere (ten in a Robinson trap on 29th/30th July 1979) was a sunny
open bank at Sydlings Copse nature reserve, Oxon. A prominent feature of
this bank was dry bracken and gorse litter. This year R. Louch (pers.
comm.) trapped 22 A. cajain two Heath traps on 8th/9th July 1989, on the
edge of Otmoor, Oxon. This is another area which is wet, open, has much
rank vegetation and also much tussock grass, Deschampsia cespitosa, and
other litter for winter refuges. However, these numbers are completely
dwarfed by the colossal totais of over a hundred specimens in a Heath trap
in a night reported by Dunn and Parrack (1986) ‘‘among the more mature

HABITATS FOR GARDEN TIGER K75

coastal dune systems’’ in Northumberland and Durham. Elsewhere in these
counties they report that A. caja is fairly common in lowland ‘‘areas of
rough grassland with mixed vegetation’’.

I am not aware of any reports of overwintering A. caja larvae burrowing
below the soil surface. This is unlikely considering their pelage of long hairs
and such places on the fens are likely to be water-logged. In captivity the
larvae are best overwintered outdoors, among absorbant tissues (R. Fry
pers. comm.) or on corrugated card, in shelter. If conditions are too airy
the larvae dry out but heavy losses occur in damp conditions (R. Fry pers.
comm.). The presence of plants which die down to produce dry litter which
does not completely collapse and lose its structure over the winter may be
of value in providing suitable overwintering sites for the young larvae.This
could be as important in supporting large populations of A. caja as the
availability of suitable host-plants growing in sunny situations. If so, then
the species will be vulnerable to over-tidiness in gardens, hedgerows,
ditches, field margins and elsewhere during both summer and winter.

Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire
Naturalists’ Trust for permission to trap in Sydlings Copse and the Forestry
Commission for permission to trap in Bernwood Forest. Oxford Polytech-
nic financed the work at Bernwood and the work at Woodwalton Fen and
Chippenham Fen was done during a contract with the Nature Conservancy
Council.

References

Dunn, T.C. and Parrack, T.D., 1986. The moths and butterflies of Northumber-
land and Durham Part 1. Northern Naturalists’ Union.

Heath, J., 1965. A genuinely portable m.v. light trap. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.
77: 236-238.

Porter, K., 1982. Basking behaviour in larvae of the butterfly Euphydryas aurinia.
Oikos 38: 308-312.

Robinson, H.S. and Robinson, P.J.M., 1950. Some notes on the observed behaviour
of Lepidoptera in the vicinity of light sources together with a description of a light
trap designed to take entomological samples. Entomologist’s Gaz. 1: 3-20.

Shaw, M.R., 1985. Semi-arboreal habits of Spilosoma and Arctia species.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 97: 31-32.

West, B.K., 1989. Some comments on the life history of the Garden Tiger moth,
Arctia caja L. (Lep.: Arctiidae). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 255-259.

Melanism in Biston betularia L. (Lep.: Geometridae) in Kent.

In Ent. Rec. 100: 39 I noted apparent changes in the relative proportions of
the three forms of B. betularia attracted to mv light at Dartford from 1970
until 1985. Based upon four year periods the statistics indicate a distinct
decline in form carbonaria Jdn. The period 1986 to 1989 shows a continued

176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

decline in form carbonaria Jdn. The period 1986 to 1989 shows a continued
decline, although as with the previous four year periods, only when the
four years are considered as a whole. Below is the table showing the
percentages of the three forms from 1970, inclusive of the period 1986 to
1989.

Yearly sample

% typica % insularia % carbonaria average
1970-1973 14.5 Tas) 78 J)
1974-1977 10.5 13 76.5 107
1978-1981 by 11 72 99
1982-1985 19 16.5 64.5 102
1986-1989 DS, 21 54 164

These figures show several interesting trends, and perhaps the most
significant is not the continued relative decline of carbonaria, but the
remarkable percentage increase in this decline between these four year
periods respectively — 1.5%, 4.5%, 7.5% and 11.5%. Form insularia
Th.-Mieg. has however not similarly declined relative to normal betularia,
indeed it has increased from 7.5% for period 1970-1973 to 21% for the
current four year period. However, it must be remembered that lightly
marked insularia merge imperceptibly into typical betularia in appearance,
and so figures used in comparison contain a considerable subjective
element.

When the four year periods are broken down into individual constituent
years the relative increases and decreases of the various forms are seen to be
by no means regular; for example in the period 1986-1989 inclusive,
carbonaria fell from 61% in 1986 to almost 51% in1987, with normal
betularia rising to over 32%, about double that for insularia at 16.5%. In
1989 carbonaria reached its lowest figure for the twenty years at 45.5%, the
other two forms being about equal close to 27%. Such differences from
year to year have been a constant feature.

The carbonaria recorded have been the form with the blackish wings, but
with the white spot at the base of the forewing, and white on the head and
legs; I have not encountered the completely black form. The exceptions
have been a few specimens similar to those representing carbonaria in its
early days in the last century, having some vestige of a postdiscal white line
on all wings. Jnsu/aria range from specimens difficult to differentiate from
type specimens to those closely resembling carbonaria, but all having
speckling to some extent on thorax and abdomen, with the exeption of a
small number possessing a totally black abdomen and thorax. Type
specimens are invariably well speckled and contrast with the paler forms
from western Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland.— B.K. WEST, 36
Briars Road, Dartford, Kent DAS 2HN.

CIS FESTIVUS AND CIS VESTITUS 7

NOTES ON THE SPECIES-PAIR CIS FESTIVUS PANZ.
AND C. VESTITUS MELL. (COL.: CISIDAE)

A.A. ALLEN
49 Moltcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

MANY of us have probably found that this pair of closely-allied species
can be puzzling to discriminate with certainty. From a recent thorough
overhaul of my material, points arise with respect to both recognition and
relative incidence, which appear worthy of notice.

Diagnosis

In an examination of synonymic problems among the British species of Cis,
the late D.K. Kevan (1967) published a key to these two species and C.
Dygmaeus Marsh. (pp. 140-2) with further notes and some helpful figures.
Based (presumably) on ample material in the Royal Scottish Museum
collection, it could fairly have been expected to be the last word on the
subject. However, I find some of the characters given for the separation of
the present pair less than satisfactory as stated — valuable as the paper
undoubtedly is overall.

Looking over the very full and detailed key to the two species and the
figures of pronota etc., one receives a confident impression that the
separation should be straightforward, even easy; yet with the actual insects
before one it can be a different matter, and such confidence may rather
soon evaporate! It is almost as though the author had not fully grasped the
wide range of variation shown by C. vestitus, not only in colour but also in
size, degree of dullness of pronotum, etc, compared with the relatively
stable C. festivus. This would be understandable if he had been working
with a small number only of the former species, but nothing is said
regarding the extent of the material on which the key was based.

In all this I of course refer to externals alone; the male characters, both
primary and secondary (abdominal), differ a little in the two species, but —
apart from their limitation to one sex — their use is hardly practical for set
specimens of such small fragile beetles. They are well figured by Kevan (p.
141).

Perhaps the best single criterion I have been able to find is one included
by Kevan (alone of British authors) in his key, but with qualification;
whereas both Lohse (1967: 293) and Hansen (1951: 150, 158) give it
prominence as a leading character, which it appears to deserve. It concerns
the fringe of raised and somewhat reflexed scales on the front margin of the
pronotum. In C. festivus this fringe is well-developed, plainly longer than
that on the side-borders; in C. vestitus on the other hand it is shorter than
the lateral fringes, often indistinct or virtually absent. This feature is best
examined from the side and a little from behind, and is a most useful means
of distinction in doubtful cases. It should be considered in conjunction

178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

with others as far as possible, but is probably alone almost determinative.

Well-developed and typical specimens of festivus (males in particular)
have a distinctive facies, appearing rather stouter and a trifle less elongate,
the pronotal side-borders more expanded and rounded basally where they
are slightly or evidently wider than in vestitus; the width across them, in the
male, almost exceeding that of the elytra — a point well made by Fowler
(1890: 210).

The diagnostic value of pronotal microsculpture appears limited, though
used by Joy (1932: 557) and stressed by Kevan. It is said to be nearly absent
in festivus, but is quite visible throughout (even if weak) in my few
examples of that species. Consequently, while strong reticulation indicates
vestitus, weak reticulation is ambiguous. Also, body-colour varies more in
the last-named than Kevan seems to allow for, as does that of the antennal
club to some extent. However, a dark (even slightly darkened) club points
strongly to vestitus, and so does a dark upperside and small size; in festivus
the club is always pale and the dorsal surface always brown, never blackish.

Relative incidence

Here a surprising fact emerges: the consensus among authors is that
festivus is decidedly the less rare of the two, yet I can in no way reconcile
this view with my own experience spread over some 60 years — as will
appear below. Kevan expresses no opinion; Fowler (1890) notes festivus as
“not common’’ and gives it a range from southern England to the Scottish
Highlands, and vestitus as rare with much fewer scattered localities up to
Teesdale (pp. 210, 211). Lohse (1967: 293), under vestitus*, states that it is
(in mid-Europe) much rarer than festivus (which latter he associates with
fungi of the genus Stereum). Joy (1932: 557) marks both species as rare,
giving a similar distribution to Fowler with the addition of two Irish
provinces for festivus. Local lists tend to lack both species. Of modern
county lists I shall take but one as representative, namely that for
Gloucestershire (Atty, 1983: 82). This lists festivus only, from fungi on
willows: three records, two of single specimens and one of six, the latest
1921.

For contrast with the foregoing, it will be instructive to list concisely, in
chronological order, my finds of each species, together with a few others in
my collection (placed last):—

C. festivus: Brockenhurst, New Forest, SH, off aspen, 22.v.35;
Ruislip Woods, MX, under bark of stump, 8.v.48; Epping Forest, SE,
off birch, 11.vi.50; New Forest, 9.vi.14 (probably ex D. Sharp). All
single specimens.

C. vestitus: Chilham, EK, polypori on elm, 17.viii.31; Ridge Way near

*I take the opportunity to correct an error of attribution here: Lohse writes that vestitus is
regularly beaten from oak branches in summer in England, but the species in question is
really pygmaeus.

CIS FESTIVUS AND CIS VESTITUS 179

Eastnor, HF, two by beating, viii.36; Aviemore, EI, polypori on spruce
and pine, vi, vil.38; Ham Street Woods, EK, old oak boughs, 7.v.50; Blean
Woods, EK, ditto, 13.ix.50; Savernake Forest, NW, bracket fungi on
beech, a colony, 10.vi.60; Greenwich Park, WK, small polypori on elm,
c.1964; Blackheath, WK, ditto on beech, a colony, 26.vi.71; Shooters Hill,
WK, two swept under oaks, 2.vii.83; ditto, small fungi on pine log,
17.vi.85; Hartlebury, WO, beech, 27.11.28, G.H. Ashe; ditto, fungus,
xi.28; Nethy Bridge, EI, 15.v.46, id.; Colyton, SD, flood refuse, 4.xii.52,
id.; Lower Beeding, WX, xi.30, H. Dinnage; Haywards Heath, EX, xi.33,
id.

Conclusion

The above records speak for themselves; the problem is to account for the
huge disparity they show, in the light of what has been said. Subject to the
experience of other collectors being not too different, I can only regard
C. festivus as very rare for a long time past, and C. vestitus as (now at all
events) widespread and far from uncommon. Errors of identification may
have been frequent in earlier times, and many specimens formerly passing
as festivus may perhaps have been vestitus; some of the collectors who
supplied records to Fowler could well have misunderstood the two species.
This alone, however, can hardly be the whole story. Rather, what seems to
have happened is that the status of the two species in Britain (but not in
mid-Europe, teste Lohse) has undergone a radical shift during the past
half-century or more, festivus becoming very much rarer as vestitus
increased correspondingly. No reason can be offered for such a
pronounced reversal, but several parallel cases could be adduced — our
two species of the longicorn genus Mo/orchus, for instance. The descriptive
term ‘‘see-saw effect’’ might be an apt one to apply to this phenomenon.

References

Atty, D., 1983. Coleoptera of Gloucestershire. Cheltenham.

Fowler, W.W., 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 4. London.

Hansen, V., 1951. Danmarks Fauna: Biller XIV (Clavicornia, 2). Kobenhaven.

Kevan, D.K., 1967. On the apparent conspecificity of Cis pygmaeus (Marsh.) and C.
rhododactylus (Marsh.) and on other closely allied species (Col.: Ciidae). Ento-
mologist’s mon. Mag. 102: 138-144.

Lohse, G.A., in Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A., 1967. Die Kdfer Mittel-
europas, 7. Krefeld.

The earliest British capture of Cis dentatus Mell. (Col.: Cisidae); with
diagnostic notes.

Having lately had occasion to re-examine a specimen of Cis from the
duplicate boxes of G.H. Ashe, which I (and doubtless he too) had failed to
recognise, I was reminded by its data (Loch Garten, Inv., 3.vii.1946) that

180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii. 1990

my friend Prof. J.A. Owen had a male of the very rare C. dentatus Mell.
from the latter locality.

Armed with this possible clue I ‘‘read up’’ C. dentatus (not known as
British until 1970, and in very few of our collections) and was far more
pleased than surprised to find that the aforementioned Cis must indeed be a
female of that species — clearly showing all its specific features, and readily
keying out to it in Hansen (1951) and Lohse (1967).

Whilst it is true that (as Mr E.W. Aubrook says in bringing forward
dentatus as British) the species is unlikely to be confused with any other
known here, this chiefly applies to the male with its bidentate front of both
pronotum and clypeus. The female, lacking those ornaments, is less easily
recognised if one happens to be unacquainted with the species — though
actually quite distinctive. It may therefore not be out of place to draw
attention to its special combination of characters. These are: the stout and
not very elongate form, thick puncturation and unusually short scales,
pronotal side-borders wholly visible from above and without a fringe of
scales; and finally (a point not mentioned by either Hansen or Lohse) front
tibiae ending outwardly in a sharp tooth, as in punctulatus Gyll. and the
boleti-group, but smaller. The immediate affinities of dentatus appear, in
fact, to point in various directions, and it has no very close ally in mid-
Europe.

The Ashe specimen was taken just twenty years before Mr Aubrook’s
dozen; whilst all the remaining British examples recorded, amounting to
only five, were captured in 1980, again in Speyside localities — see Carter
and Owen, 1988, Ent. Recd. 100: 188. It might be mentioned in passing
that the Cis dentatus Mell. said to have occurred in the Isle of Wight in
1907 (Fowler & Donisthorpe, 1913, Col. Brit. Isl. 6: 150) subsequently
proved to be an abnormal example of C. alni Gyll., later named ab.
mitfordi by Pool. — A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London
SE7 8QG.

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Ecuadorian Amazonia 1987
As elsewhere in Latin America the rainforests in Ecuador are looked at
with a mixture of contempt and suspicion.They are something to be cut
down and converted to agricultural lands. They are the home of known and
unknown dangers. The fact that whole-scale deforestation in the tropics
has proved a disaster everywhere, never seems to lead to a learning process.
In the province of Amazonia poor landless people are allocated land, invest
several years of family labour in clearfelling. A few years later the land is
worthless and is bought up by cattle ranchers. Finally it is almost worthless
as grazing land as well. Meanwhile the poor move on, repeating the cycle
and pushing the frontier ever further inland.

One result of these processes is that the villages which your recent guide
book extol as being in the ‘‘forest’’ are now forty and fifty kilometres of

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 181

almost impassable logging roads away. In fact, finding good collecting
spots without sympathetic local assistance is almost impossible. When, at
last, you find a good stand of forest, on a river and preferably with some
well developed paths, you face an unexpected hazard, unique to the
rainforests of the Neotropics.

That hazard is the sheer abundance of butterflies. Tiny Ecuador has
some 4,500 species, four times as many as Malaysia and more than all of
Africa, though not all in the same spot. It becomes impossible to keep
track. Each bend in the river produces a new clutch of species, a few
hundred metres change in altitude can wholly revise your initial idea of the
local fauna. You can either just settle down to enjoy the spectacle and
collect some of the more memorable species, or you can grimly collect any
butterfly you see since you can never be sure whether of not it is the same
you saw before. The confusion is aided by the many mimicry-rings, where
vastly different butteflies look the same. The Riodinidae, with but one
species in Europe, is especially rich and confusing. Though mostly small,
they come in all forms and colours, and with a great diversity of habit and
habitat.

The superabundance and the overwhelming impressions apart, any
entomologist will return from Ecuador with indelible memories, too many
to be shared in a small article. Though it may be almost a cliché, the sight
of the large, blue, iridescent Morpho is among the finest any naturalist can
have. At a distance of fully 300 metres, the off-on off-on blue flash of a
patrolling male is visible. The blue flashes of the fight that ensues when two
males meet constitute a set of daylight fireworks paralleled only by Papilio
ulysses in the Australasian Region.

A special component of the fauna is constituted by the many clearwing
butterflies, almost devoid of the normal scales on the butterfly wing. They
thrive in the darkest, densest and dankest parts of the forest. Most are
members of the Ithomiinae, but my own favourite is the Satyrid Cithaerias
pyritosa. This is quite large with fully transparent wings and hardly any
markings, except that the male has a translucent patch of almost
fluorescent cyclamen on each hindwing. When weaving in and out amongst
the tangle of the forest floor, nothing is seen except for eerie flashes of
cyclamen. It took me more than an hour’s hard work to net my first
specimen.

So I have my memories from the Amazon basin and I am very glad I
went now. In twenty-five years most of the Neotropical rainforests will
have gone and visitors will be limited to carefully controlled package tours
to a few reserves that have been preserved by governments, or more likely
by private enterprise. Without tourism it is doubtful that the wild animals
of the African plains would survive for long. Eco-tourism to the rainforests
may be beginning to play the same role.-— TORBEN B. LARSEN, 358
Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL.

182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

Dwarfism in Heterocera — physiological response to climatic change in
mid-Wales 1989.

The climate in 1989 in the United Kingdom was the warmest for 330 years
but subject to considerable fluctuations, not least in west Wales.
Observations in north Cardiganshire at Cnwch Coch, near Aberystwyth
confirmed the average difference between night and day temperatures were
of the order of —0.6°C. (31°F.) the greatest difference recorded was
—0.6°C. (31°F.) from overnight on 27th and midday on 28th May, when it
was 25°C. (37°F.). At Cnwch Coch, the average maximum day tempera-
ture in May, for the last three years has progressively increased 14.4°C.
(S8°F.) in 1987; 17.8°C. (64°F.) in 1988; 9.5°C. (67.7°F.) in 1989 and in
London on 23rd, 29°C. (84°F.) was the hottest for thirty-six years. This
warmer than average climate continued and still prevails.

On 21st June 1989 some County Councils banned the use of hosepipes in
Wales as water levels in reservoirs continued to fall, in many parts of
England. July 1988 was the wettest for twenty years. July 1989 was quite
the opposite, only six days of measurable rainfall at Cnwch Coch, with a
trace on a further three days resulting in 38mm (average 87mm 1941-70). In
August and September there was little difference in the number of days
when rain fell but again, amounts were well below average 92.2mm
(average 104mm). Soil moisture continued to fall as the ground cracked
and herbage wilted.

Hours of sunshine for August were the highest ever recorded. June, 186
hours (average 185 hours); July, 219.8 hours (average 160.4 hours);
August, 193.8 hours (average 155.2 hours). Average temperatures
remained very high at Cnwch Coch, June 20°C. (68.5°F.); July, 26°C.,
(86.7°F.), August, 21°C. (70°F.); September, 18.5°C. (65.5°F.).

Table 1. 1989 Monthly temperatures

MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER

Soil temp.

at 30 cm. 13:55 15273 18.39 132 15.58
averages

1951-1980 10.9 13.8 15.4 15.6 14.4
Maximum

temp. 17.42 18.65 21.82 19.29 Lee
averages

1951-1980 15:3 17.9 19.0 19.1 as

+Data supplied by Agromet Dept. MAFF, ADAS, for nearby Trawscoed
Experimental Husbandry Farm.

In spite of high temperatures there was no indication of forwardness in
the time of appearance of moths but the number of species trapped in
September was more than in some previous years — 1981 (11); 1982 (6);

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 183

1989 (24) — but the number of specimens trapped was less than usual for
the month 1981 (50); 1989 (40). More interestingly, some moths were
noticeably smaller than usual. Measuring the distance from the centre of
the thorax to the apex of the forewing x 2 new minima in the size of the
following species of moths were established.

Table 2

NEW MINIMAL WING EXPANSE IN SOME HETEROCERA

Min. Wing

Min. Wing expanse mm.

Species Date expanse mm. (Skinner 1984)*
Flame Carpet Xanthorhoe designata Hufn. 4.1x. De, 25
Purple Bar Cosmorhoe ocellata L. D6 SMe 26 28
Small Phoenix Ac/liptopera silaceata D & S 29.vil. 28 29
Grey Pine Carpet Thera obeliscata Hb. DaTaiKe 26 28
Brimstone Moth Opisthograptis luteolataL. —25.1x. 32 3/3)
Early Thorn Selenia dentaria F. DBPIXe 36 40
Light Emerald Campaea margaritata L. 29.vi. 38 42

Centre-barred Sallow Atethmia

centrago Haw. 31 .viil. 30 32

Some species of Heterocera not emerging until the following spring were
similarly affected by dwarfism.

Table 3
Min. Wing
Min. Wing expanse mm.
Species Date expanse mm. (Skinner 1984)*

Shoulder Stripe Anticlea badiata D. & S. 22.iv.90 28 31
Small Quaker Orthosia cruda D. & S. 26.i11.90 26 28
Clouded Drab Orthosia incerta (Hufn.) 13.iv.90 32 34
Sword-grass Xylena exoleta L. 13.iv.90 Sy 55

*Skinner, B. (1984) Colour identification guide to moths of the British Isles. Viking.

High temperatures, above average hours of sunshine, a soil moisture deficit
caused a severe check in plant growth in some shallow rooted herbs and
dessication would have adversely affected feeding and development of
some moth larvae, resulting in dwarfism.— PHILIP M. MILES, Werndeg,
Cnwch Coch, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales.

184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

Two birds with one stone

As articles discussing the voltinism of Eupithecia tripunctaria H.-S. and
also the unusually late appearance of some species in 1989 are in vogue,
perhaps I may contribute to both topics by recording a single specimen of
E. tripunctaria in East Sussex, on 23rd October. It was a male and in good
condition, but whether it was a third or delayed second generation
specimen is anyone’s guess.— BERNARD SKINNER, 5 Rawlins Close, South
Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS.

Crocidosema plebejana Zeller (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Sussex.

On the night of 25th/26th October 1989, a male of this species was taken in
a Robinson mv trap in my garden at Walberton, West Sussex. A second
moth, this time a female, was captured at light on the night of 30th/31st
October. These appear to be the first records for West Sussex.

According to Bradley, Tremewan and Smith (1979, British tortricoid
moths vol. 2) this is an introduced species which has become established in
a few localities in south-west England. No mention is made of any
migratory tendencies although many of the localities are well-known
migration stations.

It is interesting to note that both my specimens occurred during a period
of great immigrant activity. The first moth was accompanied by
Chrysodeixis acuta Walk. (the Tunbridge Wells Gem), Rhodometra
sacraria L. (the Vestal) and Palpita unionalis Hiibn. The second was also
taken in company with C. acuta, P. unionalis and, in addition, Mythimna
vitellina Hiibn (the Delicate) and Heliothis armigera Hiibn. (Scarce
Bordered Straw) were present. This strongly suggests that this species is
migratory, and perhaps a more suitable explanation for its establishment
than as an accidental introduction.— J.T. RADFORD, Bramblings, West
Walberton Lane, Walberton, Arundel, Sussex BN18 OQS.

Towards a safe and practical pest-repelient for insect collections.

It is more than a little disturbing to hear that naphthalene, that once cheap
and supposedly harmless chemical used by generations of entomologists to
protect their collections, was about ten years ago officially declared
dangerous to health. Nor can we feel much greater confidence in the safety,
healthwise, of such substitutes as paradichlorbenzine or ‘‘Vapona’’. In
principle we are, it seems, faced with a most unpalatable choice: that of
having our collections ultimately reduced to dust, or our health to a
possibly fatal level of impairment; in either case a dismal prospect. Is there
no way round or through the dilemma? I think there may be.

If one forgets about insecticides and concentrates on trying to deter
Anthrenus larvae, mites, etc, from entering the drawers or boxes in the first
place, possibilities begin to emerge. Though synthetic cyclic hydrocarbons
and their derivatives are all likely to be toxic, to us as to the pests, might not

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 185

some among another group of substances — the volatile aromatic or
‘fessential’’ oils — effectively keep out marauders without harming us?
These, or certain of them, possess undoubted insectifugal properties,
notably the stronger-smelling ones such as citronella and verbena oils, and
possibly orange oil (hateful to flies, I have read — but what of other
insects?). Many occur naturally in herbs, fruits etc, while some are used in
confectionery; and so, besides being pleasant to the human nose, should
have at most very low toxicity. One or another of this class, or a mixture,
might serve our purpose. A few drops soaked into a bit of a sponge or the
like should suffice for as long as a pronounced perfume remains. I have
found that a tablet of strongly-scented soap, shut up in a storebox for some
months, seems to thoroughly impregnate and proof it against pests for very
many years; though small pieces, or chips off a tablet, are ineffective.
Camphor (non-toxic, much used formerly) has to be replaced so often as to
be hardly practical.

Of course, any candidate oil or oil-mixture would have to meet certain
conditions: it must be readily obtainable and not too expensive; the vapour
must not exert any untoward effect on the specimens, such as to relax or
discolour them; nor on card-mounts or paper lining drawers and boxes; nor
favour the growth of moulds. Experiment would appear to be in order.

I wonder whether some reader of the Record, whose work, perhaps,
enables him to speak from a basis of knowledge (rather than mere
speculation which is all I can offer), might be willing to tackle the problem?
Any sound advice here would be extremely helpful, and I am sure that the
entomological fraternity would feel profoundly indebted to him.— A.A.
ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Winter record of Hummingbird Hawkmoth in Kent.

On 23rd February 1990 we found a Hummingbird Hawkmoth,
Macroglossum stellatarum, feeding on the flowers in Winter Jasmine,
Jasminum nudiflorum, in our garden at New Barn, Kent (TQ66E7). The
moth was seen clearly for approximately one minute at Spm, in bright
sunshine and at close range, and again at 5.10 pm in our garage (sunset
London 5.30 pm). It then flew into the next garden and was lost from sight.
It seemed unconcerned with our close presence.

Although the Hummingbird Hawkmoth normally is recorded as a
migrant to Britain in July and August, we understand there was a small
immigration of several species early in 1990. It may be, however, that the
mild weather had allowed it to overwinter successfully.

On 23rd February, high temperatures were recorded in Britain (18°C in
London) and it was 13°C in our garden at 5.05 pm. The temperature range
of the previous four days (London) was: 6 am - 6 pm, 12 - 16°C, 6 pm - 6
am, 7 - 10°C (The Times).— PETER & PAULINE HEATHCOTE, 9 Green-
finches, New Barn, Longfield, Kent DA3 7ND.

186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

Trinodes hirtus (F .) (Col.: Dermestidae) rediscovered in Suffolk.
The very rare dermestid Trinodes hirtus was recorded by Fowler (1889)
from only Windsor, Exeter and Richmond Park. It was later also found by
Fred Fox ‘‘sparingly, on Pinus sylvestris’’ at Coddenham (Morley, 1899).
Mr C. Johnson (pers. comm.) informs me that there is an old example from
Dunham Park near Manchester in the J.R. Hardy collection at Manchester
Museum and that the beetle is also known from Thame Park near Oxford.
Donisthorpe (1938) reported it as not uncommon at Windsor and described
how he reared specimens*. I am not aware of any recent published records.
Whilst examining an old, live Spanish Chestnut at Shrubland Park,
Coddenham near Ipswich (TM 15) on 18th April 1980, I discovered a
thriving colony of the distinctive mature larvae of the dermestid beetle
Ctesias serra (F.) among cobwebs beneath large strips of the loose flaky
bark. Mixed with these larvae were about half a dozen much smaller pale
greyish larvae (evidently dermestid) with which I was unfamiliar. A larva
identical to these was sieved with a single female Aderus populneus Pz.
from the dry, red-rotten cobwebbed interior of an old oak in nearby
woodland. These larvae were reared upon a pabulum of cobwebs and their
desiccated contents, and in July, five examples of Trinodes hirtus emerged,
thus providing valuable confirmation of Fox’s nineteenth-century record. I
thank Lord de Saumarez for allowing me to study on the Shrubland Estate,
and my friend Colin Johnson for helpful information.

References: Donisthorpe, H.St.J.K. (1938). A preliminary list of the Coleoptera of
Windsor Forest. Entomologist’s. mon. Mag. 74: 25.

Fowler, W.W. (1889). The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 3: 364.

Morley, C. (1899). The Coleoptera of Suffolk. J.H. Keys. Plymouth.— DAVID
NASH, 266 Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex CO11 2BU.

* It has continued ever since to be not uncommon on old oaks at Windsor, and was rediscovered
in Richmond Park in 1983 by Mr P.M. Hammond.— A.A.A.

Haploglossa picipennis (Gyllenhal) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in the nests of
Red Kites.
H. picipennis was initially reported as a British species from specimens
taken from buzzard nests collected in Devon and Wales (Joy 1930). For
many years it was thought to be a great rarity and was accordingly awarded
Red Data Book status (Shirt 1987), although the difficulties involved in
examining the nests of birds of prey undoubtedly contributed to this belief.
Recent studies of nest material from Scottish ospreys, however, have
shown that it can be extremely abundant in its specialised habitat (Owen &
Taylor 1989). It was also found to be widely-distributed, occurring in
eleven of the fourteen osprey nests sampled. A record from a
sparrowhawk’s nest in Inverness-shire (Welch 1979) illustrates that it is
quite catholic in its choice of hosts, although it does appear to be confined
to the nests of raptorial birds.

There have been no records of H. picipennis in Wales since its discovery

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 187

in 1929 (Joy /oc. cit.) and an attempt was made, therefore, to re-locate the
species when an opportunity arose to examine nest-samples from red kites.
Young kites are wing-tagged each year, prior to fledging, to enable
researchers to investigate aspects of their ecology and population
dynamics. During visits to tag the birds, a small sample (approximately
2500ml) of the nest-lining was collected from a total of eighteen nests. H.
picipennis was found in eleven of these and was recorded from six vice-
counties — Carmarthen, Brecon, Radnor, Montgomery, Cardigan and
Merioneth. The number of beetles occurring in the samples was low
compared to the osprey study — nine of the samples contained less than
five specimens of H. picipennis and the other two nests contained 16 and 22
individuals respectively. It is thought that this may have been related to the
long period of hot, dry weather that preceded the collection of the material
in June and July 1989. Beetles living in the nest may have retreated to
moister depths to avoid the drought and hence may not have been represen-
tatively sampled by partial removal of the nest-lining. H.picipennis was the
most abundant species present in the samples with a total of fifty-three
individuals in the eighteen nests. Twenty-three other beetles were taken,
represented by fifteen specimens of Atheta harwoodi Williams, five Atheta
nigricornis (Thomson) and single specimens of Gnathoncus buyssoni
Auzat, Sciodrepoides fumata (Spence) and Carcinops pumilio (Erichson).

Although H. picipennis has now been found most frequently in the nests
of two of our rarest birds of prey, this is merely a reflection of the relative
ease Of obtaining nest-lining samples of these two species. It is most likely
that the other tree-nesting raptors will also prove to be commonly acting as
hosts, at least in areas such as mid-Wales and the Scottish Highlands, that
have traditionally held good populations of birds of prey. A collaboration
between licensed bird-ringers and coleopterists in suitable parts of Britain
could demonstrate that H. picipennis is indeed a widespread species and
also provide valuable information on the composition of raptor nest-
faunas.

We are extremely grateful to P.E. Davis and A.V. Cross for collecting
the kite-nest material, a noisome but much-appreciated task! Assistance
with the identification of specimens was kindly given by D.C. Boyce.

References: Joy, N.H. (1930) Coleoptera in birds’ nests, including a species of
Microglossa new to Britain. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 66: 412-42.

Owen, J.A. & Taylor, S. (1989) Haploglossa picipennis (Gyllenhal) (Col.:
Staphylinidae) in ospreys’ nests. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 53-55.

Shirt, D.B. (ed.) (1987) British Red Data Books: 2. Insects. pp.167-168. Nature
Conservancy Council, Peterborough.

Welch, R.C. (1979). Haploglossa picipennis (Gyll.) (Col.: Staphylinidae), Crypto-
Dhagus badius Sturm and C. lapponicus Gyll. (Col.: Cryptophagidae) from a
sparrowhawk’s nest near Aviemore, Inverness. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 114:

240.— A.P. FOWLES, c/o Nature Conservancy Council, Plas Gogerddan,

Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3EE.
J.A. OWEN, 8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey KT17 8PU.

188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

Cynaeda dentalis D. & S. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Lincolnshire.

A single male of this species was taken in a Rothamsted Insect Survey light
trap at Saltfleetby (Site no. 471) on the night of 27th/28th July 1989. This
appears to be a new county record for this species which, according to
Goater (1986, British pyralid moths) is a moth restricted to southern coastal
regions. The most northerly record so far appears to be from Suffolk.— C.
PENNEY, 109 Waveney Drive, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 5QA.

Argyrotaenia ljungiana Thunb. (Lep.: Tortricidae) in the London Area.

I was inspired by A.A. Allen’s note (antea 9 -10), to examine the records of
Argyrotaenia ljungiana (= pulchellana Haw.), received by me as recorder
for the London region. In addition to Allen’s 1989 records from Charlton
and Sokoloff’s records from Battersea, I can add several others.

As far as I can tell the first record was that of two adults which I took at
light on 25th July 1984 at Bully Fen, Stratford. Emmet, 1985 (Additions to
the smaller moths of Essex, in The Larger Moths and Butterflies of Essex:
Essex Naturalist 8 (new series)), remarks that this was also the first record
for south-west Essex. I subsequently found the moth in the light trap at my
former address in East Ham with half a dozen specimens in 1985, which
year also produced the adult moth from Hampstead (R. Softly), Fulham (J.
Burge) and Kings Cross (R. Softly). I have no records for 1986, but in 1987
it appeared at Holloway (N. Bowman) and came again to light in Fulham.
The following year saw a tremendous increase in records with repeat
appearances at Fulham, Kings Cross, Stratford and East Ham, and new
localities at Tottenham (Plant), Clapton (Plant) and in the garden of
Buckingham Palace on 18th August (J.D. Bradley), as well as a little
further out at Grays (D.J.L. Agassiz). During 1989 it was amongst the
commonest moths to be found from office light fittings at a number of
localities in north London and also appeared at the Elephant and Castle (R.
McCormick), whilst repeat performances were made at Stratford, East
Ham, Hampstead and elsewhere.

The results clearly indicate an increase in both population and range of
this species, which is now established and widespread over central,
northern and eastern London and, apparently, at least in the Charlton area
of the south-east. I find it hard to accept that it could thrive in such a
manner on garden and window box varieties of its natural foodplants of
Calluna and Erica, though both are quite popular as cultivated plants in
London, even in the very centre. I suspect that an alternative foodplant is
involved.

To assist the putting of these records into perspective it may be worth
noting that since moving to Bishop’s Stortford, Hertfordshire in 1987, I
have not recorded /jungiana there, in spite of running the garden trap
almost every night and running additional traps in the surrounding

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 189

countryside. This in spite of being a mere stone’s-throw from the former
residence of the late OMH himself!—. COLIN W. PLANT, Passmore
Edwards Museum, Romford Road, Stratford, London E15 4LZ.

Larvae of the Marsh moth, Athetis pallustris Hb. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in
Lincolnshire

Many specimens of Athetis pallustris have been taken in a Lincolnshire
reserve over a period of years. During late September 1989, in the company
of R.F. McCormick, B. Skinner and D. Wilson, a search for larvae was
made using the historical method of litter-pile and sieving used in
Woodwalton Fen during the 1930s. Briefly this involves making piles of
grass or other cut vegetation, leaving them for a couple of weeks and then
sieving the heaps to find the larvae.

The chosen site was a flat meadow supporting a wide variety of low
plants where in previous years light had attracted good numbers of male
pallustris, although night searching, sweeping and pitfall traps had failed to
locate the traditionally elusive female.

The reserve warden, Graham Weaver, kindly prepared grass heaps in the
area around the suspected colony in advance of our visit. After a short time
spent sieving the grass we were successful in finding a significant number of
larvae in a number of the heaps. One of the grass piles which was seven to
nine inches high was carefully dismantled and two larvae were found about
two inches from the top.

Of the growing vegetation under the piles, the only plant which
consistently showed signs of being eaten was Plantago lanceolata, and this
plant was readily eaten by the larvae in captivity.— C. PENNEY, 109
Waveney Drive, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 5QA.

The larval case and natural pabulum of Coleophora therinella Tengstrom
Mr Hugo van der Wolf of Nuenen, Holland, has written me with
information on Coleophora therinella Tengstro6m. In September 1984 he
received a number of Coleophora cases, the larvae of which were feeding
on the seeds of Black Bindweed (Bilderdykia convolvulus).

In appearance these cases were dark reddish-brown, about 10mm in
length and covered with grains of sand. In June 1985, they produced some
adults which, after genitalic dissection, turned out to be C. therinella
Tengstrom. The cases were found by the roadside near the village of
Sirjansland, on the island of Schouwen-Duiveland, Province of Zeeland, in
the south-west corner of the Netherlands. The site is purely agricultural,
situated in what is called a ‘‘polder’’, that is, reclaimed and below sea-level.
Ruderal sites are apparently the places where to look for the cases.

Being suspicious of Toll’s (1952) and Patzak’s (1974) statements of
Carduus and Cirsium being the foodplants of therinella, van der Wolf
started to check all the so-called therinella in the national collections in

190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

Amsterdam and Leiden, as well as in some private collections, and all
turned out to be C. peribenanderi Toll.

In Britain, therinella has occurred on only a few occasions to my
knowledge, and only as an imago. However, with this new information,
one hopes to find the cases in Britain on the seeds of B. convolvulus, and
possibly on the seeds of other Polygonaceae. In conclusion, I do thank Mr
van der Wolf for his interesting correspondence, and for his kind
permission to quote from it.— J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT, | Hardcourts
Close, West Wickham, Kent.

Morophaga choragella D. & S. (Lep.: Tineidae) and Ditomyia fasciata
(Meigen) (Dipt.: Mycetophagidae) new to Gloucestershire

On 3rd December 1989 I retained a section of the bracket fungus /nonotus
dryadeus in order to rear to adult the insect larvae it contained. The bracket
was growing at the base of a mature oak standard in Hailey Wood, near
Coates in Gloucestershire (SO 960012). First to emerge were in excess of 80
Ditomyia fasciata plus a few Sciophila lutea Macquart fungus gnats, during
January. More recently a single Morophaga choragella moth was found
beneath the fungus. Both D. fasciata and M. choragella are new county
records.

Hailey Wood straddles the boundary of the two Gloucestershire Vice-
Counties, although the tree in question lies within VC 34, W. Glos. The
wood forms part of the entomologically very interesting Cirencester Park
Woodlands which have a rich ancient woodland fauna.

My thanks to J.M. Chalmers-Hunt, P.J. Chandler and E.E. Green for
identifying the moth, fungus gnats and fungus, respectively.— K.N.A.
ALEXANDER, 22 Cecily Hill, Cirencester, Glos GL7 2EF.

An early spring migration

Although wetter and windier, the first three months of 1990 have been even
milder than they were in 1989. January was the sixth warmest since records
began 330 years ago and south-westerly winds blew almost without a break.
February was the wettest month in living memory in the South and it was
also the warmest since 1960 with above average temperatures towards the
end of the month. There were also severe gales, generally from a south-
westerly direction which caused much structural damage. In contrast
March was the driest since 1961, and March 17th was the warmest March
day since 1944 in the Isle of Wight. There was no air frost recorded and
there were southerly winds blowing at the end of the month.

These exceptional mild weather conditions gave rise to rather a large
migration of butterflies and moths in February and March along the south
coast. Some species have never been recorded so early before and I now
give a record in chronological order giving the date, species and locality.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 191

Recorders are S. Clancy (SC); C. Plant (CP). R.H. Charlewood (RHC);
S.A. Knill-Jones (SAK-J); J.W. Knill-Jones (JWK-J); S. Dewick (SD);
J. Radford (JR); R. Craske (RC) and M. Parsons (MP).

February 23rd: Trichoplusia ni Hiibn. Dungeness, Kent (SC);
Macroglossum stellatarum L. Duxford, Cambs (CP) and Beachy Head,
Sussex (RHC).

February 24th: Heliothis peltigera D. & S., Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex, on
sallow blossom (SD); Agrotis ipsilon Hiibn., Freshwater, IOW (SAK-J).
March 7th: Nomophila noctuella D. & S., Walberton, Sussex (JR).

March 9th: Mythimna loreyi Dup., Freshwater, IOW (SAK-J).

March 19th: N. noctuella, Peacehaven, Sussex (CP).

March 21st: N. noctuella, Walberton, Sussex (JR); Orthonama obstipata
Fab., Walberton, Sussex (JR).

March 22nd: M. stellatarum, Freshwater, IOW (JWK-J).

March 29th: M. stellatarum, Freshwater, IOW (SAK-J).

March 30th: M. stellatarum, Hove, Sussex (RC).

March 31st: N. noctuella, Ninfield, Sussex (MP) and Walberton, Sussex
(JR).

April Ist: Spodoptera exigua Htibn., Peacehaven, Sussex (CP).

April 13th: Udea ferrugalis Hiibn., Freshwater IOW (SAK-J).

Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. was recorded at Walberton and Ninfield, Sussex
and at Freshwater IOW, in late March and up to three a night were taken.

It seems that the records of Macroglossum stellatarum L. were in fact
migrants. However, there is evidence that it hibernates in this country as Dr
J. Waring found an adult in his garage on Sth April 1984 at Totland Bay,
Isle of Wight (Ent. Gaz. 35: 224).

It seems that the general opinion of scientists favours the ‘‘greenhouse
effect’’ leading to global warming and that this out-of-season migration
may be the first of many in the years to come. I should like to thank Mr
B.F. Skinner and Mr C. Pratt for their invaluable records.— S.A. KNILL-
JONES, Roundstone, 2 School Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight PO40 9AL.

Nacia cilialis Hiibn. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Hampshire

Two specimens of this very local pyraiid were caught in a m.v. trap at the
Titchfield Haven reserve, Hampshire, on Sth July 1987. Further specimens
were trapped in 1988 (June 14th, 17th and 24th) and again in 1989 (two on
23rd May and one on 10th June). This would suggest the species is
established on the site.

This is a new county location for the species which has only previously
been recorded at Browndown, four miles to the east. The latter colony, if it
still exists, was the only known colony away from the Fens of
Cambridgeshire.— P.M. Potts, 21 Christchurch Gardens, Widley,
Portsmouth, Hants PO7 5BT.

192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

Elachista eskoi Kyrki & Karvonen (Lep.: Elachistidae) — a further record
In the latter part of June and the early part of July 1977 Dr H.C.J. Godfray
and I spent some time making records for the Cairngorm National Nature
Reserve, Inverness-shire (VC 96). On most evenings, we ran a Six watt
actinic light on moorland near Loch an Eilein. In the early part of July (the
exact date if unrecorded) we took an Elachistid moth at light which was
recorded, after examination of its genitalia, as a male Elachista poae
Staint. On mature reflection this was an extremely unlikely record.
Following the late Teddy Pelham-Clinton’s paper (Ent. Gaz. 39: 265
(1988)) it is clear that, although the male genitalia of E. poae and E. eskoi
are somewhat similar, this specimen is a male Elachista eskoi Kyrki &
Karvonen. I am indebted to Col. D.H. Sterling and Dr J.R. Langmaid for
confirming the identification.— M.J. STERLING, 9 Upper Heath Road, St
Albans, Herts AL] 4DN.

Death-feigning in ladybirds (Col.)

In a recent note (Ent. Rec. 102: 23), A.A. Allen notes an example of death-
feigning in Exochomus quadripustulatus L. (Col.: Coccinellidae). I have
found that such behaviour is usually related to temperature and whether
the specimen is in sun or shade.

Generally, when the temperature is less than 13°C the beetles when
disturbed will either walk comparatively slowly or fall and remain
motionless. Should the temeprature be higher they move quicker, or fly
away. This pattern of behaviour occurs in several species of ladybird and
has been observed in the 2, 7, 10, 14 and 22 spot ladybirds.

Occasionally the behaviour varies — for example when checking wing
polymorphism in Subcoccinella 24-punctata L. the specimens are placed
upside down on a polished surface about 10 cm under a vertically-mounted
60 watt shaded lamp. The temperature at the surface is about 38°C. The
majority of specimens immediately move their legs and open the elytra
within one minute. A small proportion, however, remain motionless for
several minutes refusing to move either antennae, legs or elytra.— A.J.
BALDWIN, 33 Defoe Avenue, Kew Gardens, Surrey TW9 4DS.

The Striped Hawkmoth in Cornwall

A male Hyles lineata livornica Esp., in worn condition, was brought to me
on 4th April 1990 by Mrs A.M. Kenward. She found it amongst leaves she
was sweeping by her house in this coombe.

Ever optimistic, and before being sure of the sex, I kept the moth in the
hope of eggs. All it produced was meconium suggesting it was fairly freshly
emerged. However, although the only frost here during the winter was a
short spell towards the end of November, I imagine this is part of an early
immigration as in 1985.— F.H.N. SMITH, Turnstones, Perrancoombe,
Perranporth, Cornwall TR6 0HX.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 193

A possible second brood Orange-tip butterfly

My twelve year old daughter, Jolene, is confident that on 22nd July 1989
she saw a male Orange-tip (Anthocharis cardamines L.) near Aylesford
railway station, Kent. In view of the high temperatures in 1989 it does seem
possible that a few individuals emerged from the pupa on the year they
were formed.— M. EASTERBROOK, 26 Orchard Grove, Ditton, Maidstone,
Kent.

Epirrita filigrammaria H.-S. (Lep.: Geometridae) in Worcestershire

On 6th September 1989 a specimen of the Small Autumnal moth, Epirrita
filigrammaria was taken from a normal tungsten light bulb by our front
door in West Malvern.

The moth, which is a new county record for v.c. 37, was in excellent
condition and may have bred nearby as there are some patches of bilberry
close by. If we are able to confirm breeding next year this may prove to be
the most southerly site in Britain. I am grateful to Dr M. Harper for
confirming my identification.— P. GARNER, 233 West Malvern Road,
Worcestershire WR14 4BE.

An early record of Vanessa atalanta Linn. (Lep.: Nymphalidae)

Whilst walking through the gardens at Borde Hill near Haywards Heath,
Sussex (Map reference TQ 322266) on Sunday 18th March 1990, I was
pleased to see the unmistakable sight of a Red Admiral feeding on the
rhododendron flowers. Because of the very mild winter we have just
experienced I immediately thought that this could be an individual which
had successfully hibernated as an adult rather than being a primary
migrant. This past winter has been quite exceptional here in the south-east.
Apart from a period of hard frosts in November there have been only two
or three nights when the temperature has fallen below freezing.— COLIN
HART, Fourpenny Cottage, Dungates Lane, Buckland, Surrey RH3 7BD.

What has happened to the Apocheimas?

The remarkable weather we have experienced is bound to have an effect on
our Lepidoptera. During 1989, for example, I noted a number of dwarf
examples of several species, such as Acleris laterana (Fabr.), Hydriomena
furcata (Thunb.) and Cryphia domestica (Hufn.) — probably due to
drought conditions. But what effect have a dry summer and two mild
winters had on Apocheima hispidaria (D. & S.) (Small Brindled Beauty)
and A. pilosaria (D. & S.) (Pale Brindled Beauty)? Usually these two
species, particularly the latter, are to be regarded as veritable sparrows of
the moth world — often occurring in droves at light traps during February
and March. The two mild winters allowed trapping to continue throughout
the cooler months, and if an extended emergence took place it was not

194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

unreasonable to have expected the odd specimen any time from November.
However, in north-east Essex at least, not a single specimen has been
recorded after the spring of 1988. Is this a purely local phenomenon, or
have other recorders noticed a similar drop in numbers elsewhere? — BRIAN
GOODEY, 298 Ipswich Road, Colchester, Essex CO4 4ET.

A partial second generation or delayed emergence in the White Spot
(Hadena albimacula Borkh.) (Lep.: Noctuidae)

During 1988, as part of a two-man entomological survey of Dungeness
undertaken by the Nature Conservancy Council and funded by the Central
Electricity Board, I was fortunate enough to operate a 125 watt mercury
vapour lamp at a fixed location from the Dungeness Bird Observatory on
suitable nights throughout the survey period. This enabled me to record
many nationally rare and local species throughout a season as opposed to
the odd evening’s visit — the way most lepidopterists encounter
Dungeness. The survey was funded for a further year by the NCC and
during 1989 Mr D. Walker of the DBO, was provided with a similar trap to
operate at the same site.

In 1988 Hadena albimaculata first appeared on the 23rd May and
continued to be recorded in the trap until the Sth July, with peak numbers
being noted on the 21st and 27th June (46 and 41 respectively). These dates
correspond to what would be expected as the normal flight period of the
moth, Skinner (1984) listing June and July, whereas South (1961) states
May and June. Therefore, it was with some surprise that four apparently
fresh, moths were noted on 15th August nearly six weeks after the last
capture and some 12 weeks after being first noted. These were followed by
singletons on the 17th and 22nd August.

The moth first appeared on 22nd May in 1989. However, there were to
be no August examples of H. a/bimacula with the last moth being reported
on 10th July. The highest count of H. albimacula in 1989 was on 14th June
when 43 individuals were seen.

Twelve weeks would be ample time in which to complete a generation,
although these August moths could represent a delayed emergence.
Weather records from Dungeness indicate that the months from May to
August were generally both cooler and wetter in 1988 than in 1989, though
there do not appear to be any extreme weather conditions in 1988 that
might explain a delayed emergence. Whether a partial second generation or
a delayed emergence, it is difficult to see how this strategy could benefit a
species whose larva feeds on the seeds of Nottingham catchfly (Si/ene
nutans), the seeds being past what would be considered optimum for the
larva around this date, unless the larva can utilise some other part of the
plant.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my colleague R. Morris, S.
Clancy and the staff of the Dungeness Bird Observatory for ensuring that

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 195

the trap was operated on suitable nights during 1988 and for assisting with
the counting of the catch. The records for 1989 were kindly supplied by D.
Walker. I would also like to thank D. Wedd for passing on records from his
visits. I am grateful to B. Lawrence of Nuclear Electric for furnishing me
with rainfall and temperature measurements for 1988 and 1989.

References
Skinner, B., 1984. Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles, Viking,
Middlesex.
South, R., 1961. The Moths of the British Isles, Warne, London.
MARK PARSONS, The Forge, Russells Green, Ninfield, nr Battle, East
Sussex.

The larva of Chrysodeixis chalcites Esp. (Lep.: Noctuidae), Golden Twin-
spot in Essex
In early September 1984 I found a green ‘‘Plusia’’ larva feeding on the
leaves of a home-grown tomato plant at Great Horkesley, Essex. It duly
pupated and a female Chrysodeixis chalcites emerged on 21st September.
This record would appear to be the fourth for Essex and the first
occasion that the feral larva has been found in the British Isles.
My thanks to Bernard Skinner for confirming my identification of the
adult moth.— PETER SMYTHEMAN, 25 Sussex Avenue, Ashford, Kent.

Ectropis consonaria Hibn. (the Square Spot), ab. waiensis Richardson
(Lep.: Geometridae) in North Wales

I spent four nights in the Corris district just inside the old Mont-
gomeryshire border (now Powys), North Wales, between 21st - 24th May
1989. Weather conditions had been very hot in the area and many species
turned up that one would not expect until several weeks later.

On the night of the 23rd, amongst many normal consonaria, I was very
surprised to find two specimens of the form waiensis, a male and a female.
This appears to be well outside the usual known area for this variety,
namely the Monmouth - Gloucestershire border district.

Any information regarding the occurrence of ab. waiensis beyond the
Wye Valley would be of interest, particularly northwards, to ascertain
whether it has extended its range recently or somehow been overlooked.—
J. PLATTS, 11 Maydowns Road, Chestfield, Whitstable, Kent.

An unusual foodplant for the plume moth Oidaematophorus lithodactyla
(Treitschke) (Lep.: Pterophoridae)

We have been able to record insects at the Liverpool University Botanic
Gardens, Ness (grid ref. SJ30-75-, Vice-County 58) through the kindness of
the Director. Insect damage to the plants, particularly the exotic species, is
not widespread. On 18.6.1989 conspicuous holes were noticed in the leaves

196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii. 1990
i lh EL SS a
of the non-native, but widely grown and sometimes naturalising, Large
Yellow Ox-eye, Telekia speciosa (Schreber) Baumg.

The holes had been made by larvae of a plume moth which reared out as
O. lithodactyla. This plant, until recently in the genus Bupthalmum, is in
the same tribe (Inuleae) of the family Compositae as the usual native
foodplant, Fleabane, Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh.

Adults of another plume moth Amblyptilia acanthadactyla (Hiibner) can
be seen at times during summer, flitting over the very fine heather garden at
Ness.

Records suggest that neither of these plume moths is particularly
common in the wild in Cheshire or adjacent parts of Clwyd. They may have
been originally introduced into the garden on planis.— B. & I.D.
WALLACE, Liverpool Museum.

A second brood of the Broad-bordered Bee-hawk in 1989

After my departure in September for my annual stay in Cape Town, Mr
Eric Wood continued our observations of Lepidoptera at the north end of
Slapton Sands, South Devon.

Mr Wood observed at least six specimens of Hemaris fuciformis L.
(Lep.: Sphingidae) on 30th October 1989, two more on Ist November and a
final four on 4th November, all feeding on valerian and confined to a small
area under the cliffs.

One moth rested on a plant and so the transparent central area of the
wings together with the broad banded edges could be clearly seen.
Although superficially similar on the wing to Macroglossum stellatarum L.,
the Humming-bird Hawk, they feed much closer to the flowers. The moth
is normally on the wing in May and June, although a partial second brood
has been recorded elsewhere in the hot summer of 1976.— H.L.
O’ HEFFERNAN, 24 Green Park Way, Chillington, Kingsbridge, Devon TQ7
2HY.

Stigmella samiatella (Zell.) (Lep.: Nepticulidae) — a new record for
Wiltshire
On 26th October 1989 at Redlynch in Wiltshire my brother and I came
across a mine on a leaf of sweet chestnut, Castanea sativa. Suspecting that
it might be Stigmella samiatella | sent the mine to Col. A.M. Emmet who
kindly confirmed that it was that species.

The appearance of S. samiatella at Redlynch is a new County record for
Wiltshire.— E.G. SMITH, Bullen Hill Farm, Ashton Common, Trow-
bridge, Wiltshire.

Early sightings of butterflies in the Isle of Wight in 1990
With above average temperatures at the end of February and during
March, this spring has been even warmer than 1989, resulting in early

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 197

sightings of butterflies from around the Island. I have collected records of
nine species, one more than in 1989 which were seen before the end of
March.

Amongst the hibernating butterflies Inachis io L. was seen as early as 8th
January, flying in the sunshine at Newtown; Polygonia c-album L. on 2nd
February at Luccombe and Freshwater; Ag/ais urticae L. on 22nd February
at Luccombe and over forty Gonepteryx rhamni L. were observed flying in
the sunshine at Firestone Copse, Wooton, on 23rd February. Amongst
those butterflies which emerge in the spring Pararge aegeria L. was
reported from Queen’s Bower on 15th March; Celastrina argiolus L. from
Cowes on 18th March, and Pieris rapae L. was reported from Freshwater
on 22nd March.

Two migrant butterflies were recorded and these were Vanessa atalanta
L. on 18th January at Newtown and three on 22nd February at Luccombe,
and Cynthia cardui L. on 12th and 19th March at St Lawrence and on 22nd
March at Freshwater.

Compared with 1989 Pararge aegeria L. was seen 13 days earlier,
Celastrina argiolus L. ten days earlier and Pieris rapae L. four days earlier.
During early April the first Anthocharis cardamines L. was seen at
Gurnard on the Ist, and on the 11th April Pieris brassicae L. at Freshwater
and Lycaena phlaeas L. at Mottistone.

It seems that this year is on the average about ten days earlier than the
year previous. The Jnachis io L. sighting on 8th January breaks the record
for the earliest sighting in England in the last hundred years.— S.A. KNILL-
JONES, Roundstone, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

The ecological distinctness of Asaphidion flavipes (Linnaeus) and
Asaphidion curtum (Heyden) (Col.: Carabidae)

My experience with Asaphidion flavipes (L.) suggests that it is a species
exclusively of the margins of water bodies. Along the River Severn I have
observed it from Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire well to the south, but never
in anything other than riparian habitats, on silty mud subject to regular
inundation. This experience was confirmed in 1989 by observations at Izvir
Save in the foothills of the Julian Alps, Slovenia.

Asaphidion curtum (Heyden) is not a species dependent on the riparian
environment. In Worcestershire, during the last decade it has been found in
summer in open, ancient, wet woodland at a number of sites, and, in
winter, under the bark of elder (Sambucus nigra L.) on Bredon Hill (SO
9741, 30.xi.1987) and under a haypile in an orchard at Broadway (SP 03,
7.xii. 1988). It has also been found in shaded gardens in Liverpool (SJ 3986,
30.v.1984) and Pershore (SO 9445, 13.v.1986) on mineral soils. Winter
records of A. curtum in the Worcestershire Avon valley are of specimens
flushed from hibernacula by rising water.— P.F. WHITEHEAD, Moor Leys,
Little Comberton, Pershore, Worcestershire WR10 3EP.

198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

Cercyon tristis (Illiger) (Col.: Hydrophilidae) new to Cheshire

By searching the highest spring tide drift strand at Burton Marsh, Cheshire
Dee estuary (SJ/2975) on 29.iv.1989 I was able to observe an assemblage of
beetles of which 745 individuals were identified. Dominant amongst them
were Stenus juno (Pk.) (32%), Coccidula rufa (Hbst.) (16%) and
Ptenidium fuscicorne Er. (11%).

Lesteva heeri (Fauv.) (4%), often encountered singly, was here in some
numbers, but of more particular interest was the discovery of 17 specimens
(2%) of Cercyon tristis (1ll.), evidently new to Cheshire and more usually in
areas inundated by fresh water. On the west coast this helps to fill a
distributional gap between Anglesey and the Solway, and no doubt more
such discoveries will ensue. The more or less halobiontic nature of the
fauna is confirmed by the presence of such species as Atheta vestita (Gr.)
(7%) and Ochthebius auriculatus Rey (1%). Other interesting observations
included Agathidium laevigatum Er. (0.1%) and Atheta aterrima (Gtr.)
(0.1%). This last on dissection revealed an insect pupa in the lower
abdominal cavity, which has been seen by Mssrs A.A. Allen, R. Beishaw
and N.P. Wyatt, but which remains an unknown entity.— P.F.
WHITEHEAD, Moor Leys, Little Comberton, Pershore, Worcestershire.

A small Tortoiseshell ‘‘courting’’ a Peacock butterfly?

Whilst working for hoverflies along a row of blackthorn bushes in full
flower at the edge of a grass field at Shooters Hill near here on the very
warm afternoon of 30th March, 1990, I witnessed the following curious
episode. Two butterflies (species as above) appeared flying closely together
and settled on the thick blossom, apparently more for the purpose of
basking than of feeding (which they were never seen to do). Now and then
they would take a short flight, again almost in contact, only to return to the
same spot or another quite near. I could not be sure of their sexes by
inspection, but their behaviour seemed to point decidedly to a male wrticae
and a female io — an assumption I shall make for convenience.

In the various stations they took up, their relative positions were always
the same: io above, and urticae just below but never quite touching, except
that when first seen settled the spread wings of the latter partly covered the
former’s hindwings. Jo (somewhat worn) appeared unconcerned
throughout, and might almost have been unaware of the other’s presence;
it was always she who took the initiative in any positional shift or
movement, such as a brief flight. Invariably her devoted acolyte (suitor?)
followed in constant attendance almost literally at her heels, indulging at
least once in a little wing-trembling in the fully-spread pose. (Whether this
last is a known courtship phenomenon in Ag/ais urticae I cannot say.)

It might, perhaps, be supposed that this uwrticae was a sentinel or
guardian of territory, keeping very strict watch on an interloper — the
usual reason for two butterflies of different species flying closely together

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 199

or taking a strong interest one in the other. This is doubtless possible;
however, not only was no hint of aggression ever seen, but also the entire
behaviour of urticae was irresistibly suggestive of a male paying court toa
female — under the influence of a sex-pheromone, yet in this case not of
his own species. One thinks of the occasional inter-specific matings
reported from time to time; was this, I wonder, the prelude to such a
union? Passing the spot on my way back, the butterflies had gone.
Probably a lepidopterist of long experience could cite similar observa-
tions.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Parascotia fuliginaria L. (Lep.: Noctuidae), Waved Black, in Shropshire

A single diminutive male of this species was caught in the Rothamsted
Insect Survey light trap at Ludlow, Shropshire (Site No. 488, O.S. grid ref.
SO 514 743) on 17.i1x.1989. This is the first record of P. fuliginaria in the
county and, due to the late date of capture, may represent a partial second
emergence following the long hot summer of 1989. The species is usually
univoltine, flying in June and July.

It is probable that P. fuliginaria has merely been overlooked in
Shropshire as it is known to occur in the neighbouring Worcestershire
portion of the Wyre Forest (C. Plant, pers. comm.).— ADRIAN M. RILEY,
Dept. Entomology and Nematology, AFRC Inst. Arable Crops Research,
Rothamsted Exp. Stn., Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ.

Wallace’s line?

Whilst entomologising recently in Sarawak, I happened across an old copy
of Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim; a book which I had not seen before but
always intended to read ‘‘one day’’. It turned out to be an appropriate
book to read under the circumstances and I was struck by Conrad’s
description of the trader/entomologist Stein, obviously based on the
English entomologist/explorer Russell Wallace. Having compared passages
with passages in Wallace’s The Malay Archipelago, it was also pretty
obvious that Conrad had ‘‘pinched’’ some of Wallace’s well known
passages — particularly relating to the capture of Ornithoptera croseus;
perhaps not verbatim but certainly altered in such a manner as to leave no
doubt as to the original author.

In his description of the capture of croceus Wallace says, “‘The beauty
and brilliancy of this insect are indescribable, and none but a naturalist can
understand the intense excitement I experienced when at length I captured
it’’. Stein remarks, on the capture of a large butterfly whose description fits
croseus very well ‘‘. . . and I had a very big emotion. You don’t know what
it is like to capture such a rare specimen. You can’t know’’.

Wallace continues, ‘‘On taking it out of my net and opening the glorious
wings, my heart began to beat violently, the blood rushed to my head, and I
felt much mre like fainting than I have done when in apprehension of

200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15. vii. 1990

immediate death. I had a headache the rest of the day, so great was the
excitement .. .’’. In Lord Jim, Stein heroically deals with an attempt on his
life, calmly kills three of his attackers and then catches ‘‘croseus’’ by
throwing his hat over the butterfly as it sat on a heap of dirt; his revolver in
his other hand! Then he says, ‘‘When I got up I shook like a leaf with
excitement, and when I opened these beautiful wings and made sure what a
rare .. . specimen I had, my head went round and my legs became so weak
with emoteion that I had to sit on the ground.’’

The Malay Archipelago was first published in 1869. Lord Jim was
written in 1900. Interesting!— W.J. TENNENT, 1 Middlewood Close,
Fylingthorpe, N. Yorkshire.

The Rothamsted farmland light trap network

As part of a three-year study in the Joint Agriculture and Environment
Programme on farmland ecology a network of 26 standard Rothamsted
Insect Survey light traps has been set up on the Rothamsted estate in
Hertfordshire. The project involve an investigation into the movement and
local distribution of Lepidoptera, particularly in relation to semi-natural
farmland habitats. In addition to statistical analysis of trap catches,
colleagues Dr Hugh Loxdale, Cliff Brookes and Ian Wynne will be using
molecular techniques to study the genetic variability of certain Lepidoptera
species from the samples.

An intensive local sampling programme of this type is unique and
compliments the established national light trap network of the Rothamsted
Insect Survey; indeed four of the 26 farm traps are long-established sites in
the national scheme. In addition to the more detailed scientific analyses the
project is already providing results of more immediate and general interest.
This is particularly true with the current interest in climatic change allied to
some very unusual seasonal weather patterns. Martin Townsend, an
experienced macrolepidopterist, is identifying thr samples daily and we
hope to extract and publish interesting observations on a regular basis.

Interesting Lepidoptera records for April 1990

The most unusual aspect of the catches for April was the advanced
emergence of many species, undoubtedly due to the mild winter of
1989/90, followed by a generally warm spring. Records of the first
individuals trapped are summarised below. The months in brackets
represnt the usual emergence according to Skinner, B. (1984), Colour
Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. Viking,
Harmondsworth.

Xanthorhoe spadicearia D. & S. 29.iv (mid-May); X. ferurugata Cl. 26.iv
(mid-May); Eupithecia pulchellata Steph. 11.iv (May); Lomaspilis
marginata L. 29.iv (June); Aethalura punctulata D. & S. 23.iv (May);
Pheosia gnoma Fabr. 9.iv; 23;iv (May); P. tremula Cl. 23.iv (May);

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 201

Diaphora mendica Cl. 1.iv and regularly from 16.iv (May); Hadena
rivularis Fabr. 29.iv (one) (late May).

IAN P. WorIwobD, ADRIAN M. RILEY and MARTIN C. TOWNSEND, Dept
Entomology and Nematology, AFRC Inst Arable Cropd Res, Rothamsted
Exp. Stn, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ.

Caloptilia rufipennella (Hubn.) (Lep.: Gracillariidae) in Hampshire

A male of this species turned up in my garden trap in Portsmouth,
Hampshire, in the summer of 1989. This species has a very peculiar
distribution being found in the far north of England and Scotland, Eastern
England and North Wales. Its appearance in the southern counties can only
be welcomed. My thanks to John Langmaid for checking the genitalia of
this specimen.— R. DICKSON, The Vicarage, Playfair Road, Portsmouth,
Hants POS 1EQ.

A chance find
Everybody has a bit of luck at some time or other and my modest chance
came on the morning of 15th May 1990.

I was walking my dog early in the morning through local fields. The edge
of one cornfield originally had a wire fence held on wooden posts, although
today only the posts remain standing. Lepidopterists seem to have an urge
to look at posts and as I was drawn towards them I noticed a large mass of
chamomile growing behind. My first thought was of the Chamomile Shark,
Cucullia chamomillae D. & S., a moth I had never encountered before.
This was immediately followed by a sighting of a fine chamomillae resting
at the bottom of the next post, six inches from the ground.

Not an earth-shattering find, but I couldn’t believe my luck. My dog was
not impressed, but for me it was one of the many pleasures of
entomology.— D. DEY, 26 Manor Avenue, Hassocks, West Sussex.

Two interesting Oestridae (Dipt.) from the Scottish Highlands

For the two notable and uncommon flies here recorded I am indebted to
my friend Prof. J.A. Owen, who most kindly passed them to me together
with their data. Both species are deer parasites.

Cephenemyia trompe Modeer, female, was caught on the slopes of Cairn
Gorm, on the Inverness - Banff border, in the latter part of May 1982; I
provisionally determined it as this species from van Emden (1954, Handbk.
Ident. Br. Insects 10 (4): 119), chiefly on account of its lacking the
contrasted Bombus-like coloration of the better-known C. auribarbis Mg.
However, Mr A.C. Pont (then of the Natural History Museum), who
kindly confirmed it as the former species, tells me that the coloration varies
in these flies more than has been recognised in the past. C. trompe is
attached to the reindeer, of which introduced mammal a herd was in the
vicinity of Prof. Owen’s capture, the fly being taken on the wing or settled
on the ground. Mr Pont knew of no definite British record of this species;
but van Emden (/.c.) states that it has been introduced with reindeer and

202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

may establish itself in the Scottish mountains — which the present capture
suggests has almost certainly happened.

Hypoderma diana Brauer: this is the warble fly affecting both red and
roe deer, for which van Emden (op. cit.: 25) gives a range from Perth to
Sutherland. With the increase of the red deer in recent times it may well
have become more frequent, but all the mammalian parasite flies are
normally elusive and hard to obtain. This specimen, again a female, was
taken on Ben Macdhui in the Cairngorms, in S.W. Aberdeenshire, on 2nd
June, 1988. H. diana is much less Bombus-like than its two British
congeners, having a facies of its own reminiscent of a dark Eristalis with
long slender legs. — A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London
SE7 8QG.

CURRENT LITERATURE

The butterflies of Egypt by Torben B. Larsen. 112 pp, 7 text figs, 1 map
and 8 colour plates. Boards. Apollo Books. 1990 DKr 240.

The butterfly fauna of Egypt is not rich, with only 58 recorded species.
Despite this, and as with so many other areas, Egypt scores a first by
producing one of the earliest recognisable illustrations of a butterfly, a
painting of Danaus chrysippus by an artist in Thebes (now Luxor) some
3,500 years ago. The painting is on view at the British Museum, London.

This book briefly reviews the ecological sub-divisions of Egypt and the
history of butterfly research there. All the species are covered with notes on
distribution, status and other points of interest, and illustrated in colour.
The book concludes with detailed notes on biogeography, distribution,
migration and the pest status of some of the species. There is also a
bibliography and index.

The author is an acknowledged authority of the butterflies of the Middle
East and Arabia, and will be known to readers of the Record for his regular
contributions on the Hazards of butterfly collecting. This book is well
produced and written in a readable style devoid of much of the technical
jargon that makes similar works so turgid. Paul Sokoloff

Butterflies and moths of Yorkshire — distribution and conservation edited
by S.L. Sutton and H.E. Beaumont. 380 pp, 50 figs, 5 maps. Limp.
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. 1989. £15.00.

This current ‘‘local list’? ranks amongst the best of its kind produced in
recent years. It sets a thorough and detailed treatment of all the lepidoptera
against a background of the county and its history.

Five chapters precede the main listings — these cover a history of the
study of butterflies and moths in Yorkshire, the shaping influences, for
example geology, on the lepidoptera, an essay on distribution and diversity,
conservation and notes on the systematic list.

CURRENT LITERATURE 203

The bulk of the work comprises a systematic list of both micro and
macrolepidoptera arranged in accordance with Bradley and Fletcher (1986)
An indexed list of the British butterflies and moths. In contrast with a
number of recently produced lists, this example comments on nearly all the
species recorded and details dates and names of recorders for all the more
interesting species. The inevitable monotony of many pages of printed text
is broked by line illustrations of selected species. Although in no way
essential to the book, they are well executed and attractive. The work
concludes with a variety of appendices covering both detailed bibliography
and list of key published works, identity of recorders, gazeteer, codes for
collecting and conservation, a list of the more notable insects, locations of
significant collections of Yorkshire lepidoptera and a detailed index.

Whilst it is always possible to find fault or errors in any work (including a
wish that a hardback edition was available) this excellent publication must
be seen as a model for local lists. © Penney,

100 YEARS AGO

WO RACTICAL HINTS.

Bye Wee He tUGWEEES = MobsS., Ere.

(2) When sugar fails, as it often does in hot and dry weather, instead
of going home empty-handed and grumbling, search, by means of a
light, flower heads, grass stems, rushes, or honey-dewed leaves, when
frequently you will realize a rich harvest. My best captures have been
so obtained.

(6) At end of August and early September split down from top to
bottom the stems of thistles and burdock, when pupze of Gortyna
fiavago willtumble out. _/wve, as mentioned in No. 1 of the Record,
is much too early!

(c) Middle to end of July. At night not earlier than 10.30 p.m. to
early dawn, search with a light, i grassy places on the S.E. coast,
especially if dwarf bushes of sea-buckthorn occur, and you will pro-
bably find Vola centonalis sitting quietly on the grass or leaves of the
buckthorn. They do not fly freely, and require a close search, or are
readily overlooked.

(2) Eulepia cribrum may be obtained all through July on the lichen-
covered heather, two or three miles out of Ringwood, on the Bourne-
mouth road. Gently sweep or brush your net over the heather as you
walk along, and c7zbvum will start up and fly rapidly a short distance.
Mark it down and stalk it. They may be disturbed all through the day,
but early evening is the best time.

(e) Acosmetia caliginosa flies in the grassy rides of Stubby Copse,
Brockenhurst, through July. It is best obtained by gently sweeping a
net over the herbage as you walk along by day, and it comes freely to
light at night. Ayzza auroraria occurs at the same place, but flies in
the sunshine.

204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.vii.1990

OBITUARY
J.E. GREEN

Jack Green died on the 29th April 1990 after a brave fight against cancer.
He was born in Stourbridge, and served with the Royal Artillery during the
war, commanding an AA battery. Later he went to the Military College of
Science and was involved in bomb disposal in Northern Ireland. After the
war he worked as a research scientist for RSRE at Malvern until his
retirement in 1981.

The seed of his interest in natural history, and butterflies in particular,
seems to have been sown when at the age of four he was taken by an uncle
to the Wyre Forest. From the 1950s onwards he became increasingly
interested in British butterflies, although he was never a collector, but
became a superb photographer. He specialised in taking pictures in the wild
of free flying insects at close range. After his retirement, he and his wife
Ann gave a large number of illustrated lectures on butterflies throughout
the West Midlands. Every year since 1981 he had visited France to
photograph continental butterflies.

He was Lepidoptera recorder for Worcestershire for the Biological
Record Scheme, and in 1982 in conjunction with the Worcester Nature
Conservation Trust he published his book A practical guide to the
butterflies of Worcestershire. He was responsible for discovering a colony
of Thecla betulae (Linnaeus) in East Worcestershire, and of its subsequent
conservation with the assistance of the NCC. Up until very shortly before
his death he was hard at work completing a paper on his twenty years of
observations of the butterfly at this site, which it is hoped will be published
shortly in the Record. He was also responsible for involving the Malvern
Hills Conservators in maintaining what is now believed to the best site for
Argynnis adippe (D. & S.) in the UK. He was involved in the re-discovery
of Eurodryas aurinia (Rottenburg) at what is the only Worcestershire site,
now a WNCT reserve.

He published a number of records and short notes in the Entomologist’s
Record, and in 1985 a paper on ‘‘Factors leading to a local abundance of
Eurodryas aurinia in Worcestershire in 1984’’.

He was a great enthusiast and a very good friend, and all who knew him
will extend their deepest sympathy to his wife and family.

A.N.B. Simpson

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CLASSIC ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS

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These titles have all been acclaimed as the
definitive works in their fields, and likely BOOKS
to remain so for the foreseeab/e future. nyo of

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Continued from Back Cover.
Haploglossa picipennis (Gyll.) (Col.: Staphylinidae) in the nests of Red

Kites. A.P. Fowles& J.A. Owen . . 186
Cynaeda dentalis D. & S. (Lep.: Ponsidze in Apacs. C. Reve 188
Argyrotaenia ljungiana Thunb. (Lep.: Tortricidae) in the London Area. C. Plant 188
Larvae of the Marsh moth, Athetis pallustris Hb. (Lep.: Noctuidae)

in Lincolnshire. C. Penney . 189
The larval case and natural pabulum ai Coleophora ale Tensei

J.M. Chalmers-Hunt. . . 189
Morophaga choragella D. & S. ee meas) aad Deeper ieee Meigen

(Dipt.: Mycetophagidae) new to Gloucestershire. K.N.A. Alexander . : 190
An early spring migration. S.A. Knill-Jones on eons. 190
Nacia cilialis Hbn. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Hampshire. P. M. Potts : : 19
Elachista eskoi Kyri & Karvonen (Lep.: ae — a further record.

M.J. Sterling .. 192
Death-feigning in aybinde (Col. ). A. J. Pele. 192
The Striped Hawkmoth in Cornwall. F.N.H. Smith . 92
A possible second brood Orange-tip butterfly. M. psteraoee ' 193
Epirrita filigrammaria H. & S. (Lep.: Geometridae) in Worcestershire. P. Gone 193
An early record of Vanessa atalanta L. (Lep.: Nymphalidae). C. Hart . 193
What has happened to the Apocheimas? B. Goodey . 193
A partial second generation or delayed emergence in the White Spot (Hadena

albimacula Borkn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae). M. Parsons : 194
The larva of Chrysodeixis chalcites Esp. (Lep.: genase olen Thee

spot in Essex. P. Smytheman = SAS
Ectropis consonaria Hbn. (the Square Spot), ae. waiensis Richardson (ue. :

Geometridae) in North Wales. J. Platts . ae (ICS)
An unusual foodplant for the plume moth Gidgemotophorus lithodaetyla Treit.

(Lep.: Pterophoridae). B. &I.D. Wallace . . 195
A second brood of the Broad-bordered Bee-hawk in 1989. Fp je O-Heffernan - 196
Stigmella samiatella (Zell.) (Lep.: Nepticulidae) — a new record for Wiltshire.

EG. Smith. . Sette! 196
Early sightings of paeriies in ike Isle Of Wight. S. oh Knill- ores 496
The ecological distinctness of Asaphidon aa L. and A. curtum Hey. (Col :

Carabidae). P.F. Whitehead ... <a. Oy
Cercyon tristis (Illiger) (Col.: Medaseidne + new to ‘Chasicne. /24 ip Whitehead 198
A small Tortoiseshell ‘‘courting’’ a Peacock butterfly. A.A. Allen : 198
Parascotia fuliginaria L. (Lep.: Noctuidae)) in Shropshire. A.M. Riley . 199
Wallace’s line? W.J. Tennent. . . : 199
The Rothamsted farmland light trap sear. i P. Woiwood, A. M. Riley &

M.C. Townsend 5 201
Caloptilia rufipennella Hbn: fee Gracillariidae): in Berasliive. Re “Dreson 201
Achance find. D. Dey . . , 201
Two interesting Oestridae Dit. ies from the Scottish Highlands. A. A Allen 201
Current literature .. pace pense _ 202- 203
100 Years ago . 203
Obituary — J.E. Saest 204

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents

The Queen of Spain Fritillary U/ssoria lathonia L.) (Lep.: Nymphalidae) on

Madeira — resident or migrant? 7.G. Shreeve& A.G. Smith . . ee eS.
Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1989 R.F. Bera

& J.M. Chalmers-Hunt . . . Bd ae Wl a aie rs
The occurrence of the Callidini tribe (Col.: Cemoreifae) in the British Isles

R.R. Uhthoff-Kaufmann . . wo BU a ee aoe ge pln th GR
The West Country revisited B.R. Baker . Mas Meee 8 557/
Mothmanship (how to be one-up amongst lepidopterists) Part te eien

Ess Wild ae 2 Ee aa
Garden Tiger moth, Ages 22 Tu. (Lge bostidae- —a Nene to the ideal

habitat forthe species? P. Waring. . . 5, iy aes ES
Notes on the species pair Cis festivus Panz. oa C. sasiws Mell (Col.: Cane)

AAAs Allen 2 eS a OE IS eer

Notes and Observations
Hydraecia petasitis Doubl. (Lep.: Noctuidae) the Butterbur in acs:

B. Skinner . . . wo lee scan es ce
Purple Hairstreak in swimming pools. Ef Mackworth Praed - Me
Lomographa species (Lep.: Geometridae) and Eriogaster lanstris L. (Lep.:

Lasciocampidae) overwinter fully developed inthe pupa. B.P. Henwood . . . 159
Hippotion celerio L. (Lep.: Sphingidae) Silver-striped Hawk-moth in Dorset.

B. Skinner~. 2. 2» He gee
A melanic form of Berane poeeeae Hbn. (uses Setomemidseyn in

N.W. Kent. B.K. West . . Ma tie se (A)
Variation in Adalia bipunctata L. (Go Coneiailidee). A, Baldwin. oie, ype gaia a
Eudonia mercurella L. (Lep.: Pyralidae) reared from kidney vetch. J. Robins. . . 166
Effects of the mild 1988-1989 winter on beetles in Worcestershire.

P.F. Whitehead . . ee
Eilema pygmaeola arenesle Doubl. (ep: (aericas): in Dacomenne

C. Penney . . Pema ss 17/22
Melanism in Biston beans ie fee eomierice ys in Kent. B. K. West Mer eS
The earliest capture of Cis dentatus Mell. (Col.: Cisidae); with diagnostic

notes. A.A. Allen. . . Pare ye.) 0/7)
Hazards of butterfly silicate a Ecuadorian Amazonia 1987. T. B. een age a gy! ic
Dwarfism in heterocera — physiological response to climatic change in

mid-Wales 1989. P.M. Miles ..0-.00 00 Ge ee ed
Two birds with onestone. B. Skinner . . blk aggre Maem
Crocidosema plebejana Zell. (Lep.: Tortricidae) i in Sue. iE T. Radford « el LOS:
Towards a safe and practical pest-repellent for insect collection. A.A. Allen . . . 184
Winter record of Hummingbird Hawkmothin Kent. P. Heathcote . . . . . . 185
Trinodes hirtus F. (Col.: Dermestidae) rediscovered in Suffolk. D. Nash . . . . 186

Continued on inside back cover
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Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA. Tel: 0277-224610.

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SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1990

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THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’ RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Editor

P.A. SOKOLOFF M.Sc., C.Biol., M.I.Biol., F.R.E.S.
4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS

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COURTSHIP AND MATING OF BUTTERFLIES 205

COURTSHIP AND MATING OF BUTTERFLIES

STEPHEN F. HENNING
1 Harry Lawrence Street, Florida Park, Florida 1709, South Africa.

THE MOST important function of an adult butterfly is the continuation of
the species. All their behaviour is geared towards this end. Each species has
a particular type of behaviour so that males and females can locate or find
each other. Having located each other a specific courtship ritual now takes
place to ensure that the prospective mate that has been found belongs to the
same species and is receptive to mating. Only at the completion of
courtship will mating finally take place.

Although various aspects of sexual behaviour of a number of butterflies
have been studied (Scott, 1968, 1967, 1974; Shields, 1967; Shields &
Emmel, 1973), only a surprisingly small number of species have had their
entire courship patterns observed and described. The females of many
species tend to remain in the general vicinity of the larval foodplant, and
males presumably seek out these areas for courtship. On the other hand,
males of the Lycaenidae in particular, but other families too, often gather
on nearby rises of hill-tops where they ‘‘stake out’’ a little territory which
they protect, and the females come up to these hill-tops to find a mate.

Visual recognition of the female by the male is of great importance in
bringing the sexes together, but no one knows much about just how
important the visual, tactile, chemical and acoustic stimuli are, relative to
each other, in bringing the sexes of one species together. Entire courtships
ending in mating are rarely seen at close quarters in nature, and there has
been little experimentation in the field or in large cages.

Mate-locating
Mate-locating behaviour is defined as behaviour which brings the sexes
together for mating. It includes the methods used to find mates, the
location of mating, and the time of day of initiation of mating (Scott,
1974).

Chemoreception is known to be very important in the long-distance
location of females by males in moths, and in the courtship of moths and
butterflies. It may possibly prove to be important in location of females by
males in the Acraeidae as well. For most butterflies, however, the
maximum distance of attraction is limited by sight, while chemoreception is
important only within a few metres of the females by the release of
pheromones from hair pencils, androconial scales and so on.

There are two main types of mate-locating behaviour in butterflies. The
first is perching behaviour which is defined as a mate-locating method in
which males sit at characteristic sites and dart out at passing objects in
search of females. The females generally fly to these sites to mate, then they
depart. The second is patrolling behaviour, a mate-locating method in
which males fly almost constantly in search of females.

206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.ix.1990

Movement, size, wing colour, wing pattern, and odour are stimuli which
can be transmitted during sexual communication in the approach of a male
to a female. Perching males are highly attracted to moving objects, whereas
patrolling males often are attracted to motionless objects resembling
females in some way. Perching species usually mate in limited areas of
habitat, often during only part of the day, whereas patrolling species
usually mate throughout the habitat at any time of day.

Territoriality is usually exhibited by males which perch or patrol in a
particular beat or area. They will investigate and challenge not only other
males of the same species that enter the territory but other appropriately
sized flying insects as well. The resident male most frequently succeeds in
his challenge. Virgin females entering a territory are at once pursued and
courtship commenced. In the case of many Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae a
particular male will have a favoured perch or perches in its territory on
which it will settle, often returning after an encounter to the exact spot
from which it launched itself. If that individual is caught it may be replaced
within minutes or hours by another individual of the same or a different
species. Surprisingly, the new individual may rest on or near the same twig
as its predecessor. Evidently there are certain particularly favoured spots in
any small area of habitat and these are occupied in preference to others. On
the other hand, in some species (eg Papilio demodocus Esper) the males
patrol for long periods and perch only briefly. The males seldom engage in
feeding activities while they are perching or patrolling. Since they appear
only as the day warms up, they probably go nectar-gathering before
starting their territorial behaviour.

Both perching and patrolling species also exhibit other types of
behaviour which help the sexes to locate each other. The most noticeable is
hill-topping behaviour in which males of low-density species fly to the
summits of hills and there show perching or patrolling behaviour. In these
species the males ascend to the hill-tops to be in a conspicuous spot so that
the newly hatched females might fly kilometres without finding a mate if
they tend to be sparsely scattered. So the female goes up to the top of the
hill, very soon gets fertilised and goes away again and almost never returns
(Scott, 1968).

Hill-topping low density species have many behavioural traits in
common. They do not congregate about the foodplant but instead tend to
be large, strong-flying, solitary species. When a specimen of these low
density species emerges from the pupa it will be unlikely to find a member
of the opposite sex in the near vicinity. If unable to find a mate it will
ascend to the highest topographic point where it will find other members of
the same species which will also have ascended to the peaks to mate. The
males which will mate more than once tend to congregate around these high
points waiting for females. A high proportion of females only mate once or
twice in their lives, therefore many will only ascend to the summit shortly

COURTSHIP AND MATING OF BUTTERFLIES 207

Papilio euphranor Trimens, a montane forest species shown patrolling, gliding back and forth at
considerable height in clearings above valleys and waterfalls.

after emerging and once mated will never return. This is why females are
seldom observed on the summits as they are only there long enough to
mate. Courtship usually only lasts two to three minutes and once in cop
they are usually out of sight in the grass or in a tree often downhill from the
summit. So chances are very slight that you will see a female. This gives rise
to the impression that only the males are hill-topping. Charaxes jasius
saturnus Butler is a good example of a low density species that shows hill-
topping behaviour. It is an extremely common butterfly in the bushveld of
South Africa but is regarded as a low density species as its foodplants are
scattered throughout the bush and the females range widely laying their
eggs wherever they find a suitable tree (Henning, 1989).

During hill-topping the males may either perch on a shrub, tree or patch
of ground (eg Jolaus trimeni Wallengren) or patrol back and forth on the
summit (as in Papilio demodocus Esper). The behaviour of hill-topping
species is not fundamentally different from other species; hill topping
behaviour occurs when these activities are transferred to a hill-top.
Perching males may well remain on a hill-top for several days.

The males, which usually emerge earlier than females, visually orientate
and fly to the hill-tops where each will stake out a little territory which he
will defend against challengers of his own species (or even other species if
they look similar). The females, when they emerge, also fly to the hill-tops,
mating occurs, and then the females leave to lay their eggs and almost never
return. Nearly all females found flying on the hill-tops will be virgins
searching for mates. Usually there is no foodplant to lay their eggs on up on
the hill-tops, nor is there much nectar to eat. This means that the males
must feed further down in the valleys before coming up to the hill-tops.
Species differ in their time of arrival on a hill-top and may stay until quite
late in the afternoon. Certain hill-tops are consistently favoured over others

208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.ix.1990

nearby but no one knows yet why some seem more preferable than others.

It appears that hill-topping behaviour can be effective only for low
density species, because at high densities on hill-tops interference between
males prevents mating with females and the number of hill-tops is limited.
If a species is common, only a small proportion of the males can occupy a
hill-top, so that most males will be forced into non hill-top situations. As
population density rises, the probability that a female will meet a male
before reaching a hill-top therefore increases, so that hill-topping is less
important for commoner species. The few males on hill-tops could not
possibly inseminate all the females in a common species, so that most
matings will occur with males which remain at the breeding site or which
are between the breeding site and the hill-top. Because hill-topping is less
useful for common species, selection should eliminate the hill-topping
response since males which remain at the breeding sites will contribute
more genes to the next generation.

Hill-topping species are then in general large, fast-flying, solitary species
with more widely scattered and less abundant foodplants than non hill-
topping species, which tend to be small, weak-flying, colonial species with
common or clumped foodplants.

Of the non hill-topping species most of them, especially the weak fliers,
spend their entire lives, except for brief forays in search of mud or flowers

Graphium junodi (Trimen) patrols for long periods and perches only briefly.

COURTSHIP AND MATING OF BUTTERFLIES 209

for nourishment, around stands of the foodplant, and therefore have a
built-in mechanism for bringing the sexes together. Often the sexes are
limited both to foodplant and to certain areas of the environment such as
marshes, rockslides, or forests, which may or may not be the only locations
of the foodplant. The behaviour of these species usually limits them to
these areas so that mating is possible with ‘‘random”’ flights by both sexes
or by patrolling of the area by males.

In myrmecophilous species they will be confined to the foodplants in a
particular area because it is only here that the host ant occurs. This will
include all the myrmecophilous species such as the Lepidochrysops. In
these species when an individual emerges from the pupa it is very likely to
encounter a member of the opposite sex since they will also emerge from
the same or nearby ant nests. Therefore in these species you will generally
find that most mating will occur in the vicinity of the foodplants. These
species will benefit from hill-topping only when their populations fall to
low levels. Hill-topping may be selected for at low population levels, and
remaining near the foodplant may be selected for at high levels, so that the
advantage of hill-topping for a particular species could depend on its
average density and the fluctuation from this average. In swarm years
which often occur in some species such as Lepidochrysops robertsoni
Cottrell excess males displaced from territories around the foodplants and
ants’ nests may ascend to nearby hills in the hope of the appearance of a
mate, but the vast majority of mating will occur near the foodplants.

In some species the males occupy small areas along the bottom of a gully
or gorge, presumably for mating purposes. Males may occupy an area for
some time, but this behaviour may not be territorial since the males may
wander to another gully and show the same behaviour. A group of
butterflies which show this behaviour are the Poeci/mitis.

The males of rainforest species usually show perching and patrolling
behaviour in forest clearings, roads or along the outskirts of the woods.

Courtship

There is a tremendous diversity of courtship behaviour. In patrolling
species, the two sexes may meet during flight or the flying male may meet a
female at rest. In perching species, the female flies near the male, who then
pursues her. Subsequent events can be divided into aerial events and
ground events although in some species identical activities may occur in the
air and on the ground or plant. In the aerial phase, which is omitted
altogether in some species, the two sexes often merely flutter about each
other, or fly in stereotyped patterns, or one or both sexes may perform
specialised acts for transferring pheromones. The aerial flight usually
results in the female alighting, whereupon the receptive females of some
species usually become inactive until copulation occurs. Unreceptive
females of some species may flap their wings or fly a special pattern

210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.ix.1990

(rejection dances), or adopt a special rejection posture. After the female
alights, the male may continue to fly about the female, or may land,
whereupon one or both sexes may still flutter their wings, and the male may
perform complicated manoeuvres with his wings, antennae, or legs.
Copulation may then occur, or various courtship events may then be
repeated.

Pheromones of one or both sexes are important in the courtship of most
species although only in the Danaidae have pheromones been chemically
identified. Pheromones are substances, produced by one individual, that
influences the behaviour of other members of the same species. It is well
known, for example, that the virgin females of many moth species produce
a powerful and specific sex pheromone that is capable of attracting her
specific mate from distances of hundreds if not thousands of metres. In
some species of moth, when the male gets close to the female he releases an
aphrodisiac pheromone which brings about mating. Amongst butterflies it
is usually the male, instead of the female that possesses scent organs. These
may be highly modified scales or pouches on either the fore or hind wings,
or special little structures on the abdomen. Sex brands, which are formed
of these specially modified scales and which also produce scents, occur in
many butterfly species.

The most highly developed male scent organs are found in the Danaidae.
These organs are the paired hair-pencils (they look like pencils made up of
lots of little hairs in a cylinder). These pencils can be pushed out from the
tip of the abdomen and release a pheromone during courship. In some
species the hair-pencils are covered with fine dust-like particles which
shower forth as a rain of scented particles when the hair-pencils shoot out.
There are also conspicuous wing glands which, with the hair-pencils,
produce pheromones that are a characteristic for each species so that the
butterflies can tell their own species from all the others. Some of these
pheromones can even be detected by the human nose.

Tip of abdomen of Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus) showing scent brushes (hair-pencils), with one
open and one closed.

Stride (1958) watched Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus) courtship and he
noticed that, while the female normally flies in a leisurely, unhurried
manner, during courtship she adopts a rapid, rather jerky flight. On

COURTSHIP AND MATING OF BUTTERFLIES 211

overtaking the female the male flies above, hair-pencilling the front part of
the female every time an opportunity presents itself. Within a short time,
the female settles with the male beside her facing in the same direction.

Then the male bends his abdomen sideways to reach the female and join
with her. If, during mating, flight becomes necessary, the male flies
carrying the female with him, not as in some other butterflies where the
female is the active partner.

In most other species, the pheromone is only used when the butterfly is
one or two metres from its partner, but not further away. Female
pheromone evokes the male pursuing response and causes continued
courtship, while the male pheromone may cause the female to land and
accept the male.

Mating
To initiate copulation the males of almost all butterflies grasp the female
from a position slightly behind her while facing the same direction as the
female and bending his abdomen right or left 180° to grasp her abdomen.
Then the male moves sideways until the partners face opposite directions.

The pair remain at the mating site, where they may separately or both
bask in the sun by opening their wings, or may fly if disturbed. If
disturbed, the sex which carries the other is usually fixed within the species
and it will fly, carrying the other behind. In species in which only one sex
carries the other, the active sex usually positions itself above the other, with
its wings outside of those of the other, and is more likely to walk during
copulation. The inactive sex remains in a state of immobility known as
catelepsis. At the end of copulation in Precis the female kicks and turns
until the male is broken off; then the male flies away. In other species the
male initiates uncoupling. Apparently only in the Danaidae is there a
postnuptial flight (the male always carries the female a short distance).

Copulation lasts about half to three hours depending on the species, and
occasionally overnight. Copulation is longer at lower temperature and if
the male has recently mated. Males can mate five times or more, whereas
the number of matings per female varies between species from only once to
an average of three.

In some species a large structure known as the sphragis is deposited by
the male in the copulatory opening of the female preventing further
mating. A sphragis is known in Acraeidae and Danaidae (Amaurus). In all
the species with a large sphragis, many similarities exist, including the
absence of courtship, powerful odour (pheromones) of adults of both
sexes, and strong attraction of males to virgins. The male captures the
female without any courtship in the Acraeidae and it appears that the
females produce an attracting pheromone. It appears that the large
sphragis serves to inhibit the emission of the female pheromone. The male
of these species can easily detect whether the female is virgin or mated by

Di2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1x.1990

physically detecting the sphragis (or because of pheromones) and he can
therefore mate immediately without wasting time courting. In other
butterflies, determining the receptivity of the female may not be so easy,
and one function of courtship is to increase the female’s receptivity so that
mating can occur.

Females can mate the first day of adult life in almost all species, although
they may mate more readily after a day or two. In contrast, males usually
mate only after several days. Males often develop distinctive odours (male
pheromones) only after a few days. Females of perching species often must
fly to the mating site, so may be older than patrolling species at first
mating. The difference between the sexes in minimum age of mating is due
to three reasons. Males almost always take the active role in mate-locating,
so must be capable of stronger flight, so must wait a few days before
actively perching or patrolling. Second, it is advantageous to fertilise the
females as soon as possible in the usual preoviposition period so that the
time for oviposition is not reduced. Finally males almost always emerge a
few days before females.

xD
XFL

Cyclyrius babaulti (Stempffer) perching on a leaf (left) and Jolaus (Epamera) diametra natalica
Vari which perches along forest roads, clearings or along the outskirts of the woods (right).

References

Common, I.F.B. & Waterhouse, D.F., 1972. Butterflies of Australia. Angus
Robert son, Australia.

Henning, S.F., 1984. Southern African Butterflies, with illustrations by Clare
Abbott. Macmillan South Africa. 24 colour plates.
— , 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Aloe Frandsen Publishers,
Johannesburg. 472 pages.

Scott, J.A., 1968 (1970). Hill-topping as a Mating Mechanism to Aid the Survival of
Low Density Species. J. Res. Lepid. 7 (4): 191-204.

COURTSHIP AND MATING OF BUTTERFLIES 23)

— , 1972 (1973). Mating of Butterflies. J. Res. Lepid. 11 (2): 99-127.
— , 1974. Mate-locating behaviour of butterflies. Amer. Midl. Nat. 91: 103-117.
Shields, O., 1967. Hilltopping. J. Res. Lepid. 6 (2): 69-178.
Shields, O. & Emmel, J., 1973. Carrying-pair behaviour of butterflies. J. Res.
Lepid. 12: 25-64.
Stride, G.O., 1958. Further studies on the courtship behaviour of African mimetic
butterflies. Anim. Behav. 6: 224-230.

Protracted emergence of Eupithecia pusillata D. & S. (Lep. Geometridae),
Juniper Pug.

On the 10th May 1989 while walking the ridge of Whitbarrow Scar,
Westmorland, I came across an isolated clump of Juniper bushes which
was, for the lack of a better word, infested with larvae of FE. pusillata; as
many as 40 - 50 larvae falling onto the tray at a single beat. Suspecting the
possibility of a high rate of parasitism in such a dense population I selected
between SO - 60 last instar larvae.

The first of these began to spin up a few days later and by the 17th May
all had pupated. Between 30th May and 10th June 23 moths emerged at the
approximate rate of two each day. On 3rd July I went away for a few days
and as over three weeks had elapsed since the last emergence I presumed
that the pupae were going to “‘lay over’’ until the following year; a not
uncommon habit in some northern species, especially those occurring at
high altitudes. I was therefore surprised and somewhat annoyed to find
twelve mostly rubbed specimens on my return on the 6th. For the next week
there were no further emergences despite the very hot weather; but not
wishing to be caught out a second time I decided to take the remaining
pupae with me to Ireland on 13th July. This proved to be a correct move as
four came out on the 17th followed by one more on the 18th.

These were the last to emerge and in October seven pupae were put
outside in a garden shed having first discarded four dead ones. An
examination at the time of writing (February 1990) revealed another fatality
with the remainder appearing still healthy. As yet there has been no sign of
parasitism.

In summary it would be unscientific to infer that the above interesting
sequence of events obtained in captivity bears any similarity to feral
behaviour, however experience shows that rearing in captivity, if it is going
to have any effect, usually accelerates development and not retards it. So
perhaps it is not too unreasonable to presume this species has an extended
period of emergence in the wild and also should the same irregular pattern
experienced in captivity occur in nature at a site being monitored by a light
trap who could argue with a recorder who suggested that the freshly
emerged specimens appearing in the latter half of July were probably the
offspring of those noted in late May and early June? So endeth a
cautionary tale.k— BERNARD SKINNER, 5 Rawlins Close, South Croydon,
Surrey CR2 8JS.

214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.ix.1990

A melanic form of Carabus clathratus L. (Col.: Carabidae)

A variety of this fine ground-beetle has lately come to my notice which I do
not find mentioned in the works available to me, and which, therefore,
must be rare to say the least. It is to all intents and purposes melanic,
retaining only some slight trace of metallic lustre, but practically none in
the inter-costal pits on the elytra. The beetle thus has a very sombre aspect
compared with ordinary specimens, where ground colour is shining dark
greenish-brass and the elytral pits strikingly coppery or golden.

I possess an example of the above variety from the collection of my late
friend Arthur W. Gould, with the data ‘‘Loch Lurgainn, Sutherland,
15.6.60, C. McD.’’. It measures only 23 mm as compared with an average
of 27 mm for the type form. Another, virtually identical except in being
distinctly larger, is in my friend Prof. J.A. Owen’s collection, and was
taken in Glen Dessarry, West Inverness-shire, in July 1978.

Melanism is probably occasional in all species of Carabus not normally
black in ground colour. In Britain it is definitely recorded for at least
nemoralis Miill., nitens L., and granulatus L., and no doubt occurs also in
monilis F. and arvensis Hbst.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Rothamsted farmland light trap network: interesting Lepidoptera records
for May 1990

Twenty-five of the proposed 26 sites described in a recent article (antea
200-201) were in continuous operation during May and, once again, the
early emergence of many species was the most interesting aspect of the
catches. The more noteworthy records are summarised below giving the
date of first capture and, in brackets, the usual time of emergence.
Timandra griseata Peters 6/7.v. (late May); Scopula imitaria Hb. 31.v.
(July); Idaea seriata Schr. Frequent since 4/5.v. (late June); /. dimidiata
Hufn. 23.v. (late June); J. aversata Linn. 29.v. (mid-June); Mythimna
impura Hb. 31.v. (late June); M. pallens Linn. Frequent since 25.v. (late
June); Acronicta leporina Linn. 17.v. (early June); Pseudoips fagana Fabr.
3.v. and frequent since 14.v. (June).

Other records of note are several individuals of Autographa gamma
(Linn.), in ‘‘mint’’ condition, during early May. These records, along with
a locally-discovered fully-grown larva in February, suggest likely over-
wintering in this species. A single Udea ferrugalis Hb. (Pyralidae) was
recorded on 23rd May but no other suspected immigrants were caught
during the month. Finally, a single Panolis flammea D. & S. was caught on
2nd May and, despite Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps operating on
the estate periodically since 1933 and continuously since 1960, this species
has never before been recorded.— MARTIN C. TOWNSEND and ADRIAN M.
RILEY, Dept. Entomology and Nematology, AFRC Inst. Arable Crops
Res., Rothamsted Exp. Stn., Harpenden, Herts ALS 2JQ.

IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1989 INNS)

THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA INTO THE BRITISH ISLES
IN 1989

R.F. BRETHERTON' and J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT?

' Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Guildford, Surrey.
2 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent.

(concluded from p. 159)

ANNEXE I
Names of recorders

This contains the names of those who have sent their own records to us
and, as far as possible, those of others which they have transmitted; also a
few already published elsewhere. Names of recorders from Ireland have not
been fully included.

Adams, Mrs C., Adams, E., Allen, D. (Ireland), Agassiz, D.J.L., Austin, R.
(Guernsey), Baker, B.R., Baker, Mrs M.A., Baldock, D.W., Banner, M., Bell,
R.A., Belringer, S.M., Botwright, G., Booth, C.J., Bourgoise, J. (Guernsey),
Bowerman, Mrs E., Boyd, T. (Ireland), Branson, B., Bretherton, M.F., Bretherton,
R.F., Brooks, Miss M., Brown, D.C.G., Brown, E.P., Brown, M.R., Brower, Mrs
W. de, Bryan, M.D., Burton, J.F., Butcher, S., Cade, M., Catt, M. & A.,
Campbell, J.L., Chalmers-Hunt, J.M., Chainey, J., Champkin, W., Chambers,
DrAvwe Chatelan= RaG» = Clancy.sse- Clarkes) Dr J-4 Clarke, KER, Cleere; Dx
Gobbines 2 Collins,,€: Bs, Cooper, K-;\ Corley, M:-HeVce Costen, Dr P2Mes Cox,
B., Craine, D.G., Cribb, P.W., Creasey, G., Crump, F.D., Curzon, S., Davey, P.,
Dempsey, Mrs S., Derbyshire Ent. Soc., Dewick, A.J., Dewick, S., Dey, D.,
Dobson, A.H., Dowling, D. (Ireland), Durlston Country Park, Eastwick-Field,
G.G., Else, G.R., Emmet, A.M., Evans, M., Ezard, A.S., Farwell, P., Fenn, J.,
Firmin, J., Foster, A.P., Fradgley, J., Freeborn, G. (Ireland), Goater, B., Goodey,
B., Gowlett, W., Graveley, B., Gray, M., Green, J.E., Greenwood, J.A.C., Grove,
R.W., Hall, N.M., Halsey, J. & M., Halpen, Mrs S., Harlen, S., Harmer, A.S.,
Hardman, R., Harrison, B., Harwood, N.W., Haynes, R.F. (Ireland & Man),
Heckford, R., Henwood, B.P., Higgs, G.E. (Guernsey), Hobbs, R., Hodge, R.J.,
Hopsen, Mr & Mrs, Inch, D., Jacobs, S.N.A., Jenkins, A.J., Jewess, P.J.,
Johnstone, D.L., Kittle, W.G., Kneen, Mr & Mrs, Knill-Jones, S.A., Lane, R.E. &
GG. banemaids Dr IER. .vempke, BJs, Lidgate,.J-@. cong, R., Lorimer, Ros
McCormick, R.F., McKee, C. (Ireland), MacNamara, D., MacNulty, B.J.,
Macworth-Praed, H., Madge, S.C., Marples, F., Mitchell, B.R., Moore, B.W.,
Morgan, I.K., Morris, R.K.A., Musselle, R., Myers, Dr A,. (Ireland), Nash, S.,
O’ Heffernan, H., O’Keeffe, D., Owen, John, Owen, Prof D.F., Palmer, Mr & Mrs
SeM-) Rarsonsseviln) Payne) eee eect... MIN: D? a(Guemsey); Renney, CsC:;
Penhallurick, R., Pittis, S.C., Phillips, J., Plant, C.W., Potts, P.M., Pratt, C.R.,
Radford. A-R... Radford, Jol. Ratley.,D:, Reid, Je. Rich, Mrs E>, Rippey, 1
(Ireland), Robinson, R., Rogers, M., Rollin, C.C.M., Rouse, T., Rutherford, C.I.,
Salmon, Dr M.A., Scott, I. & K., Semmens, M.P., Skinner, B., Slade, D.J. &
A.M., Softly, R.A., Spalding, A., Spence, B., Sterling, Col. D.H., Sterling, P.H.,
Stokes, Mrs S., Summers, G., Sutcliffe, S.J., Swanson, S., Symons, W. (Guernsey),
Tremewan, M.A., Tubbs, R.S., Tucker, V.R., Walker, D., Wallace, Mrs C.,
Walters, J., Waring, P., West, B.K., Weston, B., Wild, E.H., Williams, E.H.,
Williams, K., Williams, M., Wincot, P.R., Winter, P.Q., Wright, Dr S., Young,
D., Young, Dr M.

216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.ix.1990

convolvuli
Spodoptera
Heliothis
armigera

unionalis
Mythimna
unipuncta

Palpita
Agnus

Totals 1989

(Totals 1988)

TABLE II. Scarcer immigrants in 1989 (All records, British Isles).
ANNEXE II
Records of scarcer immigrant species in 1989: adults only.

Suspected immigrants of resident species are marked *. Records of nocturnal species
are of those found in traps or otherwise at light unless otherwise stated, with dates as
far as possible for the beginning of each night. Initials are used for some recorders in
long lists, but others are given in full.

IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1989 yy)

PYRALOIDEA

Euchromius ocellea Guen. (2) KENT W. East Malling, 26.9 (D.A.
Chambers). YORKS v.c. 61 Spurn Bird Observatory, 21.9 (B. Spence).
*Evergestis extimalis Hb. DORSET Portland Bird Observatory, 20.8 (M.
Rogers per N.M. Hall).

Hellula undalis Fabr. (5). DORSET Studland, 24.10 (DCGB) HANTS
ISLE OF WIGHT Freshwater 26.10 (SAK-J). SUSSEX W. Littlehampton,
30.10, two (B.S.) Sussex E. Eastbourne, 23.10 (BS).

*Margaritia sticticalis L. (2) ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea, 11.7 (S. Dewick).
YORKS v.c. 61 Spurn B.O., 9.7 (B. Spence).

Udea polygonalis D. & S. ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea, 21.9 (A.J. Dewick).
*Sitochroa palealis D. & S. (14 plus larvae). CORNWALL W. Scilly, St
Mary’s, 24 & 29.8, larvae on Daucus, presumably from immigrant parent
(R.J. Heckford). SUSSEX W. Thorney Island, 4/14.7, fourteen in all.
Possible resident there (C.B. Collins).

*Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (15) HANTS S. Widley, Portsdown, 14.6 (P.
Potts). 11.6, 14.6, 17.6, 19.6, 6.7, 20.8, 18.9, two, 24.9 (J.T. Radford per
CRP). SUSSEX E. 18.9, 21.9, two, 23.9, 24.9 (M. Parsons). GUERNSEY
Petit Bot, 8.9, first island record (R. Austin).

*Phlyctaenia perlucidalis Hb. (3), HANTS N. Leckford, 13.6, 2.7 (D.H. &
P.H. Sterling). YORKS v.c. 61 Spurn B.O., 7.7 (B. Spence).

Antigastra catalaunalis Dup. SUSSEX W. Walberton, 26.10 (JTR per BS).
Maruca testulalis Geyer KENT W. Dartford, 6.8. Probably only fourth
known wild example, probably immigrant (B.K. West, Ent. Rec. 102: 44).
Diasemiopsis ramburialis Dup. DORSET Studland, 25.10 (D.C.G.
Brown).

Palpita unionalis Hb. (57). CORNWALE W. Cusgarne, 30.10, two (A.
Spalding); Penzance, 17.11 (M.P. Semmens). DORSET Durlston Country
Park, 23.10; Portland B.O., 18.10 (M. Rogers); Durlston Head, 21.10,
EWwO~ 252102 27 10> three (P-sMavey)..22.l0stwo, 25,10. six, 24.10) 25 10.
four (DCGB); Durlston, 27.10 (A. Gardner). HANTS ISLE OF WIGHT
Freshwater, 19.10 (SAK-J). KENT E. Dungeness 25.10 (S.P. Clancy).
NORFOLK W. Hockwold, 16.9 (J. Fenn). SUSSEX W. Walberton, 25.10,
30.10 (J.T. Radford); Littlehampton, 26.10, 30.10 (BS); Rogate, 30.10
(J.A.C. Greenwood). SUSSEX E. Eastbourne, 23.10, four (B.S. & M.
Parsons), 26.10 (M. Parsons), 30.10, twelve males, 31.10, one male (A.P.
Foster & M. Parsons); Pevensey Levels 24.10 (A.P. Foster); Ninfield,
24.10, 11.11 (M. Parsons). GUERNSEY Old Marais, Vale, 9.8 (R.
Austen); Forest, 12.9, two (T.N.D. Peet).

*Dioryctria abietella D. & S. ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea, 8.7, four (A.J.
Dewick), KENT E. Greatstone, 8.7, one large (SPC). YORKS v.c. 61
Spurn B.O., 25.9, ‘‘a giant’? (B. Spence). Immigrants are usually larger
than the native form.

218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1x.1990

RHOPALOCERA

Papilio machaon bigeneratus Vty. SUSSEX E. Beachy Head, 17.8, noted
flying off the sea (P. Farwell per C.W. Piant). GUERNSEY St Peter, 8.11,
one seen (per R. Austin).

Colias alfacariensis Berger. BUCKS Dancer’s End, 17.9, male (Dr P.A.
Salmon, at BENHS exhibition, identity teste JMC-H). The first confirmed
British specimen for many years.

Pontia daplidice L. CORNWALL E. Mount Edgecumbe, near Torpoint,
29.7 (E. Adams per S.C. Madge, who believed it to be correctly identified).
Lampides boeticus L. SURREY Alford, 3.7, one caught in a field and set
(R. Hardman per P.W. Cribb). [One seen at Prawle, south Devon is
believed to have come from a nature breeding site. ]

Nymphalis antiopa L. (3) MIDDLESEX Sunbury, 25.7, feeding on fallen
plums in garden (P.W. Cribb). SURREY Esher Common, watched flying
round a pear tree and feeding on rotting fruit, 22.7 (Steven Brown per I.
Rippey). Dates agree with the general immigration of late July.
CORNWALL E. Maker, 12.7, seen and described (P. Cobbing per SCM).
Dryas julia Fabr. ESSEX N. Colchester, one found, caught and
photographed between mid July and August; a shop selling bananas was
1% miles away (per B. Goodey). It was probably imported like its British
predecessor at Rotherhithe in 1936.

Danaus plexippus L. (3) DORSET Abbotsbury, watched by R.W. Grove
(per Martin Cade), 22.9. SUSSEX E. Jevington, Eastbourne, 15.8, closely
seen on buddleia, then flew off (by Mr Witten, per D. Rushen of ‘‘Living
World’’, reported by D. Dey and CRP). HANTS S. Havant, uncertain
date, watched at rest and flying by Mrs M.A. Collins (C.B. Collins).

BOMBYCOIDEA

*Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (5). YORKS v.c. 61 Spurn B.O., 7.7, four, 9.9
(B. Spence); Flamborough, 8.7, Muston 10.7 (P.Q. Winter). Probably
migrants.

LASIOCAMPIDAE

Dendrolimus pini L. GUERNSEY Le Chene, Forest, 9.7, at light. Possibly
from imported conifers, as no other immigrants were seen that night. Only
second British record (T.N.D. Peet, pers. comm. and Ent. Rec. 101: 248).

GEOMETROIDEA
Cyclophora pupillaria Hb. GUERNSEY Forest, 26.9 (T.N.D. Peet).

*Scopula rubiginata Hufn. KENT E. Greatstone, 17.8 male (B. Branson
Dens Claney,)-
Rhodometra sacraria L. (223) BERKS Fernham, 22.7, two, 24.7, 6.9, 16.9,

IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1989 219

20.9, 24.9, three, 25.10, two, 27.10, 30.10; Long Wittenham, 23.9 (D.
Owan); Wash Common, Newbury, 29.10 (N. Cleere per G.G. Eastwick-
Field). CHESHIRE Combermere,. 27.10 (R. Robinson per C.I.
Rutherford). CORNWALL W. Scilly, Tresco, end September (C.I.
Rutherford). Cusgarne (two places) 4.9, red stripe, 5.9, red stripe, 6.9, two
red stripe, 8.9, red stripe, 10.9, red stripe, 11.9, two red stripe, 21.9, red
stripe, 22.9, two red, one brown stripe, 23.9, 1 red, 1 brown stripe, 26.9,
red stripe, 29.9, red stripe, 30.10, red stripe, 2.11, red stripe (A. Spalding);
Renzances22.71.4 50:75 '8.9,. 9.951829. 21-9) 25.9) 26.9) two, 28.9> 1.105 5.10:
17.10, 22.10; Drift Reservoir, 3.9 (M.P. Semmens); Rosewarne, 12.9 (A.H.
Dobson); Housel Bay, 26.9 (C.L. Rutherford; Coverack, Lizard, 25.8, 27.8
(DCGB); Cury, Lizard, 22.7, two, 26.7, 2.8 (A. Gardner). CORNWALL
E. Sheviock, 1.8; East Looe 19.9 (S.C. Madge). DEVON S. East Prawle,
8.7, 4.8, both by day (M. & A. Catt); Abbotskerswell, 5.9, 7.10 (D.P.
Henwood); Chardstock, 7.9 (A. Jenkins). DORSET Portland B.O., 21.7,
Zoe oe. tiree, 329: 429, "6:9, two, 6.9, 11-9, twor 12.9) twor 910:
Durlston Head, 22.10, two, 25.10, three (DCGB), 27.10 (A. Gardner);
Durlston C.P. 22.7, 4.9, 23.10; Swanage, 20.9, 21.9 (P.R. Wincot); 9.10
(BS); Durlston Head, 18.10, 22.10, 24.10, 25.10 (P. Davey); Studland, 21.7
(P. Davey), 24.10, 25.10, (DCGB), 27.10 (A. Gardner); Poole, 21.7, two
females (GGE-F); Gaunt’s Common, Wimborne, 6.9, five, 19.9, four,
21.9, two, 23.9, three (P. Davey). Wimborne, 25.8, 2.9, 9.9, 24.9, three,
23.10 (J. Fradgley). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea, 24.7, 21.9, 22.9, 24.9,
25.9, 29.9, 24.10, 25.10, 6.10, 28.10, two, 1.11 (S. Dewick). ESSEX N.
Friday Wood, Colchester, July (B. Goodey). HANTS ISLE OF WIGHT
Freshwater, 19.10 (SAK-J). HANTS S. Lymington, 31.8, 6.9, 13.9, two,
23.9, 26.9, 23.10, 24.10, 26.10, two, 27.10 (A.S. Harmer); Widley,
Portsdown, 21.7, brown stripe, 4.9, red stripe (P.Potts); Ringwood, 23.7,
three (J. Clarke); Sparsholt, 28.7, 11.9, 27.9 (A.H. Dobson). HANTS N.
Burghclere, 30.10 (GGE-F); Crawley, 31.10 (R.A. Bell). KENT E.
Hamstreet 29.8 (S. Butcher per SPC), 18.9 (SPC), 30.10 (N. Davies per
SPC); Newington, near Sittingbourne, 24.9, 26.9 (P.J. Jewess);
Greatstone, 25.10, 1.11, female (SPC); Dungeness, 31.10, two, 3.11, two
(D. Walker per SPC). MIDDLESEX Friern Barnet, 27.10, male (APF).
NORTHANTS Deanhanger, 12.9 (DCGB). NOTTS Wollaton Park,
Nottingham, 21.9 (Dr Sheila Wright). SURREY Bramley,14.9 faded male,
27.10, female (RFB). SUSSEX W. Rogate, 25.7, three, 26.7, 31.7, 6.8, 7.8,
12.8, 14.8, seven, 15.7, five, 25.8, 31.8, 2.9, six, 4.9, two, 5.9, 6.9, 8.9,
three, 9.9, two, 12.9, two, 15.9, two, 16.9, 17.9, 18.9, 19.9, 20.9, 23.9,
24.9, 25.9, four, 30.9, 31.9, two (JACG); Church Norton, 23.8 (JTR per
CRP); Walberton, 29.8, 30.8, two, 1.9, 2.9, 5.9, 6.9, 7.9, 8.9, two, 10.9,
14.9, red stripe, 16.9, two, 18.9, 19.9, 21.9, two, 23.9, 22.10, two, 25.10,
26.10, 29.10 (JTR); Littlehampton, 3.9, 24.9 (Mrs R. Pratt); Hassocks, at
post office light (D. Dey). SUSSEX E. Peacehaven, 23.7, 25.7, 4.9, 5.9,

220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.ix.1990

(CRP); Brighton, 3.9, 20.9 (S. Curzon), 31.10 (R. Leverton per CRP).
Ninfield, 6.9, 22.9, two, 24.10 (M. Parsons per CRP); Ashdown Forest,
24.9 (CRP & G. Botwright); Eastbourne, 23.10 (BS); Newhaven, 31.10 (G.
Botwright per CRP). WARWICK Charlecote, 12.9, 25.9 (A. Gardner),
15.9" (DEGB). -WILTS*S: Dinton, 21-8) 2.93 11295(SsM2_ Palmer-se@
DOWN Helen’s Bay, 27.10 (T. Boyd per I. Rippey). CO KERRY Killarney,
28.9 (R.F. Haynes). GUERNSEY Old Marais, Vale, 18.8, 4.9, 8.9; Forest,
4.9, 8.9, 9.9, 12.9, 11.10 (TNDP); Pleinmont, 13.9 (per R. Austin).

Orthonama obstipata Fabr. (7) BERKS Fernham, 16.6 (S. Nash).
DORSET Studland Heath, 30.10 (P. Davey). SUSSEX W. Church Norton
23.7 (JTR per CRP). KENT E. Greatstone, 22.8, male (B. Branson per
SPC), Dungeness, 18.10 (SPC). CO FERMANAGH Castle Caldwell, 28.7
(D. Allen). GUERNSEY Old Marais, Vale, 16.8 (R. Austin).

*Thera cupressata Geyer. Now clearly well established in parts of the
Channel Islands and a number of specimens reported in October from one
locality in Dorset strongly indicates the possibility of a mainland resident
colony. Elsewhere single examples were recorded from CORNWALL E.
Sheviock, 1.10 (SCM); SUSSEX W. Walberton, 22.10 (JTR per CRP).

SPHINGOIDEA

Agrius convolvuli L. (37 plus larvae). CORNWALL W. Scilly, 27.9, by day
(per Adrian Spalding); St Columb Minor, 24.9, in a garden (per A.
Spalding); Coverack 17.8 (DCGB); Lizard, 30.9 (B.R. Baker);
CORNWALL E. St Austell, 4.9, male (W.G. Kittle, Ent. Rec. 101: 281);
Sheviock, 3.10, full grown larva (SCM). DORSET Portland B.O., 20.8,
21.8, 22.8, 9.9 (M. Rogers); Durlston C.P., 28.8, two, 31.8, 6.9, 21.9, 22.9,
25.9, two, 1.10, 8.10; Swanage 21.9, battered male (PQW); Studland,
10.10, on a road (BS). HANTS ISLE OF WIGHT Bonchurch, 26.8 (J.
Halsey). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea, 2.8, 29.8, 2.9, 4.9; Althorne, c.20.9,
dead in a greenhouse (A.J. Dewick), 28.8, 2.9 (S. Dewick). KENT E. Ham-
street, 15.9, female; Wye, 22.9, male; Lenham 6.10, male (T. Rouse per
SPC). SOMERSET N. Ashcott, 21.8 (J.C. Lidgate per SPC). SUSSEX E.
Brighton, 18.9 (R. Leverton per CRP); Eastbourne, 5.10, male (M.
Parsons & APF). ORKNEY Stromness, 13.9 (A. Gray per R.I. Lorimer).
CO DOWN John’s Island, Copelands, one August, photographed (N.
McKee per I. Rippey). GUERNSEY Forest, 12.10, one full grown larva
(TNDP).

Acherontia atropos L. (2 plus larvae). CORNWALL W. Lizard lighthouse,
end July (keeper per A. Gardner). KENT E. Appledore, 8.9, c.50 larvae
and pupae in potato fields (T. Rouse per SPC); Romney Marsh, end 8 and
early 9, many larvae and three pupae (M.R. Brown). SUSSEX E. Brighton,
4.8, flying at 5.45 p.m. (J.V. Banner per CRP).

Hyles gallii Rott. (5 plus many larvae). DERBYSHIRE Butterley reservoir,

IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1989 DOM

18.8 & 25.8, several larvae, which pupated (K.R. Clarke per BS). DORSET
Portland B.O., 11.7 (M. Rogers per NMH). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea,
30.7, female (A.J. Dewick). ESSEX N. West Mersea Island, 25.8, full
grown larva on fuchsia (per J. Firmin). KENT E. Dungeness, one larva (D.
O’ Keeffe); Greatstone Dunes 2.8 (W. Champkin per SPC). WARWICKS
Ryton Wood, 5.7 (per DCGB); Moseley Bog, 18.7, full grown larva (D.
Harrison per DCGB). YORKS v.c. 61. Muston, 7.7, in trap (PQW).
YORKS v.c. 62 Eston Hills, Cleveland, 20.8, three full grown larvae (N.W.
Harwood).

Hyles lineata livornica Esp. HANTS S. Hayling Island, late September or
early October, one caught by J. Walters (J. Chainey per G. Else).

Hippotion celerio L. DORSET Swanage, 26.9 (BS).

NOTODONTOIDEA
Thaumetopoea processionea L. JERSEY Gorey, 22.7 (R. Burrow per R.
Long, Ent. Rec. 102: 84).

NOCTUOIDEA

*Meganola albula D. & S. ESSEX S. Fingringhoe N.N.R., 7.7 (B.
Goodey). Possible immigrant, or spread from East Kent, where it is fairly
frequent but of uncertain status. GUERNSEY St Saviour, 7.7 (R. Austin).

NOCTUIDAE

Agrotis crassa Hb. DORSET Portland B.O., 6.8 (M. Rogers per N.M.
Hall). Probably only the third British mainland specimen, but frequent and
apparently established in Guernsey,

Eurois occulta L. (2). KENT W. Hawkhurst, 23.7 (G. Creasey per SPC);
Dartford, 27.7 (B.K. West).

Mythimna albipuncta D. & S. (c.150). CORNWALL W. Lizard, 5.10,
female (B.R. Baker). DORSET Portland B.O., 12.6, 13.6, 19.6, 22.7, 25.8,
8.10, two, 9.10, 10.10, 13.10 (R. Rogers per N.M. Hall). Durlston Head,
3028) two.) 105, 7 10twor 22,10) tour, 23, 10) threes24 lO ssixa 25. LO hives
27.10 (DCGB); Durlston Head, 16.10, 18.10, 27.10 (P. Davey); Swanage,
26.9, 9.10, two, 10.10, 16.10, two, 17.10, two (R. Chatelain & BS); Poole,
9.10, female (GCE-F); Studland, 24.10, 25.10, five, 26.10 (DCGB); 20.9,
21.9, fertile female (P.Q. Winter); Wimborne, 27.10 (J. Fradgley). ESSEX
S. Bradwell-on-Sea, 22.9, 23.10, one male, one female, 24.10, female,
27.10, male, 28.10, two females, 30.10, female (A.J. & S. Dewick).
HANTS S. Lymington, 22.9, 29.9, 26.10 (A.S. Harmer); Highcliffe, 25.10
(EHW). HANTS N. Crawley, 31.10 (R.A. Bell). KENT E. Dungeness,
19.8, three (BS); 25.8 (D. Walker per SPC), 23.10 (SPC); Greatstone, 23.8,
22.10, two, 23.10, 25.10 (B. Branson per SPC). HANTS ISLE OF WIGHT
Freshwater, 4.9, 23.9, three (SAK-J), SUSSEX W. Walberton, 21.10,

222 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1x.1990

22.10, five, 23.10, three, 26.10, 1.11 (JTR per CRP); Hassocks, 23.10,
24.10 (D. Dey); Littlehampton, 30.10 (BS). SUSSEX E. Eastbourne,
Holywell Cliffs, 26.9 (D. Dey), 30.10 (APF), 23.10, four (CRP), ten (BS &
M. Parsons); Ninfield, 24.10 (M. Parsons per CRP). CO. CORK MID.
Fountainstown, 3.8 (A.A. Myers); Kinsale, 20.7 (BS). GUERNSEY La
Carriere, 29.5, 8/13.10, max. 6 on 10.10; Old Marais, Vale, 12.8, 13.8;
Petit Bot, 21.9, 8.10, c. fifteen, 12.10; St John, 10.10, 11.10 (R. Austin).

Mythimna vitellina Hb. (18). CORNWALL W. Scilly, c.1.10 (CI.
Rutherford). DEVON S. Brixham, 29.7 (R.Heckford); Bigbury, 3.10
(M.D. Bryan); East Prawle, 9.10 (P. Davey). DORSET Portland, 28.3
(N.M. Hall); Portland B.O., 29.6, 1.8, 3.8, 7.8, 21.9, 27.9 (M. Rogers per
N.M. Hall); Durlston C.P., 22.8, 25.9, 30.10; Swanage, 20.9, fertile female
(PQW); Durlston Head, 24.10, 25.10 (DCGB), 28.10 (A. Gardner).

*Mythimna l|-album L. (c. 22). CORNWALL W. Cusgarne, 26.9, 3.10 (A.
Spalding). CORNWALL E. Sheviock, 24.9, 27.9 (SCM); Portwrinkle,
4.10, eight (A. Spalding). HANTS N. Crawley, 22.9 (R. Bell). KENT E.
Dungeness, 23.9 (D. Young), 24.9 (Julian Clarke); Greatstone, 23.10 (B.
Branson, per SPC); Folkestone Warren, 24.9 (D. O’Keeffe per BS).
SUSSEX E. Eastbourne, 5.10 (APF). GUERNSEY Noted at five sites from
31.5 to 16.10, mostly singly (R. Austin, TNDP).

Mythimna unipuncta Haw. (520). CORNWALL W. Scilly, Tresco,
28.9/3.10, two (C.I. Rutherford). Penzance, 12.9/30.9, forty, 1.10/31.10,
sixty-four, 1.11/19.11, three (M.P. Semmens); Cusgarne, 21.9/30.9,
twenty-five, 1.10/31.10, fifty-two, 5.11/22.11, five (A. Spalding);
Kynance, 24.9, seventeen, 25.9, two; Lizard, 30.9/6.10, eighteen (J.
Baker); Lizard, Housel Bay, 26 & 27.9, five (C.I. Rutherford); Rosewarne,
4.10, 11.10 (A.H. Dobson); Lizard, 14.10, five, 15.10, two females (Julian
Clarke). CORNWALL E. Sheviock, Torpoint, 24.9, 25.9, 27.9, two, 29.9,
30.9, two, 1.10, 2.10, two, 5.10, two; Portwrinkle, 4.10, two (A. Spalding).
DEVON S. Bigbury, 1.10/7.10, eleven (M.N. Bryan); East Prawle,
7.10/11.10, twenty (P. Davey); Plymouth, 14.10, five, 15.10, two (J.
Clarke). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea, 25.9, 24.10, 26.10, 2.12 (A.J.
Dewick). DORSET Portland B.O., 28.3 (N.M. Hall), 20.9/29.9, twenty-
eight, 1.10/18.10, twenty; Portland, 22.7, 23.7 (R.A. Bell); 21.9, two (J. &
M. Halsey); Durlston, 7.10, two, 22.10, six, 23.10, eight, 24.10, two, 25.10,
two, 26.10, four (DCGB), 16.10, 18.10, five, 21.10, four, 25.10, three,
26.10 (P. Davey), 30.9, 27.10, two, 28.10 (A. Gardner); Durlston C.P.,
23.9, 24.9, three, 25.9, four, 26.9, three, 30.9, two, 9.10/23.10, twenty,
19.11; Studland, 11.9 (D. Young), 27.10 (A. Gardner); Swanage, 9.10,
two, 17.10, six, 18.10 (BS & R. Chatelain); Gaunt’s Green, Wimborne,
26.10 (P. Davey). HANTS ISLE OF WIGHT Freshwater, 25.9, two, 27.9,
29.9, 6.10, 11.10, two, 12.10, two, 13.10, two (SAK-J). HANTS S.
Highcliffe, 28.9, 4.10 (EHW). HANTS N. Crawley, 11.11, male (R.A.

IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1989 223

Bell). KENT E. Dungeness, 25.9, 18.10, 23.10, 24.10, 7.11 (SPC), 11.10
(Julian Clarke), 13.10, two, 17.10, two, 30.10 (D. Walker per
SPC); Greatstone, 18.10, 30.10 (SPC), 22.10, 25.10 (B. Branson per SPC).
NORFOLK W. Hockwold, 23.10 (J. Fenn). SUSSEX W. Walberton, 26.9,
10.10, 11.10, 18.10, 23.10, 24.10, 29.10, 1.11 (JTR per CRP), Littlehamp-
ton, 24.10, 26.10 (BS), 2.11, two (Mrs R. Pratt). Total SUSSEX W. 13.
SUSSEX E. Eastbourne, 5.10 (APF & M. Parsons), 23.10 (CRP), four (BS
& M. Parsons), 30.10, two (APF & M. Parsons); Findon, 9.10 (S. Odell);
Peacehaven, 21.10, 1.11 (CRP); Ninfield, 26.10, 31.10 (M. Parsons);
Pevensey Levels, two at ivy (APF & M. Parsons). WARWICKS Bidford-
on-Avon, 14.10 (R. Cox per DCGB). WILTS S. Dinton, 10.10 (S.M.
Palmer). YORKS v.c.61. Muston, 21.9 (PQW). CO CORK MID
Fountainstown, 2.10, twelve (A.A. Myers). GUERNSEY Forest, 12.9,
Pao. 105. 25). 10) (ENDE): La. Carriere, 92105 12-10. two, 13510) (Re
Austin). ISLE OF SKYE, 10.10 (Simon Dix per DCGB).

Mythimna loreyi Dup (21). DEVON S. Brixham, no date (R. Heckford).
DORSET Swanage, 10.10 (BS & R. Chatelain); Durlston Head, 25.10, two
(DCGB), 27.10 (A. Gardner), 25.10 (P. Davey); Durlston C.P., 30.10,
KENT E. Dungeness, 30.10, female (D. Walker per SPC); SUSSEX W.
Walberton, 26.10 (JTR per CRP), Littlehampton, 30.10, five (BS).
SUSSEX E. Eastbourne, 30.10, five, 31.10, two (APF & M. Parsons).

*Senta flammea Curtis. DORSET Gaunt’s Common, Wimborne, 24.5 (P.
Davey). Probably immigrant or now establishing itself locally.

*Xylena exsoleta L. (2). BERKS Fernham 29.3 (S. Nash). Probably
immigrant, agreeing in date with M. vitellina and M. unipuncta; DORSET
Durlston Head, 21.10 (P. Davey).

Trigonophora flammea Esp. (3). DORSET Studland, 25.10, male (DCGB),
27.10 (A. Gardner); SUSSEX W. Walberton, 20.10 (JTR per CRP).

Polyphaenis sericata Esp. (2). GUERNSEY: Forest, 24.7 (TNDP).
JERSEY Gorey, 23.7 (R. Long, Ent. Rec. 102: 84).

Spodoptera exigua Hb. (86). BERKS Fernham, 25.7 (S. Nash).
CORNWALL W. Penzance, 22.7, two, 23.7, two (MPS); Cusgarne, 26.7,
18.9, 30.10, two, 31.10, 2.11 (A. Spalding); Rosewarne, 30.7, 14.8 (A.H.
Dobson). DORSET Studland Heath, 21.7, 30.10 (P. Davey); Portland
B.O., 21.7 (M. Rogers per N.M. Hall), Portland, 21.9 (J.& M. Halsey),
Durlston, 23.10 (DCGB). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea, 27.7, 28.7 (A.J.
Dewick), 22.9 (S. Dewick). KENT E. Dungeness, 19.8, two (D. O’ Keeffe);
30.10, male (SPC). HANTS N. Crawley, 26.8, two (R.A. Bell). SUSSEX
W. Thorney Island, 16.6 (C.B. Collins); Walberton, 21.7, 23.7, two (JTR
per CRP); Littlehampton, 30.10, six (BS). SUSSEX E. Peacehaven, 25.7
(CRP). CO CORK MID Kinsale, 20.7 (BS).

Enargia paleacea Esp. HERTS Broxbourne Woods, 24.7, female (B.S. &
R. Chatelain).

224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.ix.1990

Heliothis armigera Hb. (21 & larva). DEVON S. Bigbury, 3.10 (M.D.
Bryan, Ent. Rec. 102: 36). DORSET Gaunt’s Common, Wimborne, 20.9
(P. Davey); Durlston C.P., 24.9, 27.9, 28.9; Durlston Head, 5.10, 24.10,
two (DCGB), 26.9, fertile female (B.S. & R. Chatelain); Portland, 26.9 (A.
Jenkins). ESSEX S. Bradwell-on-Sea, 23.9 (A.J. Dewick); HANTS ISLE
OF WIGHT. Freshwater, 25.9 (SAK-J); HANTS S. Sparsholt, 21.9 (AHD
per BS), HANTS N. Crawley 29.9 (R.A. Bell); KENT E. Greatstone, 25.9,
26.9 (SPC), Dungeness, 23.10, male (SPC). SUSSEX W. Littlehampton,
26.10, one of extreme ab. ochracea Cockerell, 30.10 (BS), Walberton,
29.10, 30.10 (JTR per CRP). SUSSEX E. Ninfield, 23.9 (M. Parsons per
CRP); Horsham, one larva found in pea-pods imported from Guatemala
(M. Roberts), pupated 16.6, emerged 7.7 (CRP).

Heliothis peltigera D. & S. (9). CORNWALL W. Coverack, Lizard, 16.8,
27.8 (DCGB); Penzance, 4.8 (MPS). DORSET Portland B.O. 2.8 (M.
Rogers per N.M. Hall); Studland, 27.10 (A. Gardner). KENT E.
Dungeness, 20.8 (D.O’Keeffe); Greatstone 31.8 (B. Branson per SPC).
SUSSEX E. Peacehaven, 21.9 (CRP). ISLE OF MAN Castletown, 14.6
(M. Kneen per D.G. Craine).

Eublemma parva Hb. DORSET (2). Portland B.O., 7.9 (M. Rogers per
N.M. Hall). HANTS S. Widley, Portsdown, 24.7 (P.M. Potts).

*Deltote bankiana Fabr. (5). KENT E. Folkestone Warren, 16.6 (A.
Butcher per SPC): Greatstone, 7.7, male (B. Branson per SPC). ESSEX S.
Bradwell-on-Sea, 8.7 (S. Dewick), 15.7 (A.J. Dewick), 18.7 (S. Dewick).
Probably immigrants.

Chrysodeixis acuta Walker (6). SUSSEX W. Littlehampton, 21.10, 23.10,
24.10 (Mrs R. Pratt), 30.10, male (BS); Walberton, 25.10, 30.10 (JTR per
CRP).

Trichoplusia ni Hb. SUSSEX W. Littlehampton, 30.10, male (BS).
Diachrysia orichalcea Fabr. (2). SUSSEX W. Walbertron, 29.10 (JTR per
CRP). SUSSEX E. Eastbourne. 30.10, one almost certainly seen (APF &
M. Parsons).

Hypena obsitalis Hb. DEVON S. Brixham, 29.7, shown at BENHS
exhibition, identity teste JMC-H (B. Henwood).

Early butterflies in 1990

Whilst walking through the Chiddingfold Wood complex, in West Sussex,
on 17th June 1990, in the company of Dr J. Clarke and Mr J. Phillips, we
were surprised to see several examples of the Silver-washed Fritillary,
Argynnis paphia L. together with the White Admiral, Lagoda camilla L.,
an early date for both these species. — R.R. COOK, 11 Greensome Drive,
Ferndown, Dorset.

ALEOCHARA BINOTATA AND A. VERNA 225

ALEOCHARA BINOTATA KR., NOT A. VERNA SAY (COL.:
STAPHYLINIDAE), A BRITISH INSECT

R. COLIN WELCH

Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton,
Huntingdon, Cambs PE17 2LS.

IN JULY 1963 I collected a small Aleochara from dry dung on sand dunes
at Spurn Head, Yorkshire. The specimen, a female, although obviously a
member of the subgenus Coprochara, had paler elytra and significant
differences in puncturation to the common A. bipustulata L. Dissection
revealed a distinctly shaped spermatheca which did not appear to fit any of
the known Northern European species. However, following Likovsky’s
(1965) description of a new Mongolian subspecies of A. verna Say, four
specimens were examined standing over that name in the M. Cameron
Collection in the Natural History Museum, London. Three proved to be
males, but the one female had a spermatheca very similar to the Spurn
specimen. Dr A. Strand also kindly loaned me specimens, of what he
considered to be A. verna, collected at Kirkenstuen, Norway, in 1934 and
1935. These compared favourably with the Spurn specimen.

Enquiries of a number of North American museums revealed that Say’s
type material had been destroyed, mostly by dermestids, but a number of
specimens were obtained, on loan, from the Smithsonian Institution’s
Casey bequest, for comparison. In none of the American A. verna females
did the spermathecal duct form such a pronounced spherical mass. Most
possessed speremathecae which, at the time, I considered to be within the
range of variation of the common A. bipustulata (Welch, 1964). Clearly the
Spurn specimen was what European coleopterists referred to as A. verna,
but there was some doubt as to whether this name was valid. As it was
definitely a species new to Britain, it was added to the British List under
that name (Welch, 1969).

In the course of the next two decades I have collected and examined large
numbers of A. bipustulata without coming across a single specimen
remotely similar to the Spurn female. Recently Klimaszewski (1984)
reviewed the North American species of Aleochara and discovered two
consistent types masquerading under the name A. verna; the true Nearctic
species of Say, and an unidentified European species. He comments that
“‘The European concept of this species is erroneous’’ but ‘‘refrained from
making any formal changes in European nomenclature’’. His call for
European coleopterists to solve this problem was taken up shorly
afterwards when Dr G.A. Lohse visited North America to examine
Staphylinidae in museum collections. He concluded that the species
previously regarded as A. verna in Europe was in fact A. binotata Kr. His
published key to the red-spotted species of Coprochara, and his figure of
the spermatheca, fit my description of the Spurn specimen (Lohse, 1986,
fig. 1c).

226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.ix.1990

Clearly, on the above evidence, A. verna Say should be deleted from the
British List of Coleoptera and replaced by A. binotata Kr. However, the
story may not end there. When I originally compared the Spurn female
with A. bipustulata, I figured the spermatheca of a specimen which
possessed what I considered to be the ‘‘maximum development of coiling
found in this species’’. I further commented that the ‘‘sclerotized part of
the spermathecal duct most commonly had two or three coils’’. This
spermatheca bears a remarkable likeness to both Klimaszewski’s (1984, fig.
37) and Lohse’s (1986, fig, 4c) drawings of what they regard as the true A.
verna. Perhaps among those specimens which I had hitherto regarded as
but one extreme in the range of variation in the spermathecal structure of
A. bipustulata are to be found British examples of A. verna. Only time,
and a more detailed study of a large number of specimens, will provide the
answer.

References

Klimaszewski, J. 1984. A revision of the genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of America
north of Mexice (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). Mem. ent. Soc.
Canada, No. 129.

Likovsky, Z. 1965. 32. Aleochara-Arten Ergebnisse der Zoologischen Forschungen
von Dr Z. Kassab in der Mongolei (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Reichenbachia,
7 (4): 47-SS.

Lohse, G.A. 1986. Aleochara-Studien 11. Die rotgeflecken Arten der Untergattung
Coprochara Mulsant, Rey. Verh. Ver. naturw. Heimatforsch, Hamburg, 39:
95-98.

Welch, R.C. 1964. The biology of the genus A/eochara Grav. (Coleoptera, Staphy]l-
inidae). PhD Thesis, University of London 1969. Aleochara verna Say (Col.,
Staphylinidae) New to Britain. Entomologist, 102: 207-209.

Bledius germanicus Wagner (Col.: Staphylinidae) new to Nottinghamshire

I operate a Robinson trap on the half-roof of Wollaton Hall, Nottingham
(OS grid ref. SK 533 393), and on the night of 23rd-24th May 1989 the catch
included two small female Staphylinids which I tentatively identified as
Bledius germanicus Wagner.

Since this is a coastal species associated fairly strictly with mud that has a
salt content, I sent one of the specimens to Peter Hammond of the Natural
History Museum, who was able to confirm my determination.

Dr Hammond informs me that although flying individuals are sometimes
intercepted at some distance from salt water, there is only one previous
record (that of Walker, 1932, Ent. mon. Mag., for B. spectabilis, but
probably referable in reality to B. germanicus) for a locality (Oxford) at a
great distance from the sea.— DR SHEILA WRIGHT, Nottingham Natural
History Museum, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham.

ALEOCHARA SPECIES 22]

NOTES ON THREE SPECIES OF ALEOCHARA
(s.g. COPROCHARA MULSANT & REY) (COL.: STAPHYLINIDAE),
INCLUDING TWO NEW TO BRITAIN

J.A. OWEN
8 Kingsdown Road, Epsom, Surrey

COPROCHARA is a sub-genus of Aleochara containing species with an
unpunctured corridor on the dorsum of the pronotum, defined on either
side by a row of punctures. Most members of the sub-genus also have a
conspicuous red area in the rear half of the elytra. A. bilineata (Gyllenhal)
and bipustulata (L.) have long been recognised as British members of the
sub-genus. Another species, verna (Say), has more recently been reported
to occur in Britain (Welch, 1969) but there is now evidence, which indicates
that the specimen was, in fact, an example of binotata Kraatz (see also
Welch, 1990).

Lohse (1989) has presented a revised interpretation of the central
European members of the sub-genus with red areas on the elytra. I have
examined carefully my relevant British material in the light of this revision
and conclude that it comprises three species. The evidence for this and a
discussion of the identity of the species form the substance of these notes.

Evidence for three species

Apart from varying in size, the 44 specimens are externally fairly uniform
in their appearance which takes the form of a small shiny black Aleochara
with (except in one) an obvious red area on the hinder half of each elytron
and with appendages black or dark brown except for the tarsi which are
lighter.

The data on which the specimens have been separated into three groups
(species A, B and C) are summarised in Table 1. Length was taken as the
distance between the insertion of the antennae and the rear end of the
abdomen. Measurements of length were made on dried specimens mounted
on card and no doubt were affected by variable mounting and variable
contraction of the abdomen in the dried material but at least all the
specimens were measured in the same state.

All specimens had the aedeaegus or spermatheca extracted and
displayed. All the aedeaegi had the same general form (fig. 1). The length
of the central lobe was taken as the distance from the end of the bulb to the
point of the apex and the height of the ‘‘arch’’ was taken as the distance
from the top of the arch to an imaginary tangent to the base passing
through the point of the apex. A higher arch/length ratio thus indicated a
more strongly arched shape. The degree of narrowing of the central lobe
towards the apex, viewed ventrally, was expressed as the ratio of the width
(a) at a point two-thirds of the distance between the bulb and the apex to
the width (b) of the bulb (fig. 1) — the lower this ratio (a/b), the more the

228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102

15.ix.1990

Table 1. Data relating to author’s material.

Measurements were made on all specimens except where noted and these and ratios
are expressed as means with range in parentheses. Where necessary, see text and

figures for explanations.
Comparative descriptions relate to species A.

No. of specimens
Length (mm)
Antennal joints 8 - 10
Pronotum
serial punctures
micropunctures

SPECIES A

20 males, 9 females
3.9 (3.1 - 4.6)

not sunk in impression
scarcely detectable

SPECIES B

3 males, 3 females
3.8 (3.6 - 4.2)
less transverse

not sunk in impression
distinct but very fine

SPECIES C

7 males, 2 females
3.0 (2.7 - 4.0)
more transverse

sunk, deeply in some
scarcely detectable

head/pronotum
breadth ratio 0.66 (0.63 - 0.69) 0.67 (0.66 - 0.71) 0.72 (0.69 - 0.74)
Elytra
punctures weakly crescent-shaped deeper but round more diffused but round
with arms in direction of
outer angles of elytra
red area — relatively smaller relatively smaller
Aedeaegus — central lobe
length (mm) 0.49 (0.44 - 0.55) 0.52 (0.50 - 0.53) 0.42 (0.40 - 0.43)
arch (mm) 0.11 (0.10 - 0.13) 0.15 (0.14 - 0.15) 0.12 (0.11 - 0.13)

0.22 (0.19 - 0.25)
0.44 (0.4 - 0.5), n=6

0.29 (0.28 - 0.30)
0.53 (0.5 - 0.6), n=3

0.29 (0.26 - 0.31)
0.59 (0.5 - 0.6), n=3

arch/length ratio
narrowing factor

Spermatheca
shape of coil cylindrical truncate fusiform truncate fusiform
turns in coil 2.5 (2 - 3) 9.5 (8 - 11) 9 (8 - 10)

narrowing towards the apex. The spermathecae likewise were all of the
same general form, differing basically only in the shape and number of
turns of the coil in the duct (fig. 2).

The data presented in Table 1 indicate that each of the three species had
One or more external features not found in either of the other two species.
Thus, in species A, the elytral punctures are weakly crescent-shaped
whereas, in species B and C, they are round. In species B, the dorsum of the
pronotum shows obvious fine but distinct micropunctures which are
scarcely detectable in the other two species. In species C, the row of
punctures on the dorsum of the pronotum is depressed whereas, in the
other two species, the surface around the punctures is level with the rest of
the nearby surface.

Measurements behaved similarly. For example, in all 20 males of species
A, the central lobe arch/length ratio was lower than in any of the males in
species B or C, i.e. the central lobe was consistently more weakly arched;
further, none of the nine females of species A had more than three turns in
the spermathecal coil whereas the other females all had eight turns of more.
In species B, the absolute height of the central lobe arch was higher than in
any of the males of species A or C. In species C, the length of the central
lobe showed no overlap with the corresponding measurement in species A
or B.

ALEOCHARA SPECIES 229

Fig. 1. General form of the central lobe of a Coprochara aedeaegus in lateral (A)
and ventral (B) view. The measurements indicated are: 1 = length, h = height of
arch, a = width of neck; b = width of bulb: narrowing factor = a/b (see text).

Identity of species

In arriving at identities for the species, I have relied on the key provided by
Lohse (1989) but I have also, through the kindness of Mr P.M. Hammond,
British Museum, Natural History, had the benefit of his knowledge in this
area and the opportunity to examine material in the British Museum.

SPECIES A. Using the key provided by Lohse (1989), examples of species
A ran to A. pustulata (L.) which I take to be their identity. As far as
external features go, the terminal joints of the antennae are more transverse
than in brundini Bernhauer and the elytral punctures are not rugose. The
absence, in species A, of impressions on the dorsum of the pronotum
containing the rows of punctures and the presence of sharply defined
elytral spots, obliquely arranged yellow hairs at the sutural angle of the
elytra and a weakly angled rear edge of the last sternite in the males do not
fit with the characters given in the key for binotata Kraatz. The absence of
impressions on the pronotum and the ratio of head breadth to pronotal
breadth of less than 0.7 indicates that species A is not pauxilla (Mulsant &
Rey).

Cc

Fig. 2. General form of a Coprochara spermatheca: c = coil in duct (in this instance
with three turns).

230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1x.1990

The central lobe of the aedeaegus in species A is relatively long and
weakly arched (see table) and matches well the central lobes figured for
bipustulata by Strand & Vik (1968), Welch (1969) and Lohse (1989) as well
as those of specimens in the British Museum standing above that name. In
addition, the spermathecae in all nine females have coils with few turns, in
keeping with coils figured by Strand & Vik (1968) and Lohse (1989) whereas
binotata, pauxilla and verna have coils with many turns. It should be noted
that the figure for the spermatheca of bipustulata given by Likovsky (1974)
shows a coil with about 15 turns but I have assumed that this is a very
exceptional case. Welch (1969) also depicts for bipustulata a spermatheca
with a coil of many turns though he states that it is more usual in this
species for the spermatheca to have a coil with two or three turns.

My specimens of bipustulata are from various habitats, mostly dung,
and are from vice-counties West Cornwall, South Devon, North Devon,
Dorset, Surrey, Haddington, Elgin and Easterness, taken over the years
1975 to 1983.

SPECIES B. In Lohse’s key, these specimens run down to verna Say which
I take to be their identity. They do not display appropriate external
characters for any of the species in the key above bipustulata and verna
and, as far as concerns external features mentioned in the key, the smaller
red spot on the elytra indicates the latter. The presence of distinct micro-
punturation on the pronotum, virtually absent in bipustulata, and the
round punctures on the elytra compared with the weakly crescent-shaped
puncture on bipustulata, are additional distinguishing features.

As far as genitalia go, the central lobe of species B in lateral view would
fit either of the figures given by Lohse for binotata and verna respectively,
being more highly arched, i.e. with a higher arch/length ratio than in
bipustulata. On ventral view, however, the central lobe towards the apex is
quite wide whereas in binotata it is much narrower than across the bulb.
The weakly fusiform coil with many turns in the spermathecal duct of
species B agrees with that depicted by Lohse (1989). Additionally, species B
agrees very well with North American examples of verna in the British
Museum and with the description of this species and of its genitalia
provided by Klimaszewski (1984).

Five of my examples of verna were taken under rotting sea-weed lying
above high tide mark on the shore line near Tarbet, Outer Hebrides, in July
1976. The sixth (a female) came from a similar habitat on the Isle of Coll,
Inner Hebrides, in July 1975.

SPECIES C. In all respects but size, these specimens have external
characters agreeing with those cited by Lohse (1989) for pauxilla. The
impresssions holding the rows of punctures on the dorsum of the pronotum
are particularly noticeable in most specimens and have the effect of making
the unpunctured central area appear elevated, especially towards the base.
These impressions and the relatively broad heads exclude (if this is

ALEOCHARA SPECIES 231

required) bipustulata and verna. The form of the antennae and the
sculpture of the elytra exclude brundini.

In species C, the apex of the central lobe of the aedeaegus is relatively
wide and the spermathecal coil is weakly fusiform; these two features
effectively exclude binotata. There are no other species of Coprochara with
red elytral spots recognised from Central Europe (Lohse 1989) or from
Scandinavia or Denmark (Silfverberg 1979) and the characters of species C
do not fit any of the six species of Coprochara found in North America
(Klimaszewski 1984).

Seven of the specimens (five males and two females) of this species were
taken in deer dung in Richmond Park, Surrey in August 1980 (1) and in
August 1983 (6), and two males were extracted from flood debris at
Haysden, Kent in February 1990. One of the males from Haysden lacks a
clear red spot on the elytra but is otherwise indistinguishable from the other
six males.

Discussion

It is perhaps not surprising that the commonest species in my material
should be the species which has long been regarded as occurring here — A.
pustulata. In general, authors are agreed on the characters of this species
though one question still to be settled is how often the spermatheca in this
species has a coil with many turns as depicted by Welch (1969) and by
Likovsky (1974).

Though verna was described originally from Missouri, USA (Say 1939),
it has been regarded as a species occurring in Europe by a number of
workers including Horion (1967), Strand & Vik (1968) and Likovsky
(1974). It seems likely however, that many European records for verna
refer to binotata Kraatz. The confusion is illustrated by the way in which
various workers have depicted genitalia. In verna, the central lobe of the
aedeaegus on ventral view is relatively wide towards the apex whereas that
in binotata is markedly narrowed; the spermatheca in verna has a relatively
narrow, fusiform coil whereas in binotata the coil is wide, approaching a
spherical shape (Klimaszewski 1984, Lohse 1989). As they stand, the shapes
of the central lobe and spermatheca figured for ‘‘verna’’ by Strand & Vik,
suggests that these authors had not appreciated the existence of binotata in
northern Europe and had unknowingly provided figures for binotata.
Welch (1968) likewise figured for ‘‘verna’’ a spermathecal coil with
multiple turns forming ‘‘a more or less spherical mass’’, which indicates
that he was, in fact, dealing with binotata (Welch 1969). I have examined
what appear to be the four specimens from the Cameron collection in the

British Museum to which Welch referred and find that these too are
binotata.

While many European records for verna are thus likely to refer to
binotata, it should be noted that Klimaszewski (1984) detected examples of

232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 1521xe 1990

the true verna in European material which he examined and concluded that
verna was, in fact, a holarctic species rather than a nearctic species
introduced into Europe and elsewhere. Lohse (1989) records the presence
of the true verna from Hamburg and Lubeck.

Since that the specimen reported by Welch (1969) has turned out to be
binotata, the latter species must be added to the British list. At the same
time my findings re-introduce verna as British.

The identity of the third species as pauxilla (Mulsant & Rey) can, at this
stage, only be taken as provisional. Likovsky (1974) gives a length range for
pauxilla of 1.5 to 2 mm while Lohse (1989) gives a slightly larger size — 1.8
to 2.5 mm. My specimens are clearly much longer than either of these
ranges but whether they comprise exceptionally large examples of pauxilla,
perhaps because their host in Britain is different from elsewhere, or another
species requires the acquisition and examination of further material.
Whatever the situation, the species does not appear to have been noted as
British hitherto.

Acknowledgements

I thank Mr P.M. Hammond, British Museum for his customary kindness in
helping me in this investigation and for providing facilities for examining
specimens in the British Museum, Mr M.B. Brown, Superintendent,
Richmond Park for permitting me to study beetles in the park and Mr N.
Heal for taking me to the spot at Haysden, Kent where I obtained the flood
debris.

References

Horion, A.D., 1967. Faunistik der mitteleuropdischen Kafer band XI Staphylinidae
3 Teil Uberlingen-Bodensee.

Klimaszewski, J., 1984. A revision of the genus Aleochara Gravenhorst of America
north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae) Mem. ent. Soc.
Canada No. 129.

Likovsky, Z., 1974 in Die Kdfer Mitteleuropas 5 ed. Freude, H., Harde, K.W. and
Lohse, G.A. Krefeld.

Lohse, G.A., 1989 in Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 12 ed. Lohse, G.A. and Lucht, W.H.
Krefeld.

Say, T., 1839. Description of new North American insects, and observations on
some already described. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 6: 156 — cited by Welch (1969).
Silfverberg, H., 1979. Enumeratio Coleopterorum Fennoscandiae et Daniae,

Helsinki.

Strand, A. & Vik, A., 1968. Die Genitalorgane der nordischen Arten der Gattung
Aleochara Grav. (Col., Staphylinidae) Norsk. ent. Tidsskr. 15: 105-110.

Welch, R.C., 1969. Aleochara verna Say (Col., Staphylinidae) new to Britain. Ento-
mologist 102: 207-209.

Welch, R.C., 1990. Aleochara binotata Kraatz not Aleochara verna Say (Col.
Staphylinidae) — a British Beetle. Entomologists’ Rec. J. Var. 102: 225-226.

BERNWOOD FOREST MOTHS 743)3)

THE STATUS IN BERNWOOD FOREST OF MOTH SPECIES
WHICH ARE RECOGNISED AS NATIONALLY UNCOMMON

P. WARING
Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEI 1UA.

I AM currently working to establish how the present moth fauna of
Bernwood Forest, on the Oxon/Bucks border, compares with that at
various times earlier in this century. I present the following information by
way of a thank you to the entomologists who have sent me moth records
already. At the same time I hope that readers who have any moth records
for Bernwood which they have never submitted to a recording centre,
might send them to me for inclusion in the annotated historical list, a first
draft of which is now available (Waring 1988a).

Bernwood Forest, on the Oxon/Bucks border is composed of Hell
Coppice, Shabbington Wood, Yorks Wood, Oakley Wood and Waterperry
Wood. During the 1930s and 1940s Hell Coppice, in particular, developed a
reputation amongst lepidopterists as an excellent collecting ground.
However, during the 1940s timber merchants felled most of the trees and in
the 1950s and 1960s the Forestry Commission planted conifers and mixed
plantations of conifers and hardwoods over most of these woods, which are
now effectively managed as a single unit. The Forestry Commission also
improved the networks of roads, rides and ditches within the woods and
used herbicides to control the regrowth of native plants while the crop-trees
were becoming established (Stoakley 1963). Thomas (1988) reviews in detail
the ways in which Bernwood has been managed this century.
Entomologists such as Symes (1956), Dunk (1956) and Cribb (1962) were
particularly concerned that the felling of the oaks, the planting of conifers
and the use of chemicals would damage or destroy the entomological
interest of the site. Furthermore exactly the same changes were taking place
in many other woods up and down the country.

Since 1955, at Bernwood, there have been a series of conservation
agreements between the Forestry Commission, the Nature Conservancy
Council and the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Naturalists
Trust (Thomas 1988), with the aim of enabling wildlife to co-exist alongside
the continuing commercial forestry operations. Special conservation
measures have been undertaken in an attempt to conserve the butterflies
and moths in particular. These measures have included the retention of
some areas of native trees, the preservation of blackthorn thickets within
the wood, creation of glades, widening of rides to prevent the conifers
over-shading larval foodplants and developing shrubby fringes of native
species on the edges of the plantations, a measure proposed by Heron
(1953).

Peachey (1980) has studied the butterfly fauna of Bernwood in relation
to management. I have previously compared the moth fauna of the conifer

234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 151xs1996

plantations with an unplanted part of the wood consisting of native
broadleaves (Waring 1988b, 1989). I am now interested in establishing the
extent to which the moth fauna of Bernwood as a whole has survived in
view of the management operations described above.

The accompanying Table shows all the species recorded from Bernwood
which are considered to be nationally uncommon by Hadley (1984). The
Table includes four species listed in the Red Data Book (Shirt 1987), none
of which have been recorded in the 1980s. Hadley (1982) found that nine of
the ten species of Red Data Book moths at Abbots Wood, East Sussex,
disappeared between 1930 and 1980, during which time most of Abbots
Wood was cleared and planted with conifers.

The Table indicates which of the rarer species seem to have disappeared
from Bernwood and the periods in which the species were recorded. It is
most important that our records are as complete as possible before
attempting to explain why particular species have disappeared. For
example we know that the Light Crimson Underwing, Catocala promissa,
was still being recorded in numbers in 1947 in Hell Coppice (Emmet 1948).
The last stand of mature oaks was felled in 1952 and none of our records of
C. promissa post-date this. The larvae of C. promissa feed on oak and at
other sites this moth is strongly associated with mature oak woodland
rather than scrubby regrowth. Consequently felling of the last of the oak
woodland in Hell Coppice is a probable cause of the disappearance of this
moth. However, any evidence of good numbers of C. promissa after 1952
would require us to look for another explanation. I am particularly
interested in records of the oak-dependent Heart Moth, Dicycla oo from
the 1940s and 1950s for the same reasons.

Check-lists of presence or absence of records of species at particular
times are a limited way of assessing changes in the moth fauna and if ento-
mologists can supply the numbers of individuals or the number of visits on

KEY TO TABLES

* Key to national status symbols:

Nb = Nationally notable grade b, —a species recorded from between 31-100 of the 10km grid
squares in the British Isles according to information held at the Biological Records Centre, ITE
Monks Wood.

Na = Nationally notable grade a, — a species recorded from 30 or fewer of the 10km grid squares
in the British Isles according to the Biological Records Centre, ITE Monks Wood.

RDB3 = Red Data Book category 3, rare species with small populations that are at risk.

RDB2 = Red Data Book category 2, vulnerable species, with declining populations that are
under threat throughout their range in Britain.

+ Species recorded in wood.

? Dubious records.

235

BERNWOOD FOREST MOTHS

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which particular species were recorded this will be a great help. For
example, the Small Black Arches, Meganola strigula is still present in
Bernwood, But it has undoubtedly been affected by the clearance of oak
nevertheless. This oak-dependent moth is now a rarity in the wood. Only
one individual has been recorded since the 1960s (Waring 1988a). Claude
Rippon (1939) described it as numerous in the 1930s and Symes (1956)
found it sparingly on oak trunks in July, in the 1920s and 1930s. The
species remains common in nearby Stanton Great Wood and Holly Wood
where mature oak woodland still survives (Waring 1988a). This change in
status at Bernwood would be completely masked if we had no indication of
the numbers of M. strigula that used to be recorded.

I look forward to receiving any additional records of moths from
Bernwood, so that I may proceed with the analysis. I am interested in the
common species as well as the rarities. For example it appears that no one
recorded the presence of the March moth, A/sophila aescularia, or the Grey
Pine Carpet, Thera obeliscata, in Bernwood until the 1960s.

Permits for recording moths in Bernwood can be obtained from the
Nature Conservancy Council (South Region), Foxhold House, Crookham
Common, Newbury, Berks RGI5 8EL.

Acknowlegements

I thank the Berks, Bucks and Oxfordshire Naturalists’ Trust, The Forestry
Commission, Nature Conservancy Council, Oxford Polytechnic, and the
County Biological Records Centres at Aylesbury and Woodstock and the
National Biological Records Centre at the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology,
Monks Wood, for their help in this project. I thank all the entomologists
past and present who have recorded their findings at Bernwood and am
particularly grateful to Russell Bretherton, the late Roger Clarke, Maitland
Emmet, the late Harold Symes, and Denis Owen.

References

Cribb, P.W., 1962. Dis-afforestation? Entomologist’s Gaz. 13: 153-154.

Dunk, H.C., 1956. Hell Coppice. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 68: 158-159.

Emmet, A.M., 1948. Second supplement to the list of macrolepidoptera of the
Oxford district. Proceedings and report of the Ashmolean Natural History
Society 1941-1947: 47-55.

Hadley, M., 1982. The decline of the indigenous macrolepidoptera of Abbots
Wood, East Sussex. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 94: 92-96.

Hadley, M., 1984. A national review of British macrolepidoptera. Unpublished
Invertebrate Site Register report. Nature Conservancy Council, London.

Heron, A.M.R., 1953. Reforesting with conifers. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 65:
25-26.

Peachey, C.A., 1980. The conservation of butterflies in Bernwood Forest. Unpub-
lished report. Nature Conservancy Council. Newbury.

Rippon, C., 1939, in Salzman, L.ed. 1939. Victoria history of the county of Oxford
Vol. 1. 2nd edn. 1970. Dawsons, London.

238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1x.1990

Shirt, D. ed. 1987. British Red Data Books. 2. Insects. Nature Conservancy
Council, Peterborough.

Stoakley, J.T., 1963. Re-afforestation at Bernwood. Entomologist’s Gaz. 14:
122-123)

Symes, H., 1956. Hell Coppice in the 1930s. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 68:
98-102, 250.

Thomas, R.C., 1988. Historical ecology of Bernwood Forest Nature Reserve 1900-
1981. In Kirby, K.J. and Wright, F.J. eds. 1988. Woodland conservation and
research in the clay vale of Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire. Research and
survey 15. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough.

Waring, P., 1988b. Responses of moth populations to coppicing and the planting of
conifers. Ibid.

— , 1988a. Hell Coppice/Shabbington Wood complex, Bernwood Forest,
Buckinghamshire, including the Bernwood Meadows: A provisional annotated
list of macro-moths including historical records. Unpublished report. Nature
Conservancy Council, Peterborough.

— , 1989. Comparison of light trap catches in deciduous and coniferous woodland
habitats. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101: 1-10.

Recent records of Eupithecia abietaria Goeze (Lep.: Geometridae), the
Cloaked Pug, from Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps.

Eupithecia abietaria has a localised distribution and continues to be
recorded in the RIS trap at Kielder Forest, Northumberland (Site No. 296,
O.S. Grid Ref. NY 632 936). Further captures of single females were made
at Rowardennan, Stirling (Site No, 97, O.S. Grid Ref. NS 378 958) on
5.viii.1989 and Yarner Wood, Devon (Site No. 266, O.S. Grid Ref. SX 786
788) on 19.vii.1989. Further investigation is required to determine whether
resident populations exist at these sites.

Thanks are extended to P. Gough, R. McMath and P. Page who operate
the RIS light traps at Kielder, Rowardennan and Yarner Wood
respectively. — ADRIAN M. RILEY, Dept. of Entomology and Nematology,
AFRC Inst. Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Exp. Stn., Harpenden,
Herts ALS 2JQ.

Another spring Humming-bird Hawkmoth

I observed a specimen of Macroglossum stellatarum L. feeding at the
flowers of ornamental currant in my garden at Longworth at mid-day on
lst April 1990.— A. KENNARD, Martens End, Longworth, Abingdon,
Oxon OX13 5EP.

An early Holly Blue

Despite the ‘‘early’’ season of 1990 I was somewhat surprised to see a male
Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus L.) in a garden at Abingdon, Oxford on
18th March 1990. A second (possibly the same one?) was seen later in the
day a short distance away.— P. MILES, 29 Highfield Avenue, Cambridge
CB4 2AJ.

NATHRIUS AND MOLORCHUS . 239

THE GENERA NATHRIUS BRETHES AND MOLORCAHUS F.
(COL.: CERAMBICIDAE) IN GREAT BRITAIN

RAYMOND R. UHTHOFF-K AUFMANN
13 Old Road, Old Harlow, Essex CM17 0HB

Introduction

THESE three species, unlike other British Longhorn beetles, are charac-
terised by having abbreviated or truncated elytra; one of them, Nathrius,
causes great depredations in a variety of manufactured articles, wattle
fencing and wicker furniture. The two Molorchus species with their
exposed wings, long antennae apart, resemble superficially a sawfly in
overall appearance.

Symbols in use are the Brownean ‘“‘typomap’’ (Kaufmann, 1989);
italicised letters represent widespread localities; those in brackets are of
doubtful or unconfirmed records; a dagger (‘}) stands for an importation.

Nathrius brevipennis Muls.
Distributed meagrely over unconnected regions, often in counties with easy
access to ports. Many records are of specimens infesting shipped-in
finished goods from the Continent.
ENGLAND: BK CB CH DT EK ES GE L+ LR MX MY SD*F SH SL+ SR
WO WW WY.
SCOTLAND: LA*T.
IRELAND: (NK+).

For many years this tiny very destructive beetle was regarded as an
importation. It was first catalogued as a native species under its old generic
name of Leptidea by Beare & Donisthorpe (1904); the latest list (Kloet &
Hincks, 1977), however, mistakenly marks it as non-indigenous, an error
repeated by Harde (1984).

In Europe, Nathrius is reported as present in a variety of deciduous and
coniferous trees, the majority of which grow here. Many papers about this
mischievous little insect have been published.

In this country, the late T.E. Doeg found it last century in numbers in a
Gloucestershire orchard (Atty, 1983), but it is not indicated if the beetles
came from fruit baskets stacked there or from the damaged trees
themselves. It was discovered breeding freely (and in the company of
Gracilia minuta F. which is not infrequently the case) at Lulworth Cove in
osier beds cultivated by the local lobster fishermen.

Nathrius is certainly established in Britain. It has been found in dead
dogrose stems from which it was successfully raised to maturity (Duffy,
1953) and in hazel frames and withies (Cooter & Cribb, 1975; Hickin,
1987).

The larva particularly attacks thin growths used in the making of every

240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.ix.1990

kind of basketry and wickerwork, skips, hampers, garden chairs, carboys
and the like, besides packing cases, barrel hoops and hurdles — with
damaging results. In warehouses where such items are stored its
depredations can reduce them to powder.

Metamorphosis lasts two years, pupation taking place in April and May.
The very swift-legged adult emerges during mid-summer and may be found
either in the open or indoors until August. There is a curious record of its
association with the ant, Formica sanguinea (Barnes, 1904).

Molorchus minor L.

Generally distributed from the West Country to the south-east, the Home
Counties, East Anglia, the central Midlands, Cheshire (only in the north-
west) and the north-east as far as Durham. It has not been found in the
south-west peninsula nor in Scotland and Ireland.

ENGLAND: BD BK BX CB CH DM DT DY EK EN ES EX EY GE GW HF
HT L LN LR MX NE NAH NM NO NW OX SA SR ST SW SY WK WN
WO WS WW Wx.

WALES: MN.

The life cycle lasts two years, the larval pabulum being divided between
conifers and deciduous trees, namely, dogrose, holly, larch, Norway spruce,
Osiers, rowan, sallow, Scots pine, silver birch, silver fir and yew, whose
exposed roots and dead or cut branches are attacked. The larva is
parasitised by these Hymenoptera:— Cleonymus depressus F., Helcostizus
albator Thunb., Vipio nominator F., Xorides niger Pf. v. bicolor Grav.
and Xylonominus gracilicornis Grav.

The pupae form in late summer during August and September; they
overwinter, the beetle ecloding in April. It is found in the open until August
(there is a very late October record) when it frequents brushwood, sawmill
chippings, brambles, dogwood, hawthorn blossom, hogweed and other
umbels, Spiraea, the branches of firs, pines and the Service tree.

M. umbellatarum Schreber

The much rarer and smaller of the two species, with a less disseminated
distribution that is confined to the Thames and Hampshire basins, the
Severn area, and parts of East Anglia and the Midlands. Still unknown in
the Principality and north of Yorkshire.

ENGLAND: BK BX CB DT EK ES GE GW HF HU L LR MM MX MY
NE NH NM SH SR WK WO WS Wx.

The larva is found in the trunks, slender or broken off branches and
dead twigs of brambles, crabapple, dogrose stems, guelder rose, Scots pine,
Snowy Mespil, spruce and fruit trees. Its Hymenopterous parasites are:—
Ephialtes messor Grav., Perithous divinator Rossi and P. septemcinctorus
Thunb.

NATHRIUS AND MOLOCHORUS 241

Metamorphosis also lasts two years; the pupa overwinters and the perfect
insect eclodes during the spring. It is a localised beetle which frequents
crabapple, dead hedgerows, dogwood, hawthorn, hogweed and various
Umbelliferae, privet, Spiraea and wild rose from May until July.

Both Molorchi are figured in our earlier English entomological
publications (Martyn, 1792; Curtis, 1824).

References

Atty, D.B., 1983. Coleoptera of Gloucestershire. Cheltenham.

Aurivillius, C., 1912. Cerambycidae in Junk, W. & Schenkling, S., Coleopterorum
Catalogus, 39: 262; 266-269. Berlin.

Barnes, W., 1904. Leptidea brevipennis in company with Formica sanguineum,
Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 40: 14.

Beare, T.H. & Donisthorpe, H.StJ.K., 1904, Catalogue of British Coleoptera: 39.
London.

Cooter, J. & Cribb, P.W., 1975. A Coleopterist’s Handbook. 2nd ed. Feltham.

Cox, H.E., 1874. A handbook of the Coleoptera, 2. London.

Curtis, J., 1924. British Entomology, Coleoptera, 1, Pl. 11. London.

Demelt, C. von, 1966. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 52: 2. Bockkafer oder Ceram-
bycidae, 1. Jena.

Dibb, J.R., 1948. Field book of Beetles. Hull.

Duffy, E.A.J., 1946. Records of Coleopterous larvae from Surrey, with a note on
hostplants, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 82: 270-273.

— , 1953. A monograph of the immature stages of British and imported Timber
Beetles (Cerambycidae). London.

Ellis, H.W., 1907. Leptidea brevipennis Muls. and Gracilia minuta F. at Lulworth,
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 19: 72-73.

Fowler, W.W., 1882-83. Leptidea brevipennis Muls., found in England, Entomolo-
gist’s mon. Mag., 19: 89.

— , 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 4. London.

— & Donisthorpe, H. StJ.K., 1913. Idem, 6 (Supplement). London.

Freude, H., Harde, K.W. & Lohse, G.A., 1966. Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, 9.
Krefeld.

Harde, K.W., 1984. A field guide in colour to Beetles, English edn., Hammond,
P.M. London.

Hickin, N., 1987. Longhorn Beetles of the British Isles. Princes Risborough.

Holland, W., 1904. Is Leptidea brevipennis a British insect? Entomologist’s mon.
Mag., 40: 38.

Joy, N.H., 1976. A practical handbook of British Beetles, 2nd ed. 2 vols.
Faringdon.

Kaufmann, R.R. Uhthoff-, 1946. On some doubtful or rare Longicornia (Col.)
included in the new Check List of British Insects, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 82:
181-185.

— , 1948. Notes on the distribution of the British Longicorn Coleoptera, [bid., 84:
66-85.

— , 1989. Browne versus Watson: round two, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 101:
61-63.

Klausnitzer, B. & Sander, F., 1981. Die Bockkdfer Mitteleuropas. Wittenberg
Lutherstadt.

Kloet, G.S. & Hincks, W.D., 1977. A check list of British Insects, 11 (3), Coleoptera
and Strepsiptera: 71. London.

242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15,.1x. 1990

Lyneborg, L., 1977. Beetles in colour, English edn., Vevers, G. Poole.

Marsham, T., 1802. Entomologia Britannica, 1, Coleoptera. London.

Martyn, T., 1792. The English Entomologist, plate 23, figs. 1 & 2. London.

Rye, E.C., 1866. British Beetles. London.

— & Fowler, W.W., 1890. Idem, 2nd ed. London.

Samouelle, G., 1833. The Entomological Cabinet, 1, plate 73. London.

Shaw, G., 1806. General Zoology, 6: 76. London.

Speight, M.C.D., 1988. The Irish Cerambycid fauna (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae),
Bull. Ir. biogeog. Soc., 41-76.

Spry, W. & Shuckard, W.E., 1840. The British Coleoptera delineated. London.

Stephens, J.F., 1829. A systematic catalogue of British Insects: 202. London.

— , 1831. Illustrations of British Entomology, Mandibulata, 4. London.

— , 1839. A manual of British Coleoptera. London.

Villiers, A., 1978. Faune des Coléoptéres de France, 1. Cerambycidae. Paris.

Wood, T., 1904. Is Leptidea brevipennis a British insect? Entomologist’s mon.
Mag., 40: 60.

Philonthus atratus (Gravenhorst) (Col.: Staphylinidae) new to both
Worcestershire (v.c. 37) and Gloucestershire (v.c. 33)

Philonthus atratus (Grav.) is a rare, striking, hygrophilus beetle. On
1.viii.1987 I made my first acquaintance with it at Beckford,
Worcestershire (SO 93) at the margin of a shallow pool on glutinous,
entirely unvegetated clay. Disturbed from beneath a stone, it ran rapidly,
with its body well elevated on scarcely flexed legs. At about the same time
P. atratus turned up at another site near Broadway, Worcestershire (SP 03)
on organic mud at the edge of reedswamp.

On 15.vi.1989 P. atratus was again observed at the Beckford site, where
incidentally, on 24.vi.1989, an inland Bembidion minimum (Fabricius) was
encountered. Finally P. atratus was observed in Gloucestershire on
4.vii.1989 on minerogenic mud by shallow pools at Bishop’s Cleeve (SO
92). It is noted that all of these records relate to basic water bodies flanking
the Jurassic scarp of midland England. P. atratus demands further study
due to its specialised ecology and preference for a habitat that can be lost
with dramatic speed. Its sporadic occurrences hardly constitute
populations, and it may be that it is dispersing from more major foci
elsewhere:— P.F. WHITEHEAD, Moor Leys, Little Comberton, Pershore,
Worcestershire WR10 3EP.

[I have heard that P. atratus occurred freely over a number of years on the
muddy edges of a pond at the Welsh Harp, Hendon, Middlesex, up to
about 1940 when the habitat became unsuitable or more likely was
destroyed. Only sporadic later finds are known to me, from Compton
Bishop (N. Somerset), and the New Forest.— A.A.ALLEN.]

LEPIDOPTERA IN WALES AND ENGLAND 243

LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS IN WALES AND SCOTLAND

DR M.W. HARPER
Cherry Orchard, Bullen, Ledbury, Herefordshire

THIS article is an attempt to update a few of the more interesting records
from Wales and Scotland that have followed several fieldtrips during the
1980s, together with some corroborative observations by Dr Mark Young
and Col A.M. Emmet.

WALES

Stigmella acetosae (Staint.). The attractive tenanted reddish mines were
found on Rumex acetosa in one small area of coastal clifftop grassland
between Aberystwyth and Borth (v.c. 46) on 15.10.1982. I have found the
mines in the same location on a number of occasions since without finding
the species anywhere else. The area is unusual in being almost entirely
ungrazed by either sheep or even rabbits. This is new for this vice-county,
although recorded from neighbouring v.c. 48.

Pyralidae on Borth bog. On 19.7.1981 at dusk a number of Eudonia
pallida (Curtis) were observed flying close to the ground together with
Endotricha flammealis (D. & S.), both uncommon species in the west. An
unusual form of Chrysoteuchia culmella (L.), a normally widespread and
abundant species, was represented on Borth bog by a diminuitive form and
quite unlike the typical form flying only half a mile away off the bog. A
single Crambus silvella (Hiibn.) was seen flying in the daytime on the
hottest day in 1988 (7.8.1988); this is a very local species associated with
Carex spp., growing on acid wet moorland.

Perizoma taeniatum (Steph.). A single male moth was disturbed from wet
moss covered rocks in a shaded valley near the village of Furnace (v.c. 46).
Recorded from North Wales and Gwent, this may be the first record for
mid Wales.

SCOTLAND

Stigmella serella (Staint.). A single tenanted mine was found on Tormentil
(Potentilla erecta) growing in shade within oak woodland near Salen,
Ardnamurchan on 14.10.1986. No other tenanted or vacated mines were
seen but on 26.5.1987 a moth was reared from this one mine. Dr Mark
Young tells me he has also found the mines near Strontian, Argyll in the
autumn of 1988. Both these records are new for v.c. 97.

Stigmella continuella (Staint.). A vacated mine of this species was found in
a leaf of Betula pubescens ssp. odorata near Acharacle, Ardnarmurchan in
v.c. 97 on 15.10.1986. Apparently new to Scotland, I later discovered that
Col A.M. Emmet found a mine at Lackar moss, near Dumfries on

244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1x.1990

17.9.1976 in v.c. 72. Dr Young also informed me that he has recorded the
species from Glen Strath Farrar in v.c. 96 on 25.9.1988.

Coleophora lixella (Zell.). During a visit to the picturesque Talisker bay on
Skye on 22nd and 24th June 1983, several imagines were seen flying over
well-grazed grassland containing Thymus drucei. This uncommon species
recorded from only a few Scottish sites mainly on the east coast is a new
record for v.c. 104.

Exaeretia ciniflonella (L. & Z.). While investigating the ancient birch and
juniper woodland at Crathie, Deeside in the late autumn of 1986
(15.10.1986), I was surprised to disturb a male moth at rest on a large birch
trunk. This was a new record for v.c. 92 and also the only record in the
country for over thirty years when single records were observed in v.c. 96 in
Glen Affric (1955; E.C. Pelham-Clinton) and Newtonmore (1952; M.W.
Harper). Prior to this most of the records emanate from Rannoch from
1850-1920, when a large number of records appeared but I do not know of
any recent sightings.

Aphelia unitana (Hiibn.). I have known of a very small colony of this
species at Beattock (v.c. 72) since 1979 well within the known distribution
in northern England, the borders, and the Scottish lowlands. Recently the
species has been noticed further afield but I was surprised to find a
flourishing colony in two adjacent Molinia dominated bogs much further
north near Dalmally, Argyll (v.c. 98), near the head of Loch Awe at a
moderately elevated altitude of 800-1000 ft.

Acknowledgements
I am very grateful to Dr M. Young and Col A.M. Emmet for allowing me
to publish some of their records, and to NCC for permission to visit Borth
bog NNR. My thanks also to Dr M. Shaw from Edinburgh for researching
records fo Exaeretia from the Scottish Insect Records Index at RSM.

Euonymus japonicus — yet another foodplant of the Holly Blue butterfly
Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus) (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in the London Area.
Further to my note on Pyracantha as a possible foodplant for the larvae of
spring brood C. argiolus (antea 41-43) and the subsequent notes by Owen
and Allen confirming this (antea 145-146) it may be of further interest to
record that on 3rd May 1990 at this museum’s nature reserve at St Mary
Magdalene Churchyard, East Ham, London (O.S. ref TQ 429823) I
witnessed a number of the butterflies laying eggs on Evuonymus japonicus.
In all, some twenty butterflies were under observation for around 30
minutes in the area immediately in front of the window of the
Interpretative Centre — itself a remarkable event as most years we seldom
see more than two at once.This area of the nature reserve is mown and
apart from some dense patches of ivy, Hedera helix, on some of the graves

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 245

the only shrubs present are Evonymus japonicus. Butterflies were in
attendance at all of the Euonymus bushes, and were observed frequently to
settle on the old, dead flowers. Subsequent examination confirmed that
eggs had been laid at the base of the green, newly formed seed capsules, in
the angle made between these and the sepals. Only one egg per seed capsule
was noted. Shortly after this confirmation had been obtained, a female
argiolus landed about two feet away from me and promptly deposited an
egg as I watched!

It is perhaps worth considering whether Pyracantha and Euonymus have
always been alternative foodplants of this butterfly and, indeed, if others
remain to be discovered. The Aquifoliacea (holly) and the Celastraceae
(Euonymus) are closely related families of plants and are listed
consecutively in Flora of the British Isles (Clapham, Tutin and Warburg,
Cambridge University Press, 1962). Both flower at roughly the same time
and so both are available to the first brood adults. Symphoricarpos,
another recorded foodplant for the progeny of the spring brood is, on the
other hand, in an unrelated family, the Caprifoliaceae. Pyracantha belongs
to the Rosaceae, and so is quite unrelated to ivy (Araliaceae), though both
flower at a later time of year, and roughly at the same time as each other.
Dogwood, another recorded foodplant, is in the Cornaceae, which
immediately precedes the Araliaceae in Flora of the British Isles.

At its more usual low density, the Holly Blue attracted little attention
other than from a few enthusiastic researchers. It is quite possible that it
has simply not been looked for on plants other than those which the text
books tell us it is allowed to be found on. Added to this is the fact that there
are certainly a great many observations made by a great many, exceedingly
good, field naturalists which never end up in print because the observer
‘didn’t think it was all that important’’. On the other hand, in times of
abundance — such as the present — one may expect foodplant availability
to decline through increased competition (itself a well-known population
controlling factor). In such a situation the butterflies may be expected to
exploit alternatives though these may perhaps be expected to be closely
related species of plant (?). It would be interesting to “‘pool’’ observations
and I would be pleased to receive unpublished information on this subject
area to collate into a more comprehensive account.— COLIN W. PLANT,
Passmore Edwards Museum, Romford Road, Stratford, London E15 4LZ.

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Kakamega, Kenya, 1988.

In the tropics many butterflies forsake the usual nectar in favour of less
savoury foods. On my first visit to the Kakamega Forest in Kenya, the most
eastern true rainforest in East Africa, the first sight that greeted me was a
horde of butterflies sitting on the road. They turned out to be feeding on
the exposed, squishy viscera of a civet which had been squashed by a truck

246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1x.1990

Enjoying a dead chameleon.

earlier in the day. It would have been possible to spend the entire day
intercepting ever more butterflies, although the smell was not yet powerful
although enough to bring in the large and beautiful Charaxes, which are
attracted to rotting meat, shellfish, and excrement. As it is, I now have a
portfolio of gory pictures depicting more than a dozen species feeding on
the hapless civet.

Older butterfly books from Africa and Asia take this penchant for
malodorous feeding most seriously. ‘‘The Charaxes are especially attracted
to the droppings of the big cats’’, intones one author, adding ‘‘but always
take great care to ensure that the great cats are no longer in the vicinity’’.
And it is true; fresh leopard droppings can attract hordes of butterflies
from miles around. Another author finds that the exposed viscera of rats
are useful collecting tools: ‘‘I always carry a dead rat or two wherever
Teor

Carnivore excrement can be a strong attractant to butterflies, even that
of quite small animals like mongooses (mongeese?), civets, genets and
monkeys. Herbivore excrement is usually less favoured, though I have
sometimes seen hordes of swallowtail butterflies on still steaming piles of
elephant dung. One paper on Cameroun butterflies comments in some
detail on the fact that butterflies were attracted to the faeces of the
European entomologist, but not to that of his African camp staff (which to
my mind implies that he allowed them poor rations without sufficient
meat).

Urine can be good too, sometimes exceptionally so, but success is
somewhat intermittent for reasons I cannot understand. I have sometimes

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247

had spectacular success, not least in Papua New Guinea and Ecuador,
while at other times it holds little excitement. Rotting fruit is another stand-
by for many butterflies, some of which rarely or ever visit flowers. Just as
the Red Admirals (Vanessa atalanta) of Europe, they often get so
intoxicated that they cannot fly straight, or indeed not fly at all.

One benefit to the entomologist of these feeding habits is that some
butterflies, which are otherwise almost impossible to find, can be trapped.
The traps are simple, consisting of a tube of mosquito netting with a
narrow gap at the bottom. They are baited with rotting crabs or fermenting
bananas, and suddenly butterflies appear as if by magic. The first time I
used traps, | had more specimens of Charaxes in one trap than I had caught
during three weeks of conventional collecting. For some reason the traps
never seem to get stolen, even where many people are about, possibly
because they are considered some sort of juju (magic).

The need to carry foul substances sometimes leads to awkward
situations. I had a suitcase which for several years in damp weather still
smelled of a mixture of palm wine and fermenting banana, a bottle of
which had literally exploded due to my carelessness in not relieving the
pressure before setting out on a trip. I would have liked, though, seeing the
face of the unknown miscreant in Kenya, who made off with two Johnny
Walker bottles full of urine from my car, when he took the first tot on
arriving home!— TORBEN B. LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London
SW9 8PL.

Cercyon bifenestratus Kiister (Col.: Hydrophilidae) new to Gloucestershire
(v.c. 33) with notes on Cercyon marinus Thomson.

In 1989 (Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 125: 150) I referred to the presence of
Cercyon marinus Th. at Bishop’s Cleeve, Gloucestershire. The evidence for
breeding at the site was the result of finding teneral imagines with a single
mature individual. I now recognise that the teneral specimens of June 1987
represent Cercyon bifenestratus Kiist., which is a major extension of the
range of the species from the more southern counties of England (Allen
1970, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 106: 5; Collier, 1987, Entomologist’s
mon. Mag. 123: 249.).

Since two superficially similar species can co-habit I am examining my
limited evidence for their ecological preference.

Of the two, C. marinus is somewhat more aquatic and less tolerant of
exposure. However, I know this species from only one site in
Worcestershire, the Milestone Ground Pit at Broadway (Whitehead, in
press). Here it was taken in March 1989 under a mat of dried algae 60cms
up a shaded willow stump; in the April and May it was taken on floating
logs with other beetles of similar persuasion. At Bishop’s Cleeve, C.
marinus has been taken under the foliage of a poolside grass, Agrostis
stolonifera L., and under floating timber.

248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.ix.1990

In Britain, I have not yet managed to locate C. marinus in riparian
contexts, but have done so on riverside sand in Yakutia, USSR. I have
taken both species at the faeces of wildfowl, C. marinus at that of Mallard,
and C. bifenestratus in cop. at Bishop’s Cleeve, July 1989 at that of
Canada Goose, and this may not be purely due to chance. C. bifenestratus
is typical, it would appear, of soft, silty, sandy or clayey, minerogenic
sediments.

I wish to thank Mr A.A. Allen for his profound influence on this note.—
P.F. WHITEHEAD, Moor Leys, Little Comberton, Pershore, Worcs
WR10 3EP.

Reappearance of Triplax aenea (Schaller) (Col.: Erotylidae) in Surrey.
Apparently the only published record of this species in Surrey is that of
Stephens (1839, Man. Brit. Col.: 133) who lists Coombe Wood — a once
important locality which is now a residential estate. There then appears to
have been a gap of over 140 years in which none was recorded from the
county, although unlike Triplax russica (L.) which genuinely seems to have
disappeared from the county, 7. aenea may have been present all the time
in low numbers.

I have encountered aenea at three different locations in Surrey in recent
years, these being Leith Hill in 1983 (TQ 1342), White Downs in 1985 and
1986 (TQ 1149) and White Hill in 1989 (TQ 1853). The latest find was
during an organised trip to Box Hill.— D.A. PRANCE, 209 Peregrine Road,
Sunbury, Middlesex TW16 6JJ.

Apion urticarium Hbst. (Col.: Apionidae) in a suburban garden

On 12th May last I swept two specimens of this pretty and very local little
Apion from nettles in my garden — an agreeable surprise since I had never
before found the species in this area, but (in Kent) only considerably
farther east: between Dartford and Darenth and near Higham very
sparingly, and one in the Erith - Crayford area (1984). That A. urticarium
is a newcomer to the garden is a virtual certainty, as I have often over the
years swept those particular nettles and could hardly have overlooked it.
This may be a new record for the immediate environs of London, and the
rather shady situation is scarcely typical for the species which prefers open
places as arule. As it lives upon an ubiquitious plant, yet its colonies tend
to be very scattered and mostly small, it would seem to have special
requirements so far unrecognised.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Second brood records of Lacanobia thalassina Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae),
the Pale-shouldered Brocade, from Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps.

Heath and Emmet (The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland, 9, 1979. Curwen, London) state that this species is usually

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 249

univoltine, flying in late May and June, with a small second brood in
southern England. However, the frequency of bivoltinism and the
distribution of second brood records appears to be poorly documented.

Single males of this species were caught in the RIS light traps at Preston
Montford, Shropshire (Site No. 382, O.S. Grid Ref. SJ 433 143) on
10.ix.1989 and Empingham, Leicestershire (Site No, 280, O.S. Grid Ref.
SK 953 087) on 15.ix.1989. The usual first brood was represented in the
catches at both sites during May and June of that year. Examination of the
Insect Survey database, which contains 4,402 records of L. thalassina,
reveals further captures of second brood individuals and these are
summarised below.

Site Site No. Grid Ref. Date Total
Yarner Wood, Devon 266 SX 786 788 Aug. 1976 10
Starcross, Devon 149 SX 972 821 Aug. 1974 2
Writtle, Essex 87 TL 677 071 Sep. 1969 1
Aug. 1971 14

Sep. 1971 1

Broom’s Barn, Suffolk 88 TL 752 656 Aug. 1972 2
7 Aug. 1974 4

Aberystwyth, Dyfed 340 SN 629 837 Sep. 1982 2
Malham Tarn, Yorkshire 45 SD 894 672 Aug. 1982 1
Chester-le-Street, Co. Durham 39 NZS pls Aus. 3987, 1

These records confirm that, under favourable conditions, L. thalassina is
partially bivoltine as far north as Yorkshire and Co. Durham. With the
recent increased discussions on climatic change and its effect on the British
fauna, it will be interesting to monitor the occurrence of second brood
individuals in this and other partially bivoltine species of Lepidoptera. Our
thanks are extended to the trap operators at the sites mentioned for their
continued support.— ADRIAN M. RILEY, Dept. of Entomology and
Nematology, AFRC Inst. Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Exp. Stn,
Harpenden, Herts ALS 2JQ.

An early Meadow Brown, Maniola jurtina L.

Whilst collecting weevils (Coleoptera) on the undercliff at Eype’s Mouth,
Dorset, on 25th May 1990, I was surprised to see what appeared to be a
male Meadow Brown flying in the early evening sunshine. After careful
stalking, the identity of the butterfly was confirmed. It was quite fresh, and
the spotting of the underside hindwing was conspicuously faint. I do not
remember seeing Meadow Browns before the second week of June in
southern England in other years. The phenomenally mild winter of 1989/90
and the very sheltered nature of the site may be significant. Other
butterflies, notably Holly Blues, Celastrina argiolus L., have been
remarkably early in 1990.— M.G. Morris, 7 Clarence Road, Dorchester,
Dorset DT1 2HF.

250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1x.1990

The occurrence of a Cacyneus species (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in Majorca

In April 1990 I was in a friend’s garden in Majorca watching for butterflies
when I noticed a small, dark butterfly flying around geraniums and
pelargoniums. The upperside was chocolate brown with black and white
chequered fringe and a small tail with very small lunule at its base. The
underside was patterned grey and brown.

A number of photographs were taken and from these the insect was
identified as a Cacyneus species, possibly ethiopicus, but it is impossible
from a photograph to determine the species of this notoriously difficult
genus. Cacyneus is a predominantly southern and central African genus
which extends northwards to the southern fringes of the Sahara. As far as I
am aware, this genus has not been recorded from Europe or North Africa.

Interestingly we observed further specimens in the nearby town of
Magaluf, suggesting that the butterfly may be breeding on Majorca.
Several members of this genus feed on geranium and pelargonium and they
may have been introduced with plants, or possibly as windborne
immigrants in one of the Sahara ‘‘dust storms’’. I am grateful to Dr C.J.
Luckens for his helpful comments of this gnus.— E.M. RAYNOR, 15 Nash
Meadow, South Warnborough, Hants RG25 1RJ.

Hazards of butterfly collecting in tropical places

Torben Larsen’s account of collecting in the Tsavo National Park
(Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 102: 39) recalls many enjoyable times spent
studying insects in unusual places. Like him, I have not often found
wildlife to be a hazard.

Wild creatures normally try to avoid trouble, and the deranged
individual which sees Man as a meal is pretty rare. However, one must
avoid surprising an animal, or moving inside its personal “‘space’’. In some
places, this can mean keeping a sharp eye open for elephants or buffaloes,
or in the old days, rhino. But mostly it involves moving without too much
disturbance, though not necessarily entirely in silence. Snakes in particular
find it convenient to be forewarned of one’s approach, although in thirty
years in Africa I cannot recall having been alarmed by a snake while
collecting.

Only twice did I have an encounter with the big cats. On one occasion,
on the Nyika Plateau on the Zambia/Malawi border, I had put a trap for
Charaxes butterflies inside the forest edge. When I went to collect it, a
leopard in the bushes coughed discreetly, to advise that I was getting too
close. This put me in a quandary, as I had no intention of abandoning my
trap. So I advanced slowly, chatting to the animal as though to my wife’s
Siamese cat (equally dangerous at times!). The ploy worked and I recovered
my Charaxes.

The second incident was more dramatic. I had driven from Sumbu to
Nkamba, around the south end of Lake Tanganyika in northern Zambia,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25)))

and had set up a number of traps along the road in thick scrub. On my
return I was accompanied by the local Game Warden and his wife. It
happened to be a boom year for Charaxes pythodorus (normally a
relatively uncommon species), and the traps were packed with dozens of
them, to the point of nuisance. At one trap, we had all spent several
minutes sorting the wheat from the chaff, and talking loudly, when a lion
which was evidently sleeping peacefully about twenty yards away in the
scrub, decided it had had enough, and let out an almighty roar. No
landrover was ever more rapidly re-occupied, though again we did manage
to take the trap with us!— —R.C. DENING, 20 Vincent Road, Selsey,
Chichester PO20 9DQ.

An early or late larva of Pieris brassicae L. (Lep.: Pieridae)

On 3rd January 1990, I picked up a fully grown larva of the Large White
butterfly in a road in Plymouth, Devon. This pupated on 6th January, out
of doors, where it remained until a normal male emerged on 8th June, a
lengthy period considering the long hot spring.— A. ARCHER-LOCK, 4
Glenwood Road, Mannamead, Plymouth, Devon.

The return of Eilema sororcula Hufn. (Lep.: Lithosiinae) to N.W. Kent

Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 2, 1961) states that this
moth is apparently extinct in N.W. Kent. This has probably been so for a
considerable period, the last definite occurrences having been for
Swanscombe Wood (twenty-four) in 1848, and singletons for West
Wickham 1859, Greenhithe 1859 and Darenth Wood 1863.

In 1989 I was therefore surprised to find that two specimens had been
attracted to my garden m.v. light on 23rd May, and I assumed that they
were vagrants from far afield. The following evening I made my only visit
of the year to the Orlestone Woods, the main stronghold of sororcula in
Kent, but none was seen. On 5th May 1990 a further specimen arrived at
my garden light, suggesting that perhaps this species has again become
established in N.W. Kent.

Chalmers-Hunt in his latest supplement to his county work notes that
sororcula appeared to have become scarcer, and he lists only three records
for the county for the two decades, two specimens from the Weald of mid-
Kent, and a specimen I saw in the Orlestone Woods in 1962, and these were
two decades of considerable m.v. light activity in the Orlestone Woods.

I believe several other specimens were seen in N.W. Kent in 1989,
although my efforts to obtain detailed confirmation have proved unsuc-
cessful. Dartford comes within the Clean Air Zone (Clean Air Act, 1964)
and atmospheric pollution has decreased considerably resulting in a return
of lichens to the oak trees of local woodlands. Thus for central Dartford
the six monthly average winter totals of solid deposits has fallen from
about 28 tons per acre in 1962 to about seven tons in 1989, including the
cement dust which is now almost negligible, and there is now only about

sp ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.1x.1990

12% of both the smoke and sulphur dioxide in the air compared with 1964
(figures kindly supplied by the Dartford Borough Council).

It is interesting to note that although EF. sororcula appears not to have
been recorded from the woodlands of N.W. Kent since 1863 until recently,
it was still to be found at Chattenden some ten miles to the east, where the
degree of atmospheric pollution was probably considerably less, not un-
common in the 1880s and even in the first decade of this century (Chalmers-
Hunt, 1961).—B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Dartford, Kent DA5 2HN.

A somatic mosaic of Cosmia trapezina Linnaeus (Lep.: Noctuidae), the
Dun Bar

The aberration in Fig. 1 was caught in the Rothamsted Insect Survey light
trap at Empingham, Leicestershire (Site No. 280, O.S. Grid Ref. SK 953
087) on 26.viii.1986. The left half conforms approximately to ab pallida
Tutt and the right appears most similar to the type form trapezina L. (Tutt,
J.W. (1982) The British Noctuae and their Varieties, 3: 22-23. Swan,
Sonnenschein, London), though with such a variable species it is difficult
to be precise.

No similar specimen is present in the national Lepidoptera collection at
the Natural History Museum and there is no somatic mosaic listed under C.
trapezina in A.L. Goodson’s list of aberrational forms (unpubl.) which is
held at the same institute.

The name pallida-trapezina nov. is proposed for this aberration and the
type specimen will be held at Rothamsted Experimental Station.

Thanks are extended to M. Tyler for operating the trap at Empingham
and to D. Carter for allowing access to the collections and literature at the
Natural History Museum, London.— A.M. RILEY, Dept. Entomology and
Nematology, AFRC Inst. Arable Crops Res., Rothamsted Exp. Stn.,
Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ.

Fig. 1. Cosmia trapezina L. ab. pallida-trapezina nov. Type male. Empingham,
Leics. 26.vili. 1986.

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Contents

Courtship and mating of butterflies. S.F. Henning c

The immigration of lepidoptera into the British Isles in 1989. R. E retorted
and J.M. Chalmers-Hunt :

Aleochara binotata Kr., not A. verna Say (Col.: Staphylinidae) a British “see
R.C. Welch .

Notes on three seve of Picochare a z. Coesaviee Muls. & Rey) (Col.
Staphylinidae) including two new to Britain. J.A. Owen.

The status in Bernwood Forest of moth species which are secured as
nationally uncommon. P. Waring . ;

The genera Nathrius Brethes and Molorchus E. (Col.: Cea ieeiee, in
Great Britain. R.R. Uhthoff-Kaufmann . ; 5 Ce a

Lepidoptera records in Wales and Scotland. M. W. Boe.

Notes and Observations

Protracted emergence of Eupithecia pusillata D. & S. (Lep.: Geometridae), Juniper

Pug. B. Skinner . . Fa nel al eos re
A melanic form of Gaanee aatnres I, (Col.: Carabidae). A.A. Allen
Rothamsted farmland light trap network: interesting Lepidoptera records for

May 1990. M.C. Townsend & A.M. Riley Pree
Early butterflies in 1990. R.R. Cook.
Bledius germanicus Wagner (Col.: Sagras) new fe Matin ehennetine!

S. Wright. ; :
Recent records of Eunneee abies Caer (uss. Sepie Faas the Cloaked

Pug, from Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps. A.M. Riley
Another spring Hummingbird Hawkmoth. A. Kennard.
AncarlyeHolly BineaP VTS) co oa oh Misisp yes ee he, eee uMs, | ar ea
Philonthus atratus Grav.) (Col.: Staphylinidae) new to both Worcestershire

(v.c. 37) and Gloucestershire (v.c. 33). P.F. Whitehead . .
Euonymus japonicus — yet another foodplant of the Holl Blue butkeaties

Celastrina argiolus L. inthe London area. C.W. Plant . oo hee ee
Hazards of butterfly collecting — Kakemega, Kenya, 1988. T. B. Lowe
Cercyon bifenestratus Kuster (Col.: Hydrophilidae) new to Gloucestershire

(v.c. 33) with notes on C. marinum Thomson. P.F. Whitehead. 5
Reappearance of Triplax aenea Schaller (Col.: Erotylidae) in Surrey. D.A. Prone 3
Apion urticarium Hbst. (Col.: Apionidae) in a suburban garden. A.A. Allen .
Second brood records of Lacanobia thalassina Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae), the Pale-

shouldered Brocade, from Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps. A.M. Riley .
An early Meadow Brown, Maniola jurtina L. M.G. Morris 5
The occurrence of a Cacyneus species (Lep.: Lycaenidae) in Viaieaea. E. M. Rane
Hazards of butterfly collecting in tropical places. R.C. Dening ; ;
An early or late larva of Pieris brassicae (Lep.: Pieridae). A. Vicre aac :
The return of Eilema sororcula Hufn. (Lep.: Lithosiinae) to N.W. Kent. B.K. West.
A somatic mosaic of Cosmia trapezina L. (Lep.: Noctuidae), the Dun Bar.

A.M. Riley . ARR NY 9, Fao ee eta ae

252

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THE BROWN HAIRSTREAK IN WORCESTERSHIRE D3)

THE HISTORY, ECOLOGY AND HABITS OF THECLA BETULAE L.
(LEP.: LYCAENIDAE) IN WORCESTERSHIRE

J.E. GREEN*
25 Knoll Lane, Poolbrook, Malvern, Worcs WR14 3JU

ALMOST all accounts of Thecla betulae L., the Brown Hairstreak, note
the elusive nature of the species, and many entomologists have limited
experience of its ecology and habits. This article presents the results of 20
years study of a colony of the species in a local area of Worcestershire
which appears to have been isolated for many years, and as this is one of
the most northerly remaining in the United Kingdom it probably exhibits
more clearly the conditions of importance for viability. Related to the
environmental conditions of the area, other now rare or UK-extinct species
have occurred, and for general interest references to them have been
included.

The principal area is the low lying country bounded approximately by a
line joining Worcester — Droitwich — Redditch — Evesham — Pershore
— Worcester. This contains a number of old mainly deciduous woods, and
many of these have been little disturbed for many years, indeed some of
them were managed by slow coppicing up to the 1950s, and several are still
only used for shooting. The countryside is very rural with a low population
and with the exception of the southern part, much of the land is poor
agriculturally.

Thecla betulae L. has always been regarded as a rare species in
Worcestershire. As far back as 1834, Dr Charles Hastings (Hastings, 1834)
listed it under the heading Rarer Lepidopterous Insects, but only one
location was mentioned in his book; that was Trench Woods, and an
interesting footnote reads ‘‘These woods, situated on an eminence near the
junction of the red marl and the lias, about five miles on the east side of
Worcester, are much resorted to by entomologists for the rare insects that
are met with there’’. These rarities also included (sic) “‘P. Asis, Mazarine
Blue; P. Argus, Silver Studded Blue; P. A/sus, Small Blue; Nemerobius
lucina, Duke of Burgundy Fritillary; Sesia Fuciformis, Narrow-bordered
Bee Hawk and Melitaea Artemis, Greasy Fritillary.’’ Alas of these only the
latter, now known as the Marsh Fritillary of course, probably still survives
(Green, 1985). As for betulae, personally I have never found the adult or
ova in those woods, although on two occasions | did find a few ova in
nearby woods. Other notable species in those early days listed under
‘Woods near Worcester’’, were ‘‘V. polychloros, Large Tortoiseshell and
Pieris Crataegi, Black-veined White’’. It is interesting that Dr Hastings
listed all the hairstreaks as butterflies of Worcestershire, including “‘T.
Pruni, Dark Hairstreak. Rare’’, and ‘‘7.W-A/bum, Black Hairstreak’’,
but in view of the uncertainty about nomenclature at that time (Thomas,

*Jack Green completed this paper just before his untimely death in April 1990.

254 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1.1990

1989) there must be some doubt as to whether Strymonidia pruni L. as
known today was really present. Rev Horton (Horton , 1890) referred to
‘*T. pruni, Black Hairstreak’’ in the Malvern district in 1870, and the 1901
Victoria History merely said ‘‘Very rare’’, without locations. I can now
reveal that an old local collection was discovered by Mr Richard Parsons in
the Greater Wyre Forest area in 1985. It had been amassed by a Mr H.
Whitelegg, and contained a single Strymonidia pruni L. labelled ‘‘June
1946, Ribbesford, Bewdley’’. No reason has been found for doubting that
it was a genuine local specimen and some activity is proceeding in the
remote hope that this species might conceivably survive in Worcestershire
today.

From the 19th century there were specimens of befulae in Worcester
Museum labelled “‘Trench Wood 1856’’, and the Rothschild collection in
the British Museum contains specimens labelled ‘‘Pershore 1891’. In 1857
Stainton referred to ‘‘hedgerows near Worcester’’, and Tutt said ‘‘near
Worcester’? quoting Edmunds. Earlier Dr Hastings had referred to the
superior cabinet of Mr A. Edmunds which contained all the species
referred to in his list and, ‘‘indeed nearly all the Worcestershire
Lepidoptera’’. This cabinet has never been found, but it was said to
contain even one L. dispar, Large Copper! In 1870, the Rev Horton
(Horton, /oc. sit.) late Chaplain to the Powick Lunatic Asylum had
described betulae as scarce but only mentioned Trench Wood. Then in 1899
Edwards and Towndrow (Edwards, 1899) listed Eastnor, Birchwood and
Cowleigh in the Malvern area. Finally, the Victoria History of the County
of Worcester, 1901 gave Cowleigh and Wyre Forest.

I remained mystified by the lack of any evidence of betu/ae in the county
after 1904. Neither the excellent cabinets at Malvern College, nor the 1934
Walter Saunders collection contained any specimens from Worcestershire.
So I began to make enquiries with local lepidopterists; Mr Fred Fincher, the
doyen of Worcestershire naturalists, Mr A. Harthan of Sheriffs Lench who
had the last sightings of A. crataegi at Craycombe Hill in 1923 and
probably the last Carterocephalus palaemon Pallas at the same place in
1952 (Green, 1982); Mr L. Bawden of Evesham who was extremely
knowledgeable and for example knew where N. polychrolos bred until 1959
in woods to the south of Evesham.

Further afield there was Dr R.H. Clarke who had lived in the county for
a number of years before moving to Stanton St John to commence his work
on Apatura iris L.; and members of the Birmingham Natural History
Society. Surprisingly no one had any new knowledge of betulae in
Worcestershire, although Leslie Evans of the Birmingham NHS knew of
one location for it at that time in Warwickshire at Austy Wood. Then Dr
Michael Harper of Ledbury suggested that it might be worth contacting Mr
Geoffrey A. Cole who had been chief administrator for Worcester
hospitals in the 1940s, and by then retired to Slapton Ley in Devon. This

THE BROWN HAIRSTREAK IN WORCESTERSHIRE 255

enquiry provided the vital clue, because it transpired that he had found
betulae to the east of Worcester in 1945/6. He was able to recall a
particular wood where he had beaten larvae in 1946 to breed a series. Mr
Cole also wrote of Endromis versicolora L. at Button Oak in Wyre Forest
(now believed extinct there), of outings to the Cotswolds for Maculinea
arion L., and of finding Photedes fluxa Hb. abundant at Trench Wood.
Those were the days!

The search now began in earnest for betu/ae, but a further three years
were to elapse before the first ovum was found in April 1970. The wood
identified by Mr Cole was very thoroughly searched, also Trench Wood,
but without success. A friend from Pershore, Mr Lionel Eden, became
interested and joined in some of the searches, and his detailed local
knowledge was most helpful, indeed he spotted the first egg. We had
progressively extended the search area from the wood identified by Mr
Cole, obtaining permission to search privately owned woods. One event I
shall always remember was a challenge by an irate gamekeeper with
shotgun pointed menacingly. My explanation that I was looking for butter-
fly eggs in February must have sounded ludicrous! It turned out that the
owner had not advised him about my agreed visit. A pint in the local pub
and a belated message from the owner made him a valued contact,
moreover information from him led to the later discovery of another
location for betulae. Gamekeepers can be very useful!

Through the 1970s the distribution of the species was slowly established
by finding the ova. Searches elsewhere in the county, such as in the
Malvern area and in Wyre Forest proved negative. I was given some useful
advice by Dr Jeremy Thomas and Dr T.W.C. Tolman. The latter was
studying the UK distribution, regional variations and the relationships with
climatic conditions, and in particular he emphasised the requirements for a
large wood to serve the function of a last retreat in adverse years. He also
suggested more searches along streams having nearby blackthorn,
especially if near to deciduous woods. From 1978, because of insufficient
time to complete ova counts over the increasing known range of the colony,
I decided to concentrate on exploring further afield. First Lmade surveys to
identify possible places, then I carried out thorough searches in small
sample areas. Although a few new places were discovered, the overall
success rate was low, and it became clear that the females were extremely
selective about where they flew and where they laid. No ova have been
found above an altitude of 250 ft ASL. All the time though I was
developing a sixth sense of understanding this elusive and fascinating
species.

Eggs have only been found in three basic types of habitat. First on
bushes in the age band 3 - 9 years which are growing in very sheltered
locations a short distance out from the edge of a deciduous wood in which
oak is the predominant tree. Such bushes are nearly always sucker growths

256 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1.1990

from blackthorn thickets, and they are especially favoured it they are
stunted because of nibbling by sheep, in which case they will also have
strands of wool. Secondly, in hedgerows extending from such woods, and
again any outlying young sucker blackthorns are preferred; however,
importantly in this type of habitat, when the hedges are cut low, eggs are
also laid in the forks of new spines on old wood. Thirdly, on waste ground
not far from a wood where there are plenty of spaced bushes, usually a
mixture of hawthorn and blackthorn, e.g. a perimeter dispersal point on a
disused airfield.

Situations which have provided acceptable sheltered conditions are:

(1) slopes down to the edge of a wood

(2) small fields with tall hedges

(3) southerly-facing hedges fronted with ditches in which blackthorn
suckers are growing and

(4) bridle tracks on or near to the perimeter of a wood which are oriented
to have afternoon sunshine.

The eggs are laid mostly in forks at the base of short spines where the
diameter is typically 2 - 3 mm. However, they are occasionally found on
thicker main stems, and not always in a fork. The median height of eggs
above ground level is about 24 inches; the distribution is skew, the lowest I
have found was only two inches above the ground, the highest about 6ft.
The majority are typically in the range 9 - 40 inches. Eggs are usually laid
singly, occasionally a pair together, and sometimes even more. If one egg is
found, it is well worth a thorough local search because a female is likely to
have spent some time crawling in the vicinity. The search should extend
below the height of summer grass because the butterflies may have crawled
to low levels where they presumably find extra shelter, and with sunshine
might have been induced to lay. The influence of wind on the height at
which the ova are laid has not been studied, but it may be significant that in
a low count in April 1990, Mr Endacott and Mr John Denning observed
that more were at a higher level of 4 - 5 ft, and on lower bushes they tended
to be in local clusters. Indeed, ova are only laid in very local areas and these
will tend to change over the years as previously favoured blackthorn
becomes too old. Once bushes begin to bear sloes, or if any noticeable
amount of lichen develops on them, it is extremely unlikely that they will be
used. In managed areas, most of these blackthorns will be removed in order
to generate new growth, some will be left to grow on and produce thickets
and shelter.The essential requirement for sunny but sheltered habitats
cannot be over-emphasised. If new growths are vigorous and develop into
tall single main stems with widely spaced long spines having a greyish
appearance they are seldom used, it is better to prune them back and
develop stockier bushes. Presumably the tall stems are more exposed to
wind and are less attractive.

Searching for ova required considerable patience and perseverance. The
weather needs to be calm, dry and not too cold, and without frost during

THE BROWN HAIRSTREAK IN WORCESTERSHIRE 257

the previous night. It helps if there have been a few days without rain, so
that conditions underfoot are tolerable, especially on impervious clay. Eye
fatigue can be a problem, and I have found that 20 minute searches with
five minutes rests is a practical schedule. A 2% inch reading glass is a
valuable aid for scanning the bushes, a small mirror mounted on a rod for
inspecting under branches, and a watchmaker’s glass for confirming
identification. The latter is very necessary because bird droppings can be
misleading. Another regular occurrence in typical fork locations is a pair of
elongated white ova which are not betulae ova. It is normally mid
November before leaf fall is sufficiently complete to permit a thorough
search, and after 20th April leaf break causes difficulties. The date for
commencement of hatching depends on the severity of the winter, the
temperatures in April and the start of leaf break; in an average year I
consider that date is about 20th April and the majority hatch during the
period 24th April to 5th May. The winters and early springs of 1986, ’87,
*88 and ’90 contrasted markedly and permitted observation of the
variations in hatching on account of the climatic factor. The winter of 1986
was very cold, and in Worcestershire the mean temperature in February
was 5°C below normal, the coldest since 1947, March continued cold and
April was the coldest since 1922; I found that only a few per cent of eggs
had hatched by 26th April. In marked contrast the winter of 1988 was
exceptionally mild and sunny, March and April continued mild and by 19th
April approximately 30% of the eggs had already hatched. The winter and
spring of 1990 were even more exceptionally warm and sunny and approxi-
mately 40% of the observed ova had hatched or were hatching by 13th
April. 1987 was very cold in January and March, but April was the warmest
since 1911 with a remarkable hot dry sunny spell commencing on the 13th;
a search on 22nd April showed that about 10% of the eggs had hatched,
and those were mainly on bushes in particularly warm sunny positions.

Occasionally in late April one finds an ovum where the larva has started
to nibble the small hole in the crown through which it will emerge. The
shiny black head shows up well as it moves round slowly enlarging the hole,
and it is interesting to observe progress with a watchmaker’s glass.
Eventually it emerges quite quickly and moves directly to the nearest bud,
typically not more than an inch away. The body is then almost colourless,
hairy and with a slight greyish tint. The larva crawls up the side of the bud
and then disappears between a slightly opened outer leaf and the unopened
centre; there it commences to eat and bore into the bud, turning to a green
colour as it does so.

Having located the favoured areas for ovipositing, these offer the best
prospects of seeing the adults and over 20 years enough observations have
been made from which tentative conclusions about their habits can be
drawn. Typically, given a good day, it is not worth starting searches until
11 am BST and I consider that a minimum shade temperature of 18°C with

258 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1.1990

sunshine and little or no wind are required before there is any sign of adult
activity. The best prospects are during the next 22 hours, and around 4 pm
is the time to be on the look-out for females on leisurely return flights to
the wood, sometimes 10 - 30 ft above the ground. Unless it is an
exceptionally warm sunny day, 4.30 pm marks the end of the day’s
activities. Typical wingspans of Worcestershire adults are male 37mm and
female 41mm.

I am not sure when they first begin to emerge. Dr Thomas (Thomas,
1989) considered that this was ‘‘from late July to mid-August depending on
May to July temperatures’’ and added that ‘‘. . . the butterflies are seldom
seen for the first two weeks . . .”’ The earliest date I know of was 5th
August, when by chance a crippled female was spotted near the ground. In
a year of typical average climatic conditions, 20th August appears to be the
first practical date to possibly see an adult flying and 25th August for a
good chance. The best prospects are during the first ten days of September,
and the last worn adults may be encountered in the first week of October.
(Even as late as 12th in 1980.) Figure 1 shows daily maximum and minimum
temperatures from Ist August to early October in 1987 when overall
weather conditions were near to long term averages during the flight
season. Bearing in mind that maximum daily temperatures are only reached
for a short time, there is a marked limitation on account of the temperature
and sunshine factors when flying might take place, and on any day there is
a limited period when the threshold temperature is exceeded, this tending to
decrease as the days shorten.

Males are rarely seen low down, where the overwhelming majority are
females. There is a better prospect of seeing a male by using high power
binoculars to search amongst the upper branches of oak and ash trees
which are in an especially sheltered location with a plentiful supply of aphid
honeydew. Dr Thomas has contended that adults congregate on “‘master
trees’’, and that three examples he knows of in the UK are large ashes
towering above the surrounding canopy (Thomas, Joc. cit.). I have located
a few trees which give support to the master tree concept, but they are oaks,
and the congregations are not necessarily on the highest branches. A typical
location can be defined by a high stand of old blackthorn on the south
facing edge of a wood with taller oak trees behind, and the particular
branch will be positioned in a kind of natural recess amongst surrounding
branches. It is the type of location where Quercasia quercus L. will
congregate, and the occasional Ladoga camilla L. might be seen earlier in
July, and in Buckinghamshire one might find S. pruni L. I now use 16 x
50mm binoculars preferably with a steadying support, which are necessary
in order to be sure about identification, because guercus is common in the
area and may be encountered well into September — I once saw one as late
as 23rd in 1972. A telescope could be used to give higher magnification at
the expense of a reduced field of view.

259

THE BROWN HAIRSTREAK IN WORCESTERSHIRE

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260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1.1990

Searches for non-flying adults in the trees can start from about 10th
August, the initial sighting will usually be one basking in the morning
sunshine. If crawling, any sighting is likely to be transient and frustrating
because of the foliage. I suspect that several may be present when one is
seen. Identification of favoured trees in a large area is difficult, but
working from ova density distribution charts, the search areas can be
narrowed down. It is a very time-consuming procedure, but does offer the
prospect of seeing the elusive males. At ground level I did once find one
feeding on fleabane about 25 yards from the edge of a wood, and last year
on 15th August I had the novel experience of intercepting one flying in
purposeful manner about 2 ft above the ground in the middle of a fairly
large field, going in a northerly direction towards a small area which is
regularly good for ova. I wondered whether it was responding to some
signal from a freshly emerged female. No one seems to have explained how
adults emerging over a large area manage to congregate together, or is it
only happening in small groups? There is plenty of scope for research,
perhaps even with some kind of monitoring by tagging individuals with
novel microelectric devices? There is much more to be discovered about the
life and habits of betulae.

Released bred specimens invariably fly upwards to the high tree tops and
a few observations of freshly emerged wild adults indicates the same
behaviour. Consider the case of an eventual adult from an egg laid in a
hedgerow at a considerable distance from a wood. Suppose it is a female.
The chances of finding a mate in the nearest tree will depend on the
distance from the wood, as the density of eggs declines with distance. In a
good year it could be lucky and find a mate, and in due course it could fly
either nearer to or further from the “‘headquarters’’ wood. If habitat
conditions were still favourable in the outward direction, then the range of
the colony would tend to increase and perhaps reach and colonise another
wood. If the female did not find a mate it would presumably fly to other
trees, and might eventually get back to the ‘‘headquarters’’ wood. Thus the
colony will tend to expand or contract with good or bad years. Destruction
or severe cutting of long lengths of hedgerows on a route that has been used
by successive generations seems to stop use of that route, moreover
ploughing of an adjacent field is likely to lead to the same result. Repeated
severe machine cutting of hedges and changes of land use from livestock to
cereals is leading to fragmentation of the betulae colony in Worcestershire.
In the past, despite the absence of records, the species must surely have
been well established over a much wider area before the progressive
destruction and damage of the undisturbed countryside by mechanisation
and by use of chemicals in agriculture.

Turning to the habits of females, relatively speaking these are much
easier to find once they begin their ovipositing flights from late August. In
the first hour of morning activity it is always worth pausing to scan any
large patches of bramble in the hope of very occasionally seeing one on a
late flower or possibly on a ripe berry, just as in the case of Strymonidia

THE BROWN HAIRSTREAK IN WORCESTERSHIRE 261

W-album L. They descend from their high overnight roosts to the
blackthorn thickets and bushes, and spend the great majority of their active
time simply crawling slowly along the branches, twisting and turning, often
with abdomen bent downwards, but the ovipositing rate is slow. I once
watched a female for 40 minutes before it deposited the first egg, although
for most of that time the abdomen was positioned to do so. When they do
fly it is often to a new location at least several yards away, after which the
crawling routine will recommence. Sometimes a search of an outlying small
bush will reveal a female, and they are easily approached for photographs.
Another technique is to be on the look-out for one having a periodic rest on
a hedgerow, where they like to bask with wings open. My wife has an
uncanny knack of spotting such females. I do better scanning a length of
hedgerow from some distance out using the high power binoculars — this
in known ovipositing areas. For longer outward flights, they fly quickly in
a characteristic manner, often quite high up. However, the actual time in
flight is a very small part of their activity, explaining why they are so
seldom seen by casual observers.

I have made an interesting discovery that in September a field maple tree
in a tall hedge appears to serve as a staging post for females on outward
flights. They arrive at a height of about 15 ft having flown 50 - 80 yards
across a field on a slowly descending flight path from the tree tops of the
wood. The maple leaves are turning golden brown and offer good
camouflage plus honeydew. I have seen as many as five females at a time in
this tree, some staying for 20 minutes before moving off individually in
either direction along the top of the hedge to reach favoured ovipositing
areas.

Table 1 shows sample data first used when seeking correlations between
ova counts and the climatic factors throughout the life cycle. The climatic
data was taken from recording stations in the Pershore area, the nearest to
a particular part of the colony where, with the exception of 1976, I had
comparable counts from 1970 to 1982, and where there had been a
continuity of suitable habitat. The possibility of a significant local variation
on account of a microclimate factor is considered small. The ova count
basis was consistent, two people searching for two hours in a defined area;
independent counts were carried out on occasions to verify that the same or
very near same score was obtained. Comparison checks between late
autumn and April showed no loss of ova. Total ova counts for the whole
colony were much higher, at least several hundred in good years, but
records were insufficiently complete to permit statistical analyses over a
long period. Another problem was habitat destruction in some areas
through agricultural practices, indeed records for the area covered by Table
1 were invalidated for that reason after 1982. These analyses produced a
significant correlation between ova count in a season and the lowest
monthly mean minimum temperature during the previous winter.

Simple statistical analyses were applied to the data in Table 1 because the
ova counts were in general so low, and a ranking method determining

1.1990

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15-%

262

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THE BROWN HAIRSTREAK IN WORCESTERSHIRE 263

Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient showed the high correlation
between ova count and previous winter severity, Students’ t was 4.078 for
11 degrees of freedom and x’ was 20.67. (P) was very slightly above the 5%
level. The same approach for Table 2, with much higher ova counts showed
even higher probability. Analyses then continued in a search for a second
order variation on account of temperature and sunshine during the summer
months, as proposed by others (Thomas, 1989 and Archer-Lock, 1979).

Table 2 shows data for the period 1985 - 1990 for another area of the
colony where ova counts are much higher, and again the correlation
between ova counts and previous winter severity is clear. A logical
explanation is that losses to predators during subsequent phases of the life
cycle are reduced because their numbers are much less after a hard winter;
also ova will be in a better condition for hatching in late April and adult
population should be higher with potential for laying more ova in late
August and September, subject of course to any second order influence on
account of other climatic factors during spring and summer. The adverse
effect of severe winters on bird populations is well-known, and Dr Thomas
noted from his research work on a Surrey colony that the highest
percentage loss in a life stage occurred during the pupal stage through
shrews, mice and carabids, accounting for about two-thirds of pupae; the
importance of losses in the pupal stage was first proposed by Dr Tolman
(Tolman, pers. comm.), who also noted the probable connection with the
marked reduction in numbers of avian predators (especially owls) on voles
and mice.

Table 2. Ova Counts vs winter severity 1985-1990

Monthly Year

Mean

Min Temp °C 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Previous December Ser 0) 4.7 3.8 6.6 35
January —0.8 DAD) =tf.1 4.0 4.1 Sr
February —0.8 —2°8 1) 2.8 Jal) 4.95

Ova Count in
following spring 35 93 50+ ay 30 v

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 199]

It is appreciated that use of the available calendar monthly data could
mask a very cold mid-month to mid-month period, with compensating
warmer temperatures during the other two half months. However, other
bases for indicating winter severity yield similar conclusions that there is a
correlation with subsequent ova counts, although not as high as when the
calendar mean minimum temperature statistic is used, e.g. winters of 1979

264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi- 1998

and 1982. If this hypothesis is correct the present 1990 third consecutive
warm winter in Worcesetershire must be viewed with some concern for
betulae. The UK distribution of the species suggests that overall higher
annual temperatures such as in South Devon, are important and result in
much higher populations (Archer-Lock, pers. comm and 1979). In Devon
and in West Wales rainfall is much higher than in Worcestershire, and
again winter temperatures are higher. Only in the East Midlands do
climatic conditions approximate to those in central Worcestershire.

When the first ova were found in 1970, ornithological and botanical
interests had already prompted Mr Cecil Lambourne of the Worcestershire
Nature Conservation Trust (WNCT) to approach Mr Chris Fuller of the
West Midlands Region of the NCC with the proposal that SSSI designation
would be appropriate for the area; the discovery of betulae accelerated
action and by 1971 this had been obtained. In retrospect this was important
and the management agreement specifying acceptable farming practices
compatible with the breeding cycle of the butterfly made a valuable
contribution to subsequent conservation. In 1976 Mr Fuller was succeeded
by Mr Noel King who had previously been in the NCC Regional Office
which was responsible for parts of Bernwood Forest where both betulae
and pruni were present, and he quickly became interested in the
Worcestershire site. When I first took him there he immediately remarked
on the close similarity of soil conditions and flora to those in Bernwood
Forest. Subsequently he has made excellent contributions to enhance the
goodwill and co-operation of landowners and farmers, and later Dr John
Birks joined him to further promote those activities, indeed the contri-
bution of NCC could hardly have been better. Management methods have
been and continue to be refined and the SSSI area now provides a head-
quarters for betulae where, in terms of habitat requirements, the situation
appears well safeguarded. Risks in the foreseeable future appear to rest
mainly with possible commercial development of relatively poor agri-
cultural land; large financial organisations have influence and SSSIs are
not sacrosanct. The current nationally reported proposed large scale
housing development around the village of Hanbury, which is the real life
basis for the village of ‘‘Ambridge’’ in the well-known radio programme
‘“The Archers’’ is an example, and that area has had and may still support a
small population of betulae. This central area of Worcestershire is close to
the MS and conveniently near to the West Midlands conurbation, so such
developments are always a possibility. I have no illusions that the presence
of a rare butterfly would have any influence on developers! Another
problem has arisen in the last few years with trespassers on the strictly
private land. There has, perhaps inevitably, been some leakage of
information about the colony, and butterfly enthusiasts do appear. Some
unfortunately have undesirable habits such as leaving gates open at critical
times for sheep breeding experiments, and this causes extreme annoyance
to farmers, conceivably to a point where the presence of betulae might be

THE BROWN HAIRSTREAK IN WORCESTERSHIRE 265

to farmers, conceivably to a point where the presence of betulae might be
regarded as undesirable by a farmer. Others take ova if they can find them,
although tracks in rough ground quickly show that trespassers have been
there. The risk does not lie with the relatively small loss of ova, it is the
impact on the essential goodwill of owners and tenant farmers. WNCT
have appealed to anyone who has learnt about the site to keep away. In the
future it is envisaged that arrangements can be made for those with a
genuine interest to see the work that has been done.

SSSI management is directed to ensure that in future years there will
always be adequate areas of developing blackthorn in the 3 - 9 year old
category in sheltered areas. Some older blackthorn is left to grow on to
thickets, from which outlying suckers will appear, often in sufficiently
sheltered positions to provide new ovipositing sites, other older thickets are
deliberately removed. Tall hedges are periodically lowered in sections, and
any longer hedges required to be cut regularly only receive attention in the
period late July to mid August, and then often in sections on a two or three
year cycle, this to minimise any loss of stock. At the same time careful
consideration is always given to the requirements of the farmers; for
example one farmer had a typical clause in his tenancy agreement about
““delapidation”’ of land and property, whereby he could be liable for
allowing blackthorn to spread to an extent which invoked the clause,
thereby incurring a substantial financial penalty! NCC legal branch
resolved that problem for him.

The Malvern Sub-Regional office of NCC West Midlands have already
financially supported important lepidoptera surveys, and if the predicted
‘““sreenhouse effect’’ of higher temperatures occurs, the counties of Here-
fordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire which they cover, offer
good potential for further research. To date they have sponsored a three
year study of A. adippe D. & S. on the Malvern Hills, West Worcestershire
and Herefordshire Commons, by Matthew Oates, following his work on
that species in Cumbria. This has confirmed and refined the dynamic
habitat management methods evolved since the 1970s by the Malvern Hills
Conservators and we now have in local areas the highest density colonies in
the UK. It should be noted that the Conservators have publicly stated that
within their legal powers granted by Parliament they will not hesitate to
prosecute anyone found taking specimens of this Red Book species on their
land. Maintenance support grants have benefitted the SSSI within the
betulae colony. In the Gloucestershire Cotswolds, Matthew Oates was
supported for studies of H. /ucina L., revealing a very satisfactory situation
albeit in many very local colonies, and currently under the enthusiastic
direction of Mike Wilkinson assessment of habitats and lycaenidae are
proceeding. In Worcestershire given higher temperatures one can envisage
research and controlled re-introduction experiments with species such as S.
pruniand N. polychloros, both of which might conceivably still survive; A.

266 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15. xa. 1990

crataegi and C. palaemon are other possible candidates. We know where
A. iris L. has bred and can breed in the county and I have sporadic definite
records over the last 40 years, but perhaps surprisingly nothing since 1986.

In conclusion on betulae, I am reasonably optimistic about future
prospects. I regard it as a survivor from the Royal Feckenham Forest of the
Middle Ages and probably since the sub-boreal period after the last ice age.
It would indeed be a sad day if it finally became extinct through man
destroying its habitat after such progress has been made in understanding
why it has survived for so long in our isolated Worcestershire colony.

Acknowledgements

I gratefully acknowledge the excellent co-operation and assistance from
landowners and farmers, the NCC team at Malvern under the leadership of
Mr Noel King, Mr Frank Hill and his wife Edna for invaluable information
on climatic records and trends; to Dr Jeremy Thomas of ITE, Dr Tom
Tolman and Mr Tony Archer-Lock for practical field advice; to Dr Tolman
and my son Paul for statistical analysis; to Mr Lionel Eden for his part in
the original ‘‘needle in a haystack’’ searches and ova counts, to my dear
wife Anne for her patience and encouragement; to the WNCT for initiating
SSSI designation; and lastly to Dr A.N.B. Simpson and Mr Archer-Lock
for reading and constructively commenting on the draft version of this
paper.
References
Archer-Lock,A., 1979. The Field, 6 June.
Edwards, W. and Towndrow, R.F., 1899. The butterflies and moths of Malvern.
Green, J.E., 1982. A practical guide to the butterflies of Worcestershire. Worcs.
Nature Conservation Trust.
Green, J.E., 1985. Factors leading to a local abundance of Eurodryas aurinia Rott.
(Marsh Fritillary) in Worcestershire. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 97: 188-189.
Hastings, C.M.D., 1834. I/lustrations of the natural history of Worcestershire.
Horton, E., 1870. The entomology of the Malvern district. Trans. Malvern Field
Club: Pt=ile
Thomas, J.A., 1989 in Emmet, A.M. & Heath, J. The moths and butterflies of
Great Britain and Ireland, 7 (1).

A Small Tortoiseshell ‘‘courting’’ a Peacock butterfly?

I was most interested to read Mr A.A. Allen’s description of the courtship
display between a Small Tortoiseshell and a Peacock butterfly ((Ent. Rec.
102: 198) as I witnessed a similar event during the spring of 1984 on the
edge of a meadow at Middleton, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. In this case the
sexes were the same and I wonder whether such a courtship display is
governed by a sex-pheremone. This case was described in the Ento-
mologist’s Gazette 37: 82.— S.A. KNILL-JONES, Roundstone, 2 School
Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

BRITISH CERAMBYCIDAE 267

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA TRINOPHYLUM BATES,
GRACILIA SERV., AROMIA SERV., AND HYLOTRUPES SERV.
(COL. : CERAMBYCIDAE) IN THE BRITISH ISLES.

RAYMOND R. UHTHOFF-KAUFMANN
13 Old Road, Old Harlow, Essex CM17 OHB

INTRODUCTION

THESE four beetles are in strong contrast to each other — in size,
appearance, habits and occurrence. Two are serious pests, Gracilia and
Hylotrupes; probably more has been written about the costly infestation
and ravages caused by the latter than of any European Longhorn. Of the
remaining two, Aromia, the Musk Beetle, is one of the largest and arguably
the most beautiful of our indigenous Cerambycids; the fourth,
Trinophylum, is a comparative newcomer from the Indian sub-continent,
originally found here by the late J.W. Saunt in 1946. There are no
published records to indicate when first it established itself here —
presumably it transferred itself from imported host logs. On the other
hand, there is the possibility that this rather dull looking beetle has been
with us for a considerably longer period and for some unaccountable
reason completely overlooked, as was indeed the case with two other
British genera, Tetropium and Arhopalus (antea 102: 55).

Balfour-Brownean letters for the counties and vice-counties are used
(Kaufmann, 1989); those italicised indicate widespread localities and
bracketed ones are dubious records which require confirmation. A dagger
(+) denotes an importation or a fortuitous example.

Trinophylum cribratum Bates

Attention to the presence of this Indian species in Britain and at that time
still unidentified was indicated by Kaufmann (1947b), who was presented
with the first four specimens found in English oak being seasoned in a
Cowes boatyard. These beetles were in turn sent to a Longhorn collector
who redescribed them (Gilmour, 1948). More examples were subsequently
taken from the same site and have since been distributed among various
national and international collections.

A year later Trinophylum turned up elsewhere, too late, unfortunately,
to allow Duffy, in his Handbook (1952) and his Monograph (1953a), to
make other than short comments on the history and distribution of the
beetle in this country; nonetheless, Fraser’s (1948) note on a new
occurrence prompted him to undertake a long and thorough investigation,
the fruits of which are encapsulated in a paper (1953b) which appeared
after the publication of the Monograph.

It is impossible to state with any authority for how long Trinophylum has
chosen England as a second home, but using the materials he had studied as
a guide, Duffy estimated that it had been with us for some seven to ten

268 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15x05 1990

years prior to its discovery by Mr Saunt, which suggests that the species was
introduced here well before the Second World War. It is now listed as an
established indigenous beetle.

ENGLAND: HT IW L MX SR WO

The larval brood trees in the Far East are Indian oaks and probably other
native hardwoods; here, it is in the English and Turkey oak that Trino-
phylum is principally found, particularly, it seems, in well-seasoned logs
often already heavily infested with the larvae of Phymatodes testaceus.
However, it soon became apparent that 7. cribratum was far from
confined solely to oaks; the larva is amphixylophagous: it has been found
attacking and spoiling hard- and softwood growths, both those being
seasoned at the timber merchants, and in some cases standing trees,
namely:- apple, ash, beech, birch, hornbeam, larch, oak, pear, plane,
Pyracantha (rather oddly), Scots pine and walnut.

Metamorphosis takes a year, as it does in India, the adults emerging
usually in mid-summer and surviving until as late as September. Diurnally
lethargic, the beetle is crepuscular, quite a strong flier, and on more than
one occasion attracted to household lights. There are indications that this
addition to our fauna is being over-collected.

Damage to heavily infested logs in the merchants’ yards has resulted in
the timber being sawn up and dispatched to various parts of the country to
be disposed of as firewood; this is confirmed by the capture of, for
instance, the Middlesex and Worcestershire examples, some two dozen in
all, which were found in log piles destined to be chopped and burnt. Sic
transit ...habitatio coleopterorum.

Gracilia minuta F.

Another very small injurious beetle of destructive habits similar to those
of Nathrius with which it not infrequently infests the same items of indoor
and outdoor finished goods and products.

It is recorded from many parts of the country, ranging from the extreme
south-west to East Anglia, the Midlands and as far north as Durham and
Cumberland. There is a Welsh entry and one of an importation into
Ireland.

ENGLAND: BK (BX) CB CH CU DM DT DY EC EK EN ES EX EY+ GE
GW HF HT IW L LR MX MY NM NS NW OX SD SE SH SL SR ST SY
WC+ WK WN WO WS WW WY

WALES: GM

IRELAND: WX+t

In the wild the larva develops in the dry dead twigs and slender branches
of birch, brambles, buckthorn, Ceratonia siliqua, dogrose, hawthorn,
hazel, horsechestnut, loganberry stems, oak, osiers, raspberry canes and
willow. It has also been found in decayed twigs dragged into their nest by
the wood ant, Formica rufa.

BRITISH CERAMBYCIDAE 269

The larva occurs as well in manufactured merchandise such as carboys,
garden furniture (which can be reduced to dust), flour casks, hurdles, old
basket ware and wickerwork, trellis and even discarded shoe leather.

Metamorphosis normally takes a year to complete, although it may
sometimes extend to two years; pupation occurs in March and April, the
imagines emerging in May.

The adults may be swept or beaten from then onwards until August off
blackthorn, elm, hazel, laurel, lime, osiers, old posts and dead hedgerows.
Modern records are becoming increasingly scarce.

Hylotrupes bajulus L.

This very injurious beetle, popularly known as the House Longhorn,
thought to have been introduced here from the continent of Africa, has
occurred in numbers in the metropolitan area of London, some localities in
the Home Counties and a few areas restricted to the south coast. Records
of isolated captures, often of single specimens, up and down the country
but not specifically of infestations also exist, many dating from the late
18th century onwards (Martyn, 1792; Marsham, 1802, Samouelle, 1819;
Curtis, 1830; Stephens, 1831, 1839; Kirby & Spence, 1867 ef. al.). The
Fowlerian collection contains an example caught in 1795 (Fowler, 1890).
The latest infestations in the 1980s have been those at the Royal Naval
Hospital, Greenwich and in a church in the same borough.

Whatever its origins, autochthonous — there are one or two published
records suggestive of this (Champion, 1917; Duffy, 1953) — or
synanthropic, Hylotrupes is now confirmed as a truly domestic
Cerambycid, responsible for sporadic outbreaks, generally in the upper
roof structures of private and public buildings, where, if undetected and
left undisturbed over the years, it causes immense damage necessitating in
many cases the wholesale replacement of beams, joists and rafters.

The question of autochthonism and synanthropy was discussed in some
detail (Kaufmann, 1947a, 1947b): contrary to the opinion then expressed,
the latter now accepts that this pest has successfully colonised and
established it self as a native household species.

ENGLAND: BK+ BX} CBF EK+ EN ES EX GW HT IWF L MX7F SE
SH SR WK+ WO WX WY+

WALES: GM

IRELAND: (RO) WI+. Ulster: no further data

Insofar as buildings in this country are concerned the larvae develop in
very dry, well-seasoned wood, principally fir, Scots pine and spruce. House
infestations are difficult to detect initially as the larvae reduce first the
sapwood and then the heartwood to tightly-packed frass, tunnelling to and
fro, leaving externally an apparently whole thin shell which will only
eventually either break open under the pressure of the frass or rupture
round the bolt holes of the emerging beetles. Sometimes a blistering of the

270 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi.1990

wood surfaces manifests the depredations of the larvae within. The rasping
sound the larva makes as it gnaws its way inside the wood is distinctly
audible and is sometimes indicative of its presence. It is only on such
occasions that the enormous damage to the timbers becomes evident.

Larval development is greatly influenced by seasonal variations and the
temperature inside the roof space of the buildings attacked. In consequence
the duration of the instar stages varies, depending upon these and other
factors, such as the dryness of the wood or the distance the larvae have
travelled away from a source of warmth, such as the incorporated
brickwork of chimney stacks.

Normally, the life cycle covers three to four years; in less conducive
circumstances it may stretch to six years or more: there are exceptional
instances recorded in which metamorphosis has lasted more than two and
even three decades (Bayford, 1938; Hickin, 1987).

The larva is parasitised by these Hymenoptera: —

Caenocryptus minator Grav., Cryptus dianae Grav., C. seticornis Ratz.,
Doryctes leucogaster Nees, Ephialtes manifestator L., E. tuberculatus
Fourc. and by Rhoptrocentrus species.

Abroad, it is attacked by the predatory beetle, Opilo domesticus L..,
whose introduction to this country might perhaps be one of several
advocated methods to control Hylotrupes.

Pupation usually takes place in May, but is variable, being sometimes
delayed until the autumn or even the winter months; in ideal conditions the
perfect insect emerges during June and July.

The imaginal state, during which no food is partaken (Klausnitzer &
Sander, 1981), lasts less than a month. Pairing takes place within this
period, either on the infected timbers or even in the multi-tunnelled wood
itself.

In hot weather Hylotrupes becomes very active, indulging in vigorous
short flights. It is then that the beetle, it is suggested, escapes in search of a
new, suitable pabulum in a neighbouring building; this may lead to another
infestation. It is possible, too, that on such occasions it will attack other
acceptable pabula of a coniferous nature within its flight path. In cases
where the completed life cycle has been delayed by indoor temperature
changes or climatic considerations, imagines have been found until as late
as September.

Besides its pernicious and insiduous presence in roof spaces and attics,
the beetle has been recorded from telegraph poles, fencing, posts and rails,
dead tree stumps, orchard trees (Fowler, 1890), packing cases (Duffy, 1952)
and orange boxes — known sources of importation into Britain,
floorboards, shelving, worked furniture and fittings. There are also records
of both larvae and adults biting through lead pipes, cables and metal
sheeting protecting wooden frames (Westwood, 1839; Dallas, 1859, Laing,
1919, 1920; Duffy, 1953).

BRITISH CERAMBYCIDAE 2m

Excellent colour photographs by Dr S. Cymorek showing the life history
of H. bajulus from egg to fully developed beetles in copula are included in
Dr Hickin’s 1987 booklet and the Ministry of Technology pamphlet (1969)
contains various photographs of the extensive damage inflicted on house
timbers by this most serious pest.

Aromia moschata L.
Generally widespread throughout the British Islands but declining in
numbers, except possibly in certain counties. This may be due to scrub
clearance and river bank maintenance.
ENGLAND: BD BK BX CB CH CU DM DT DY EC EK EN ES EX EY
GE (GW) HF HT HU IW L LN LR LSMM MX MY NH NM NS NW NY
OX SD SE SH SLSN SRST SY WC WK WL WO WS WW WX WY
WALES: CR DB GMMN
SCOTLAND: AS DF HDI KF LAF PN
IRELAND: DO NG NK SK WC

Of the many colour variations which have been described only the under-

mentioned have been published in this country: —
v. cuprata Reitt. ENGLAND: HT
v. nigrocyanea Reitt. ENGLAND: SH
v. versicolorea Donis. ENGLAND: IW

The Musk Beetle, one of our biggest Cerambycids, usually of an
iridescent brassy green coloration, is depicted in every popular work on
insects in general. It is not regarded as an economic pest in this country
despite the extensive damage it does to a variety of commercially unviable
trees; these fortunately do not include the ‘“‘cricket bat’’ willow.
Nevertheless, Aromia can ruin young trees and plantations growing in
wetlands and water meadows: it is by no means confined to older dead
timber, preferring, as it does, young healthy growths rather than
established trees.

The larva, which will eventually riddle its host plants, has been found in
alder, Bedford willow, birch, crack willow, great maple, grey sallow
(greatly favoured), lime, Lombardy poplar, osier willow, pussy willow and
white willow.

Hymenopterous parasites which attack A. moschata include
Deuteroxorides albitarsus Grav., Ephialtes tuberculatus Fourc., E. messor
Grav., Ischnocerus filicornis Krb., I. rusticus Grav., Perithous divinator
Rossi, P. mediator Grav., Pyracmon austriacus Tschek, Xorides praeca-
torius F., and possibly Pimpla lignicola Ratz. The Green Woodpecker is
also a known predator.

Metamorphosis takes several years to complete — from three to four
years or even longer — being perhaps prolonged by the flooding during the
winter months of marshy land supporting sallows and willows; the larvae
are able to endure and surmount an underwater existence lasting many
weeks (Duffy, 1953).

iD ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi.1990

Pupation occurs in spring and early summer, the adults emerging from
May until September, the main eclosion taking place from June to August.
In hot sunny weather the imagines become very active, taking to flight,
though never to any great height, and will settle on tree trunks to sun
themselves. They also enjoy the nectar of Angelica, chervil, cow parsley,
ragweed, Shasta daisy and Spiraea. The beetle is sometimes attracted to
entomologists’ ‘‘sugar’’.

As its name suggests, Aromia emits a strong scent, reminiscent of attar
of roses, and it stridulates when provoked or picked up.

Acknowledgements

Hearty thanks for their information are extended to A.A. Allen, Esq (for a
long and interesting discussion on the status of H. bajulus), Dr R. Ander-
son, D.B. Atty, Esq, E.W. Classey, Esq, Dr P.S. Hyman, Mrs B. Leonard,
Librarian, Royal Entomological Society, C. MacKechnie Jarvis, Esq, D.R.
Nash, Esq, Dr U. Noldte, Prof J.A. Owen and P. Whitehead, Esq.

References

Aurivillius, C., 1912. Cerambycidae in Junk, W.A. & Schenkling, S., Coleopter-
orum Catalogus, 39: 129-130; 306-308; 339-341.

Bayford, E.G., 1938. Retarded development: Hy/otrupes bajulus L., Naturalist,
1938: 254-256.

Bily, S. & Mehl, O., 1989. Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of Fenno-
scandia and Denmark, Fauna Entom. Scand., 22. Leiden.

Champion, G.C., 1917. Pediacus depressus Herbst, a species frequenting pines in
the Woking district, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 53: 173-174.

Cox, H.E., 1874. A handbook of the Coleoptera of Great Britain and Ireland, 2.
London.

Curtis, J., 1830. British Entomology, 7. London.

— , 1838. Ibid., 15. London.

— , 1839. Ibid., 16. London.

Dallas, W.S., 1857. Elements of Entomology. London.

Demelt, C. von, 1966. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, 52: 2, Bockkafer oder Ceramby-
cidae, 1. Jena.

Donisthorpe, H. St.J., K., 1898. Notes of the British Longicornes, Entomologist’s
Rec. J. Var., 10: 219-231.

Donovan, E., 1794. The natural history of British Insects, 3. London.

— , 1813. /bid., 16. London.

Duffy, E.A.J., 1945. Observations on Aromia moschata, L. (Col.: Cerambycidae),
Entomologists’s mon. Mag., 81: 87-88.

— , 1949. A contribution towards the biology of Aromia moschata L., the
‘“Musk’’ Beetle, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-1948: 82-110, 2 pls.,
16 figs.

— , 1952. Handbooks for the identification of British Insects. Coleoptera: Ceram-
bycidae. London.

— , 1953a. A monograph of the immature stages of British and imported Timber
Beetles (Cerambicydae). London.

— , 1953b. Trinophylum cribratum Bates (Col.: Cerambycidae). A new Indian
pest of British timber yards, Entomologist’s Gaz., 4: 254-264, 3 pl., 6 figs.

BRITISH CERAMBYCIDAE B13)

Fowler, W.W., 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 4. London.

— and Donisthorpe, H. St.J. K., 1913. /bid., 6 (Supplement). London.

Fraser, M.G., 1948. Beetles in household logs in Middlesex. Entomologist’s mon.
Mag., 84: 47.

Gilmour, E.F., 1948. Trinophylum cribratum Bates (Col.: Cerambyciudae) new to
Britain, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 84: 12-16, 2 figs.

Halbert, J.N., 1898. Beetles collected at Mote Park, Mount Talbot and Clonbrock,
Trish Nat., 7: 90-95.

Hickin, N.E., 1947. The status of Hylotrupes bajulus L. (Col.: Cerambycidae) in
Surrey, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 83: 132.

— ,1987. The Longhorn Beetles of the British Isles. Princes Risborough.

Jarvis, C.M., 1947. Further notes on the occurrence of Hylotrupes bajulus L. (Col.:
Cerambycidae) in the British Isles, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 83: 150-151.

Johnson, W.F. & Halbert, J.N., 1902. A list of the Beetles of Ireland, Proc. roy. Ir.
Acad., 3: 537-827.

Joy, N.H., 1932. A practical handbook of British Beetles, 2 vols. London.

Kaufmann, R.R. Uhthoff-, 1947a. Notes on the occurrence of Hylotrupes bajulus
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37-40.

— , 1947b. Supplementary notes on the status of Hylotrupes bajulus L. (Col.:

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— , 1948. Notes on the distribution of the British Longicorn Coleoptera,

Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 84: 66-85.

— , 1989. Browne versus Watson: Round Two, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 101:
61-63, | map.

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Klausnitzer, B. & Sander, F., 1981. Die Bockkdfer Mitteleuropas. Wittenberg
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Kloet, C.S. & Hincks, W.D., 1977. A check list of British Insects: Coleoptera and
Strepsiptera, 11(3): 71. 2nd ed. London.

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— ,1920. Idem: supplementary note, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 56: 12.

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Marsham, T., 1802. Entomologia Britannica, 1, Coleoptera. London.

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274 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1.1990

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iPS ODUT/Sy.

Hemicoelus nitidus (Herbst) (Col.: Anobiidae) at Windsor

To get the best migrants, it seems you must have luck (Wild, 1990 Ent. Rec.
102, 171). You need luck, too, in catching rare beetles. I brought home a
fallen branch of field maple from Windsor Great Park in January 1984 and
put it in pieces in a polythene bag but, by the end of the summer, all that
had emerged were a few unexciting beetles and two, nasty looking sawflies.
I gave the sawflies to my friend Mark Shaw and discarded the pieces of
branch on to our compost heap. Understandably, I was taken aback when I
was told that the sawflies were examples of Xiphidria longicollis
(Geoffroy), not previously recorded from Britain (Shaw & Liston, 1985
Ent. Gaz. 36: 233). Luckily our compost heap is the sort which is only
emptied once a decade. So I retrieved the pieces of branch in case there
were more to emerge and put them in another polythene bag.

During the next summer no more sawflies emerged, but in July, two
beetles appeared in the bag. They looked for all the world like the common
furniture beetles but they were not this species, they were specimens of
Hemicoelus nitidus (Herbst) — the second and third examples to be
recorded in Britain. But for the sawflies being special, the beetles would
have emerged unnoticed on the compost heap and the specimen of H.
nitidus collected by my friend Howard Mendel in Suffolk (1982,
Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 118: 253) would have remained the only one
known from Britain.

It was lucky too, as I found out later, that I found the fallen branch in
winter, for there is nearby a permanent campsite for young persons. Had
the fallen branch been left lying there till the summer, it would have found
itself on a camp-fire.

When my colleagues and I failed during the next few years to find other
examples of the beetle in spite of diligent search of the area, I thought,
without complaint, that my quota of luck on this beetle had been used up
but, as I passed the tree on an unrelated errand six years later (February
1990), there was another fallen branch. By July, I had another three
examples of H. nitidus. I shall push my luck and keep the branch for
another year!

I must thank Mr A.R. Wiseman of the Crown Estate Office for allowing
me to study beetles in Windsor Great Park and the NCC through its
Newberry Office for arranging this.— J.A. OWEN, 8 Kingsdsown Road,
Epsom, Surrey KT17 3PU.

HABITATS OF THE MADEIRAN GRAYLING PATS)

THE HABITATS OF THE MADEIRAN GRAYLING HIPPARCHIA
ARISTEUS MADERENSIS (LEP.: NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE)

A.G. SMITH & T.G. SHREEVE
School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Polytechnic, Headington, Oxford OX3 OBP

HIGGINS & RILEY (1970, 1973) describe the Madeiran grayling Hipparchia
aristeus maderensis as a very local butterfly which flies in July/August on
grassy and stony slopes from 100m upwards. Kudrna (1977) places it as H.
algirica maderensis and also describes it as local and rare, but describes its
habitats as rocky clearings in sparse deciduous woodland between 1000 and
1700m. Kudrna further states that its flight period is from the end of June to
early September. Neither author gives hostplants and in view of the
differences of their accounts we think a very brief description of our
observations of this species warrants recording.

We visited Madeira between 7th and 21st September 1989 and travelled
extensively over most of the island and its habitats. H. aristeus maderensis
was observed at several sites (Table 1) and appeared widespread, though
numbers seen varied between sites. At all sites individuals were worn and our
observations probably coincide with the end of the flight period. From our
observations it appears that the butterfly is most commonly associated with
areas of light (conifer) woodland with extensive grass and herb layers which
also contain both bare earth and abundant nectar sources (especially
Origanum and Rubus species). Such habitats generally occur at mid-altitudes
(800 - 1200m.) on the island particularly in the south and south-western parts.
In view of the habitat associations of the butterfly and the distribution of
these habitats over the island, combined with the ease with which we came
across specimens, we suggest that the butterfly is probably both widespread
and common. No individuals were observed on the most extensive area of
high altitude (c. 1500m.) flat stony grassland, Paul de Serra, towards the
centre of the island. Neither were there any individuals on Ponta de Sao
Lourenco, an extensive area of low elevation (<100m.) dry broken grassland
at the eastern tip of the island. We suspect that the butterfly is absent from
Paul de Serra because the area is very exposed and subject to heavy grazing
pressure, which, in combination with low air temperatures, the dry nature of
the site and the lack of trees and shrubs apart from isolated gorse bushes
make the habitat unsuitable for the butterfly. It was, however, found flying
in some abundance on the southern and south-western slopes below this area,
excluding those locations where there was very dense regenerating tree heath
(Erica arboracea). Ponta del Sol is also unsuitable habitat because of extreme
drought in the summer, at the time of our visit there was little live vegetation
and the site was remarkable for the absence of flying insects.

Of note is the observation that the Madeiran grayling can occur at very
high density. For example, in lightly-grazed pine woods south of Poiso the
density of the butterfly appeared to be greater than that of any other

276 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi.1990

Table 1. Locations, habitats and an estimate of relative sizes of populations of
Hipparchia aristeus maderensis on the island of Madeira, recorded between 7th and
21st September 1989.

Altitude Numbers

Location Habitat (m) observed
Route ER103, 5 km Open pine woodland, with grassland 1150-1400 >>100
stretch of road, south ground cover

of Poiso

Route ER103, 2 km Pine woodland with dense laurel regrowth, 850 >30
south of Ribo Frio bramble and small grassland areas

Route ER104, Boca do Small area of grassland in dense 1000 1
Encumeada laurel forest

Route ER208, south Grass slopes in open laurel and heath 1100 >20
approach to Paul de Serra woodland interspersed with eucalyptus

Route ER208, north of Open pine and eucalyptus woodland 600 <5
Achada do Poiso with grassland ground cover

Route ER204, Grazed laurel forest with closely cropped 1000 <5
Fonta da Pedra grassland below trees

Junction of ER204 and Grazed grassland and laurel and 650 <<
ER101, Centro de eucalyptus woodland interspersed with

Reproducao Animal grassland and waste

Route ER102, 1 km Open pine and eucalyptus woodland 700 <5
-south of Aguas Mansas with grassland ground cover

Route ER103, junction Laurel, eucalyptus and pine woodland, $50 >5
with route to Sao Roque _ apple orchards with patches of dry

do Faial grassland

Route EN101, from Open pine, eucalyptus and laurel 450-900 Isolated
Achadas da Cruz to woodland with limited agriculture; individuals
Ponta do Pargo grassland under trees all along
(15 km length) route.

Most observations of numbers refer to the number seen within a period of approximately five
minutes.

populations of grayling observed by us in western Europe, save those of
Arethusena arethusa in relict Mediterranean forest in southern France
(Shreeve, pers. obs.). We suspect that local weather patterns on the island of
Madeira may be responsible for such aggregations for two reasons. Firstly,
the wooded grassy slopes where the butterfly was most abundant are subject
to strong updraughts and fog from mid-day onwards, and the location in
which we located the densest population was at the head of a steep south
facing valley which was somewhat sheltered from the main updraughts.
Aggregations may be caused by butterflies being carried on updraughts to
particular sheltered locations. Secondly, our observations at Poiso suggest to
us that this site tended to be less cloudy than those on immediately adjacent
slopes. Although the butterfly can fly in fairly cool and dull conditions,
adults being observed flying in dense fog, prolonged sunshine at selected sites
may extend the time available for feeding, mate-location and egg-laying,
hence leading to the formation of dense assemblies of individuals in those
sites where time constraints on activity are minimised.

HABITATS OF THE MADEIRAN GRAYLING 277

Six females were observed egg-laying at Poiso, and the placement of nine
eggs noted. Of these, six were placed low (<10mm.) on green shoots of a
Holcus grass species, the remainder on dry stems, and exposed roots of an
Agrostis species (our identifications). The behaviour of egg-laying females
was similar to that described for H. semele (see Shreeve, 1990). At Poise
these two grasses represent the most widespread and common of those
present and they may represent the principal larval foodplants there. Other
larval hostplants may be used since members of the genus Hipparchia are
known to use a variety of grasses as hostplants (Emmet & Heath, 1989).

We are aware of the systematic minefield involving the genus Hipparchia
and the semele/arethusena species, the status of the Madeiran and Azores
graylings and their relationships to each other and to mainland forms (see
Higgins & Riley, 1973; Higgins, 1975; Kudrna, 1977). We are further aware
of the dangers of over-extrapolation from limited data. All systematic
studies of these species have relied on adult size, pattern variation and
genital structure. However, we consider size and pattern to be too variable
in Hipparchia species to be reliable taxonomic characters. The underside
colour and pattern of the Madeiran grayling is more variable than admitted
by Kudrna (1977) (Shreeve & Smith, in prep.), and Higgins (1976) and
Kudrna (1977) differ in their descriptions of its genitalia. Higgins & Riley
(1970, 1973) class the Madeiran grayling as a subspecies of AH. ariseus and
separate the Azores grayling as a distinct species. Subsequently, Higgins
(1975) downgrades the Azores grayling to a subspecies of H. aristeus.
Kudrna (1977) retains specific rank for the Azores grayling and considers
the Madeiran grayling as a subspecies of H. algirica. Implicit to these
systems are differences of emphasis in phylogenetic origin and
differentiation.

Of interest to us are the origins of the Atlantic island graylings, their
relationship to each other and to the mainland species complex. The main
species to which the island forms are most closely related are characteristic
of Mediterranean regions in which the occupied habitats are subject to a
summer drought. On Madeira there is also a summer dry season, though
this may be less severe than in parts of mainland Europe, the
Mediterranean islands and north Africa. With one exception (H. aristeus
senthes, sensu Higgins & Riley), the mainland species in the Mediterranean
zone have flight periods at the beginning or mid-way through the summer
drought (May - August). From our observations the Madeiran grayling flies
towards the end of this dry period (August - September), though Kudrna
(1977) gives an earlier start to the flight period (June). The Madeiran
grayling is also associated with a woodland element within grassland, this
last being described as the usual habitat of all other members of this group.
Woodland is the endemic dominant vegetation type on Madeira and, with
the exception of Ponta de Sao Lourenco, extensive grassland areas form a
relatively new habitat. It seems feasible that this distinct butterfly may have
developed associations with the ancient (wooded) rather than the modern

278 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi.1990

habitat types and may also have developed a distinct flight period with
associated life-history adjustments. That no association has developed with
the only ancient grassland area, at Ponta de Sao Lourenco, is not
surprising, given the very dry nature of the site in the summer months. We
therefore suggest that more careful examination of flight periods and
hostplant-habitat associations may reveal much about the evolutionary
origins and systematics of the graylings of the Atlantic islands and
elsewhere.

References

Emmet, L.M. & Heath, J., 1989. The Moths and Butterflies of Britain and Ireland.
Volume 7, Part I. Hesperiidae - Nymphalidae. Harley Books: Colchester.

Higgins, L.G., 1975. The Classification of European Butterflies. Collins: London.

Higgins, L.G. & Riley, N.D., 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and
Europe. Collins: London.

Kudrna, O., 1977. A Revision of the Genus Hipparchia (Fabricianus). Classey:
Faringdon, Oxon.

Shreeve, T.G., 1990. Microhabitat use and hindwing phelotype in Hipparchia
semele (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae): thermoregulation and background matching.
Ecological Entomology, 15: 201-203.

New Microlepidoptera records from Nottinghamshire (v.c. 56)
The following constitute new county records for Nottinghamshire:

Stigmella centifoliella Zell. Occupied mine in Rosa sp., Colwick, collected
5.11.89, emerged 22.2.90 (forced).

Narycia monilifera Geoff. Two occupied larval cases found on Oak trunk,
Colwick Wood 27.4.90, and one imago caught at the same site 1.6.90. Also
found more commonly at Carlton when one imago and seven occupied
larval cases were taken on trunks of Tilia and Castanea 18.6.90.

Luffia ferchaultella Stephs. Seven old larval cases found on trunks and
boughs of apple trees, Colwick C.P. in mid-February.

Phyllonorycter dubitella H.-S. Occupied mines in Salix caprea, Colwick
(old goods yards) collected 28.6.90, emerged 8.7.90 onwards.

Yponomeuta malinellus Zell. One gravid female taken on leaf of apple tree
in friend’s garden, Carlton, 13.7.90, the tree showing very heavy
infestation by the earlier larvae.

Mompha nodicolella Fuchs. Presence first detected on 8.6.90, when old
dead stems of Epilobium angustifolium were noticed showing conspicuous
galls at a wasteground at this site and several collected on 24.6.90. The first
emerged onl0.7.90 and subsequently. The larval workings were also
detected a couple of miles away at Colwick (old goods yards) but were very
noticeably less common at this site.

My thanks are due to A.M. Emmet for confirming my identifications.—
A.S. Boot, 38 Balmoral Road, Colwick, Nottingham NG4 2GD.

THREE NEW PESTS OF MAIZE 279

OCCURRENCE OF THREE NEW PESTS OF MAIZE IN INDIA

L.M.L. MATHUR
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012

M.C. JOSHI and M. ARIF

Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory, Almora-263 601

THE MAIZE pest situation in India reveals that about 250 insects and
mites belonging to 174 genera under 69 families and ten natural orders,
occur on maize from sowing to harvest and from grain storage to its
consumption (Mathur, 1987). However, the seed maggot,
Decachaetophora aeneipes (de Meijere); cut worm, Xestia c-nigrum
Linnaeus and silk cutter, Popillia pulchrips Arrow collected during regular
survey of maize pests in recent years, do not appears in the list of reported
insects. Considering them to be first records on maize, the nature and
extent of damage caused by these insects and their salient marks of
indentification are referred to in the present note.

Decachaetophora aeneipes (de Meijere) (Diptera: Sepsidae) — Maize
seeds damaged by the maggots were first noticed in heavily manured fields
at Auli (Joshimath), 3000 Mt. MSL during May-June. The eggs were laid
on the soil and the newly hatched maggots made their way into the seed.
The infested seeds either did not germinate at all or bore with weak
seedlings which did not persist longer. Preliminary observations recorded
on 9.vi. 1988 had shown that the infestation due to these maggots varied
from 7 to 15 per cent in each row of a six row plot sown on 11.v.1988 as
compared to those sown on 21.v.1988 and 31.v.1988.

The full grown maggot is cream coloured and measures about 4.5 mm in
length. The apodous worm has a pair of dark hook-like mandibles at its
pointed end and the body segments are indistinct. The grey bodied fly
measures 5 mm in length. The second antennal articulation bears no
angular projection, the metatarsi of hind legs are slender, the anal cell and
lower cross veins of the wing are present, the costa remains unbroken and
the metastigmatal bristles are present. Hypandrium and aedeagal
apodomes are completely fused and the ovipositor is non-piercing type.

Xestia c-nigrum Linnaeus (Lepidoptera :Noctuidae) — The cut worm
remains active during May-June at high altitudes where summer maize is
grown as food and fodder. As many as 6 larvae of variable size and growth
were found associated with roots of each infested plant. As a consequence
of their feeding on the root hair and primary rootlets of one month old
seedlings, the plants had either shown sickly appearance or laid on the earth
surface. The infestation in a 10 x 3 m plot was about 32 per cent.

The greasy matured larvae measure 35 mm long and the general
appearance of the body is red to olive green in colour. The head is red
brown, the lateral yellow bands along the spiracles are mixed with brown
spots and the transverse band at the junction of third thoracic and first

280 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi.1990

abdominal segments is more prominent. The medium built adults are dark
or red brown in colour and the wing expansion is almost 44 mm (Hampson,
1894). The collar has whitish scales. Each forewing bears double sub-basal
and ante-medial unevenly curved lines, triangular black patches before and
after a pale triangular patch emerging from the middle costa, the post-
medial line bears a series of dark specks and the sub-marginal line is
indistinct. The hind wings are slightly pale and their underside bear an
indistinct post-medial line and a cell spot.

Popillia pulchrips Arrow (Coleoptera : Rutelidae) — The adults were
seen feeding on the silk during September 1987 at Nagenahalli, Mysore.
The extent of damage was such that not a single ear remained untouched by
the insect in the locality. As aresult of such a feeding the emerging silk was
badly damaged and the grain filling was adversely affected.

The metallic green, blue or coppery adults measure 10-12 mm long and
6-7 mm broad (Arrow, 1917). The body is elongate-oval in shape, very
smooth and shining with a small but compact tuft of greyish hair on each
side of the pygidial base and a thin clothing of hair on the underside of the
body. The clypeus is rugose, forehead and pronotum finely punctured and
scutellum almost smooth. Each elytron bears a deep transverse impression
behind the scutellum, a finely punctured striae, a much wider row of
striations and a last row of few punctures. The pygidium is coarsely
transversely punctured and the mesosternal process is compressed, curved
and almost blunt. The foretibia of the male is armed with two sharp teeth,
the lower lobe of the inner front-claw is not angulated and the longer claw
of the middle foot has no cleft.

We owe our gratitude to the Director, Indian Agricultural Research
Institute and the Ministry of Defence, Government of India, for
undertaking the observations on the reported insects and also the Mr. K.T.
Pandurangegowda, Assistant Maize Pathologist, Agricultural Research
Station, Nagenahalli, for collection of rutellid beetle and related
information. Our sincere thanks are also due to Dr. M. Dutta, Dipterist,
Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta and Dr. S. Ghai, Senior Taxonomist,
IARI, New Delhi, for the identification of the reported insects.

References

Arrow, G.J. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Coleoptera:
Lamellicornia, Pt. IT. 1917, p.80

Hampson, G.F. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Moths,
Vol. IT., 1894, p.188.

Mathur, L.M.L. Bibliography of the Maize Pests in India All India Co-ordinated
Maize Improvement Project, IARI, New Delhi, 1987, 144 pp.

LEPIDOPTERA OF COLONSAY AND ORONSAY 281

LEPIDOPTERA ON COLONSAY AND ORONSAY, INNER HEBRIDES

M.R. YOUNG!, M.W. HARPER?’ and I. CHRISTIE?
' Zoology Dept., Aberdeen University, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB9 2TN
> Cherry Orchard, Bullen, Ledbury, Herefordshire
+ Gartlea, Caldarvan, by Alexandria, Dumbartonshire G83 9LX

STUDY of the flora and fauna of islands provides much exciting ecological
information, which can then be used to suggest and test ideas of wide
interest. Such basic questions as how communities of species assemble and
persist, how effective physical barriers are in preventing dispersal, or how
new arrivals influence existing communities, find their best solution in island
studies. Unfortunately there are very few instances where the flora and fauna
are well enough known to provide sufficiently complete data and so the
Hebrides, which are already better known than more remote islands, deserve
our further attention. More appealing reasons for such studies lie in the
beauty of the islands and the interesting appearance of some of the isolated
populations of moths. In 1989 we visited Colonsay and Oronsay in July and
August and this account includes records of Lepidoptera which we made,
which are additional to those already summarised by Wormell in 1983.

Colonsay and Oronsay offer many points of interest. They have a range of
habitat types, including some of unique value; are sufficiently small, at
around 16 x 5km, to be easily covered; are already reasonably well studied, so
that the insects, the other animals and the plants can be compared; and are
placed in an interesting position near Mull, Jura and the Scottish mainland.

Study of Boyd and Bowes (1983) and discussion with Wormell before
arrival, suggested that we could expect to find the full range of Hebridean
habitats; that the Lepidoptera had already received enough attention to show
that some exciting species were present; but that some major groups, such as
leaf miners, were still very under-recorded. The habitats include excellent
examples of certain types. Dunes are present both as very extensive dry stable
ridges, as at Ardskenish, and with wide damp dune slacks, as at the eastern
end of Oronsay. Behind the shore at Machrins, Kiloran and Balnahard is
machair grassland and, whereas it is mostly heavily grazed, at Balnahard a
new fencing scheme is restricting this for the benefit of the flowers. The inner
part of the island has much damp acid moorland, with some beautiful
lochans such as Loch Cholla, but there is also farmland interspersed with
marshland, which is rather unlike that of other islands. The marshes have
luxuriant growths of purple loosestrife amongst the more usual meadow
sweet and smaller plants. The woodlands include the sub-tropical plantings
around Colonsay house in the sheltered centre of the island, but of especial
value are the unique oak woodlands on the north-east coast at Coille Mhor
and Coille Beag. These are the most celebrated of Colonsay’s habitats, well
known for their colony of Purple Hairstreak (Quercusia quercus) butterflies,
and are supposed to be genuine remnants of the original Hebridean
woodland.

282 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1.1990

Wormell (1983) summarises what was then known of the Lepidoptera of
Colonsay and Oronsay but has also produced a more up-to-date
manuscript list. This runs to 297 species, including many Microlepidoptera
recorded by Langmaid and Agassiz in 1978. Of special note from these lists
are populations of Peacock (/nachis io), Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas),
Ringlet (Aphantopus hyperanthus) and Marsh Fritillary butterflies (Euro-
dryas aurinia), as well as the Purple Hairstreaks of Coille Mhor, as such
species are otherwise mostly scarce or absent in the Hebrides. However, the
Peacock has not been seen since 1987 and its status must now be doubtful.
At Coille Mhor several interesting woodland species are found, including
Strophedra nitidana on oak, and the Vapourer moth (Orgyia antiqua)
which is polyphagous. Presumably either the newly hatched larvae of the
Vapourer ballooned to Colonsay, or some stage was introduced
accidentally by man, perhaps on some of the enormous numbers of plants
and trees which have been introduced, especially around 1900. The woods
around Colonsay House have abundant Ypsolopha nemorella, feeding on
the honeysuckle, and other sparsely distributed specied already found on
the island are the sallow feeding Pammene populana, and the loch margin
species Donacaula mucronellus. A major puzzle is why no Burnet moths
are found in what seems to be ideal conditions, but the same question could
also be asked of Tiree and some other apparently suitable islands.

The current visit, by MWH and MRY in late July/early August and IC in
early/mid August 1989, added 51 species to Wormell’s manuscript list, 15
of which were also not recorded by Worme!l (1983) from the other small
islands of Coll, Rhum and Canna. However Inner Hebridean records are
scattered in the literature and there have been some recent visits by lepidop-
terists to islands with no resultant published list and so it is not necessarily
correct to claim these as wholly new. At some stage soon it will surely be
desirable to collate and publish all records that are available for these
islands.

The new records are listed in Table 1, with annotations where
appropriate, and it can be seen that many are very common species, which
have probably been merely overlooked or have not been considered worth
recording previously (for example Argyresthia goedartella or Xanthorhoe
fluctuata). However most past visits by lepidopterists have been earlier in
the season and not all have combined the use of MV light traps with direct
searching for adults, larvae and leaf mines.

As noted above, some groups of moths have been neglected before and
the five new Stigmellids fall into this category. There seems no doubt that a
visit in autumn could add many further species of leaf miner and, in view of
the contention that Coille Mhor is an ancient wood, this could prove most
interesting. This wood includes oak, birch, aspen, sallow, rowan, ash and
hazel, with associated rose and honeysuckle and knowledge of its
complement of leaf miners would be valuable evidence of its history. Of the

LEPIDOPTERA OF COLONSAY AND ORONSAY

Table 1. Species recorded as new to Colonsay and Oronsay
* Additions to Wormell’s (1983) list for Rhum, Coll,Canna and Colonsay.

Stigmella salicis Stt.

S. anomalella Goeze

S. nylandriella Tengstr.

*S. magdalenae Klim.

S. lapponica Wocke

Opostega salaciella Treit.

Lampronia oehlmanniella Hb.
Heliozela respendella Stt.

Tinea semifulvella Haw.

*T eucoptera laburnella Stt. (Scalasaig)
*Caloptilia betulicola Her.
*Phyllonorycter quinqueguttella Stt. (N. shore of Oronsay)
Glyphipterix schoenicolella Boyd (E. dunes on Oronsay)
Argyresthia goedartella Linn.

A. retinella Zell.

A. bonnetella Linn.

*A. albistria Haw.

Yponomenta evonymella Linn.

*Y. padella Linn.
*Paraswammerdamia albicapitella Sch.
Rhigognostis annulatella Curt.
Phaulernis fulviguttella Zell.

*Diurnea fagellaD. &S.

Scrobipalpa clintoni Pov. (Oronsay strand)
S. acuminatella Sirc.

Acompsia cinerella Cl.

* Aethes rubigana Treit. (Scalasaig)
Eupoecilia angustana Hb.

*Fana incanana Steph. (Coille Mhor)
Acleris variegana D. & S.

*Endothenia quadrimaculana Haw.
Epinotia immundana F. v R.

E. nemorivaga Tengst.

* Zeiraphera isertana Fabr.
Dichrorampha petiverella Linn.

D. montanana Dup.

*Fudonia pallida Curt. (Scalasaig)

*F’. crataegella Hb.

Idaea biselata Hufn.

Xanthorhoe spadicearia D. & S.

X. fluctuata Linn.

*Chloroclysta concinnata Steph. (Moorland near Colonsay House)
Thera cognata Thunb.

T. juniperata Linn.

Rheumaptera hastata Linn.

Eupithecia absinthiata/goossensiata
Epione repandaria Hufn.

Clostera pigra Hufn. (Oronsay strand)
Agrotis ipsilon Hufn.

Xestia triangulum Hufn.

Hoplodrina alsines Brahm

283

284 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 [52x 1990

new records, that of Eana incanana, a bluebell feeder, is a notable addition
to the scarcer woodland species of Coille Mhor. In early August the most
common moth in the wood was Alcis jubata and many were disturbed from
tree trunks.

A notable area proved to be the north coast of Oronsay, bordering the
Strand, where Scrobipalpa clintoni was found on the shore line and
Phyllonorycter quinqueguttella larvae were present on Salix repens. Just
east of there, in the damp dune slacks, Glyphipterix schoenicolella
occurred in the extensive Schoenus stands.

The woods and gardens in the centre of the island, with their exotic
plants and weedy species, have allowed the establishment of a number of
other species. Leucoptera laburnella was present there on Laburnum
bushes and Aethes rubigana was favoured by the burdock plants present as
weeds. Other species, such as Xestia triangulum, which is apparently
greatly outnumbered by X. ditrapezium in western Scotland and the
Hebrides, are presumably also associated with this rather domesticated
area. Also in the centre of the island there are some impressive marshy
areas and loch fringes, which must be the habitat of Eudonia pallida, and
where Parapoynx stagnata was abundant.

On the moorland above Colonsay House were “‘carpet’’ moths
resembling Chloroclysta concinnata, but determining the true status of
these would require a breeding programme.

Colonsay lies within about 14km of Jura, but this island is predomi-
nantly acid moorland and its value as a source of colonists, especially of
woodlands, must be limited. The more varied islands of Islay and Mull are
both within about 10 - 20 km and the mainland itself is about 30km to the
east. Only to the west is there no obvious source of colonisation. Although
there may at present be no records of some of Colonsay’s moths on the
nearby mainland or adjacent islands, this is probably merely because we do
not yet have complete records from them. None of the species recorded as
new here are obviously outside their normal range, although some are only
sparsely recorded in western Scotland.

References

Boyd, J.M. and Bowes, D.R., 1983. The Natural Environment of the Inner
Hebrides. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B. 83: 1-648.
(Includes: Wormell, P. Lepidoptera in the Inner Hebrides.)

Wormell, P., 1983. Lepidoptera in the Inner Hebrides. (In Boyd, J.M. and Bowes,
D.R., 1983. The Natural Environment of the Inner Hebrides. Proceedings of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh Section B. 83: 1-648.)

DOTTED RUSTIC IN SCOTLAND 285

THE DOTTED RUSTIC (RHYACIA SIMULANS (HUFNAGEL),
LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN THE WEST OF SCOTLAND

E.G. HANCOCK
Glasgow Museum, Kelvingrove, Glasgow G3 8AG.

A SINGLE dead example of the Dotted Rustic, Rhyacia simulans (Hufn.)
was brought to the museum from inside a cottage at Lochranza, Isle of
Arran in the Firth of Clyde, in August 1988, by Prof. Norman R. Grist.
The latest distribution map (Heath, 1979) shows no records of the Dotted
Rustic Rhyacia simulans (Hufn.) between the Solway Firth and the Outer
Hebrides in the west of Scotland. In fact there are several literature records,
which are catalogued in the Scottish Insect Record Index (SIRI) held in the
Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh. This valuable source of
information contains numerous observations on this moth from the north-
east of Scotland but there were only four which can be added to the present
record for the west. Despite there being ten published references to the
occurrence of the Dotted Rustic in the west of Scotland these prove to
relate to only four known occasions. These are Canna (Campbell, 1956 and
1970; Haggett, 1968), Rhum (Harrison, 1946; Steel & Woodroffe, 1969;
Wormell, 1982), Ayrshire, Monkton (King, 1876; Dalglish & Ord, 1901)
and Arran (Leech, 1964; Coxey, 1969). In each of these four cases the first
reference gives the details, the others repeat them, of the capture of this
species. Except the Arran experiences of Leech and Coxey only one
example was recorded.

The purpose of this note is to highlight these records. There does not
seem to be any obvious reason why the Dotted Rustic should not occur over
a wide area of suitable ground in Scotland. It seems to provide another
example of the severe lack of recording north of the border. There is
another potential factor affecting its recording in that it is unlikely to be
noted simply by dashing about the landscape using a portable light
trap.The records are of single specimens recorded by resident naturalists
except for those spending some time in one area and using techniques such
as described by Leech (1964). This entailed searching heather flowers near
the rocky coastline of Arran at night with the aid of a torch. In this respect
this species has similar habits and tendencies to its close relative the
Northern Rustic, Standfussiana lucernea (Linn.), which I believe is under
recorded for the same reason (Hancock, 1982).

The geography of Scotland, which makes it such an attractive place, acts
against the mobility of visitors. An additional factor which unbalances
distribution maps is the tendency for naturalists to head for the classic
localities, mainly established by our nineteenth century predecessors. One
of the more obvious examples of this is the great lack of records within the
southern uplands of Scotland through which everyone drives at 70 mph
(including myself!) in order to get to Glasgow, Edinburgh or the north.

286 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1.1990

There are not sufficient resident entomologists to cater for all these gaps
because of the low population. Can I urge visiting entomologists to spread
more widely and having done so to let the museums in the area have a list of
their records for furthering local knowledge?

References

King, J.J.F.X. (1876). Lepidoptera in Cameron, P. (Ed.) Notes on and list of the
fauna and flora of the west of Scotland; 29.

Campbell, J.L., (1956). Isle of Canna, collecting notes, summer and autumn, 1956.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 68: 295-7.

— , (1970). Macrolepidopterae Cannae, the butterflies and moths of Canna.
Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 82: 293.

Coxey, S. (1969). Lepidoptera from Arran (Exhibit at indoor meeting). Ann.
Reports and Proc. Lancs & Cheshire Entom. Society, 1964-7. 14.

Haggett, G.M. (1968). Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler.
Proc. Trans. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 57-109.

Hancock, E.G. (1982). The Northern Rustic in Lancashire. Entomologist’s Rec. J.
Var. 94: 233-5.

Heath, J. et.al (1979). The moths and butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland,
Ga l56:

Harrison, J.W. Heslop (1946). Noteworthy lepidoptera from the Isle of Rhum.
Entomologist, 79: 147.

Dalglish, A.A. & Ord, G.W. (1901). Macrolepidoptera in Elliott, et. al. (Eds)
Fauna, flora and geology of the Clyde area: 227.

Leech, M.J. (1964). The Isle of Arran, 1964. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 16:
229-230.

Steel, W.O. & Woodroffe, G.E. (1969). The entomology of the Isle of Rhum NNR.
Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 18(6): 122.

Wormell, P. (Ed.) (1982). The entomology of the Isle of Rhum NNR. Biol. J. Linn.
Soc., 18: 343.

Dystebenna stephensi (Staint) (Lep.: Cosmopterigidae) in N.W. Kent
(v.c. 16)

Michael Chalmers-Hunt told me that the late L.T. Ford used to find
stephensi on a large old oak tree near Bexley Village in Kent, about 40 - 50
years ago. During the 1970s I lived at Bexley in a house previously owned
by L.T. Ford’s son Richard and I remembered that almost opposite the
house stood, all alone, a very old oak tree, perhaps 500 or more years old.

I wondered if this was the tree on which Ford had found stephensi so on
22nd July 1990 I resolved to find out. Arriving at the tree I soon found
stephensi in very fresh condition. In all I counted 19 specimens sitting in the
chinks in the bark on the shady side of the tree, plus a good many more
caught in spiders’ webs.

It was a great satisfaction to find that this elusive species is still present as
a strong colony on the tree which, I am now certain, Ford obtained it
nearly half a century ago.— D. O’KEEFFE, 50 Hazlemere Road, Petts
Wood, Kent BR5 1PD.

SAWFLIES IN WARWICKSHIRE 287

DOLERUS MEGAPTERUS CAMERON, PONTANIA TUBERCULATA
(BENSON) AND OTHER RARE SAWEFLIES (HYMENOPTERA:
SYMPHYTA) IN WARWICKSHIRE (VC38)

ADAM WRIGHT
Herbert Art Gallery and Museum, Jordan Well, Coventry CVI] 5RW

ALTHOUGH poorly studied on a national scale, the Sawflies (Hym:
Symphyta) have attracted considerable attention in Warwickshire over the
last seventy years. A review by Wright (1988) listed the local status for the
262 species recorded in the vice county at the time. Subsequent fieldwork,
however, has yielded a further 14 species ‘‘new’’ to Warwickshire.

The rare Dolerus megapterus Cameron was swept from an area of damp
meadow containing several species of Cyperaceae (male; 8.5.1989, A.
Wright) at Ufton Fields, SP3861. Benson (1952) refers to the then only
English record as ‘‘. . . according to Cameron, the Manchester district of
England.’’ It is worthwhile noting that the species has previously been
recorded in Warwickshire at Sutton Park, SP 0998 (male; 23.4.1958, H.W.
Daltry).

Three species of Dolerus were added to the county list following fieldwork
at Sutton Park, SP0998 on 17th May 1988. They were all taken by the
author during sweeping of marginal vegetation and nearby wet heath in the
vicinity of Little Bracebridge Pool, Sutton Park. Males of Dolerus anticus
(Klug), Dolerus gessneri Ed. Andre and Dolerus yukonensis Norton were
obtained. All three species are essentially northern, being largely confined
to sites north of the Humber/Severn line, and Benson (1952) regards the
first two species as very local. A further species of extremely localised
Dolerus, Dolerus bimaculatus (Geoffroy), was encountered on the same
day. A site visit to Little Bracebridge Pool on 18th June 1988 produced
large numbers of D. bimaculatus, both by sweeping marginal vegetation
and by sweeping areas of Equisetum near the pool. D. bimaculatus had
previously been taken on one occasion in Warwickshire (Wright and Lane,
1989). Sutton Park produced one further species new to Warwickshire.
Several groups of Diprionid larvae were found feeding gregariously on
Pinus sylvestris L. (18.6.1988, D.J. Mann). Some of the larvae were
retained, and upon emerging as imagines proved to be Neodiprion sertifer
(Geoffroy). Emergence occurred over the period 15-25.9.1988, producing
twenty females and one male specimen.

Pontania tuberculata (Benson) was taken during fieldwork at Herald Way
Marsh SSSI, SP3876 (female; 19.5.1988, D.J.Mann), although precise
details of the capture are unfortunately not available. Benson (1958) gave
only five known British localities for the species, only one of which was in
England (Malham Tarn, Yorkshire).

288 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi.1990

Neurotoma saltuum (L.) new to Warwickshire, was found basking in
sunlight on a Bramble leaf at Ryton Wood, SP3872 (female; 22.5.1989, A.
Wright). Data from the Sawfly Study Group files reveals only six other
recent records of this species in Britain. During the same excursion a
second county record for Pamphilius balteatus (Fallen) was also produced
(female; 22.5.1989, A. Wright).

Other species recently added to the County lists are as follows:

Xiphydria camelus (L.) flying fast down the main ride of Brandon Wood,
SP3976 (female; 19.6.1988, D.J. Mann).

Hartigia nigra (Harris) - Wappenbury Wood SP3771 (female, 20.6.1988,
D.J. Mann).

Perineura rubi (Panzer) - Kingsbury Wood SP2397 (female; 18.5.1989,
R.J. Barnett).

Tenthredo olivacea Klug - Ryton Wood SP3872 (male; 18.7.1988, A.
Wright).

This species subsequently has been found at several woodland localities in
Warwickshire.

Eutomostethus gagathinus (Klug) - fields near Hungerley Hall Farm,
Coventry SP3879 (male; 30.5.1989, A. Salisbury).

Dineura testaceipes (Klug) — Ryton Wood SP3872 (female; 11.5.1988,
D.J.: Mann).

Euura testaceipes (Zaddach) — Ryton Wood SP3872 (female; 11.5.1988,
D.J. Mann).

Amauronematus trautmanni Enslin — Brandon Wood SP2976, (female;
17.5.1988, A.C. Barlow).

Vouchers for all the above are housed in the collections of the Herbert
Art Gallery and Museum, Coventry.

Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to Darren Mann, Tony Barlow, Ray Barnett and Andrew
Salisbury for permission to use their records.

References
Benson, R.B., 1952. Hymnenoptera. 2. Symphyta Handbk, Ident. Br. Insects V1
Part 2 (b) pp.64-77.
— , 1958. Hymenoptera. 2. Symphyta Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects V1 Part 2 (c)
p.205.

Wright, A., 1988. The Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of Warwickshire. Proc.
Coventry and District Natural History and Scientific Society V1 No. 2, pp.69-80.
— ,and Lane, S., 1989. Records of Sawflies (Hym.: Symphyta) new to Warwick-

shire. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 125 p.127.

LEPTACINUS INTERMEDIUS IN BRITAIN 289

LEPTACINUS INTERMEDIUS DONIS. (COL.: STAPHILINIDAE),
A SPECIES LITTLE KNOWN IN BRITAIN

A.A. ALLEN
49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG

Mr. P.F. WHITEHEAD having recently (in /itt.) raised the question of the
status of this species, I embarked upon two courses: first, a critical scrutiny
of my six specimens taken in the very haystack in Windsor Great Park from
which the beetle was described in 1936, and in the very same year; and
second, a rapid run through the indexes of the Entomologist’s Monthly
Magazine from that year on, to see whether coleopterists had followed up
the original discovery and published new records in confirmation of the
species.

The results were interesting and seem to call for some notice. In the first
place, two of my specimens proved to be males and presented the very
definite characters given for that sex of L. intermedius in the foreign
literature, thus dispelling any doubt that might remain about the validity of
our species and its identity with the continental one to which its name has
long been applied. In the second, no further reference to L. intermedius in
our leading journal (as regards Coleoptera) came to light — notwith-
standing that the name has figured in all subsequent catalogues and check-
lists. This is of course not to say that our literature contains no such
references; but it is safe, I think, to infer that the species has been widely, if
not generally, ignored or passed over in Britain since its discovery.

The reason for this neglect is not far to seek. The late Horace
Donisthorpe acquired a reputation — not undeserved, it must be owned —
for allowing zeal in the ‘‘creation’’ of new species to outstrip critical
judgement. L. intermedius was described at a period when several such
‘*species’’ (few of which have stood the test of time) were being published.
More importantly, his description actually overlooks the essential specific
features, confined unfortunately to the male, which would have stamped
his species at once as authentic. Instead, the characters given there, relating
to size, head-shape, elytral coloration etc, and even the number of
punctures in the pronotal rows, turn out to be almost unusable because of
their variability; they may have, at best, some small statistical value only.
The species is indeed intermediate on the whole between its two British
allies, L. batychrus Gyll. and L. pusillus Steph. (=/inearis Grav., auct.).
The accompanying figures show the heads of the three species as decidedly
different, yet this is not borne out by the insects themselves. In particular,
the head-shape given to /inearis is too short and triangular; the figure must
surely have been drawn from an atypical specimen. Influenced no doubt by
these considerations, the staphylinid specialists of the day, notably the late
C.E. Tottenham and W.O. Steel, tended to be sceptical of Donisthorpe’s

290 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1.1990

species, believing the intermedius of continental authors to be something
different — an opinion now seen to be untenable.

Donisthorpe did not regard the aedeagus of his species as diagnostic,
remarking that ‘‘it differs little, except in proportion to size, in all three’’.
This however, is not the case. The extraordinarily large aedeagus of
batychrus is somewhere about 20 times greater in area than the very small
narrow organ of pusillus, yet the beetle itself is nowhere near 20 times as
large! That of intermedius is less than halfway between these extremes and
of a much broader, more rounded form than in pusillus (the species more
likely to be confused with intermedius) and similar to that of formicetorum
Mark.; it is thus quite determinative. Even more so is the male 6th sternite,
the hind margin of which is broadly and deeply excavate, almost in the
form of an open A with the vertex varying from an angle to a smooth
curve, and bearing long hairs towards the corners. In the other species
(especially pusillus) the excavation is very much shallower and with at most
an even fringe of very short hairs. Figures will be found e.g. in Lohse (1964:
159) or Hansen (1952: 9).

It is of interest to note that in mid-Europe intermedius is the commonest
Leptacinus overall, according to Lohse (p.160); whilst in Britain pusillus is
easily the commonest. The former species when better known will almost
surely prove widespread, though possibly very local. I have not found it
elsewhere than as above, but have a female from G.H. Ashe labelled
without query as intermedius (Hartlebury, Worcs, iii.31) — I believe
correctly, but cannot be certain. At present only two definite records
outside Windsor can be given: Mr Colin Johnson took it in a haystack at
Broadbottom, Cheshire, together with pusillus, about 20 years ago or
more; and my friend Prof. J.A. Owen has a series from a compost heap in
the garden of Tooting Hospital, S.W. London, taken in January 1975, and
checked from two males. Donisthorpe (p.270) mentions ‘‘a good series”’
placed as ‘‘/inearis var.’’ in the D. Sharp collection, but does not give the
locality.

References

Donisthorpe, H.StJ.K., 1936. Leptacinus intermedius n.sp. (Col.: Staphylinidae), a
beetle new to science. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 72: 269-270 & Pl. V.

Hansen, V., 1952. Danmarks Fauna 58: Biller 16 (Rovbiller 2). Kobenhavn.

Lohse, G.A., in Freude, H., Harde, K.H., & Lohse, G.A., 1964. Die Kafer Mittel-
europas, 4. Krefeld.

Epermenia insecurella (Staint) (Lep.: Epermeniidae) in Wiltshire

Whilst on a field visit to the central area of the Salisbury Plain Army
Training Area on 3rd June 1990, Dr Langmaid suggested that a search be
made of patches of Thesium humifusum (Bastard Toadflax) for Epermenia
insecurella. The first site for the plant drew a blank, mainly due to the

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 291

absence of Thesium! Despite a stiff north-westerly wind and occasional
showers the second site looked instantly more promising due to the present
of good quantities of the larval foodplant. With the aid of quantities of
cigar smoke two imagos were ‘‘smoked out’’ within a few minutes, but
after a further three cigars, the tally still stood at two moths.

The moths appeared quite rapidly from the vegetation which led us to
believe that they were probably the only two present at the time of the visit.

The 7hesium plant from which the moths were obtained was on a bank
(south-west facing) which is part of a bank and ditch system between two
tumuli and at the lowest, and hence most sheltered, portion of the bank
system.

The only other known record for Wiltshire was from Granham Hill near
Marlborough on 14th June 1889 (Marlborough College List).—S.M.
PALMER, The Warren, Hindon Road, Dinton, Wilts SP3 SEG.

Lasius brunneus (Lat.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) rediscovered in Monks
Wood National Nature Reserve, Cambs.)

On 17th May 1966 a single Lasius brunneus worker was collected (by
R.C.W.) from under the bark of a fallen aspen (Populus tremula L.) in
Compartment 19d of Monks Wood NNR, adjacent to Neaverson’s Ride
(TH 196 799) (see Moller, G.J., p. 210, In: Steele, R.C. & Welch, R.C.,
1973, Monks Wood: A Nature Reserve Record, The Nature Conservancy,
Cambridge). Coleoptera recorded from the same tree included Anisotoma
orbicularis (Hbst.), Gabrius splendidulus (Gr.) and Dinaraea aequata (Er.).
A thorough search of the same tree the next day failed to reveal further
specimens and, despite several years of intensive collecting in the wood, no
more specimens were seen.

On 16th March 1990 several small ants with distinctive dark gaster were
seen (by J.N.G-D.) running up and down the trunk of an aspen growing
beside Hotel Ride in Monks Wood NNR (TL 200 802). Their identity was
confirmed (by R.C.W.) as L. brunneus. Examination of the tree revealed
the presence of an old ‘‘beef steak fungus’’, Fistulina hepatica Schaeff. ex.
Fr., at a height of about three metres. In almost every case where side
branches had been removed rot holes could be seen developing, and it
appeared most likely that the ants were living within an extensive heart rot,
although no ants were seen entering these wounds. Ants were seen to pass
down the trunk and continue below soil level, suggesting that their nest
may be at the base of the tree. A search of neighbouring trees produced
only three L. niger (L.) on another aspen. Two Dromius quadrinotatus
(Zenk, in Pz.) were found associated with the bracket fungus.

L. brunneus has a distribution in Britain predominantly centred on
Berkshire and Surrey, with Windsor Forest its best known locality, where it
is more usually associated with ancient oaks (Quercus robur L.). It is also
known from South Essex and Herts, around Oxford, Beds and Worcs, and

292 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1.1990

North Glos. In 1979, when K.E.J. Barrett edited Pt. 5 (Hypemoptera:
Formicidae) of the 2nd edition of the Prov. Atlas of Brit. Insects, the 1966
Monks Wood record was the most northerly known in Britain. The
reference in Bolton, B, & Collingwood, C.A., 1975 (Handbk. Ident. Brit.
Ins., 6, Pt, 3c, Royal Ent. Soc., London) to L. brunneus from Northants is
an error and is presumed to refer to this Hunts (v.c. 31) record.
Collingwood (in litt.) considers that L. brunneus “‘could occur in
Northants, perhaps in the Rockingham Forest area’’, but knows of no
records from that County, or further north. A few L. brunneus workers
were still present on the same aspen in Monks Wood on 24th May 1990.—
R. COLIN WELCH & J.N. GREATOREX-DAVIES, Institute of Terrestrial
Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station , Abbots Ripton,
Huntingdon, Cambs PE17 2LS.

Carpelimus halophilus (Kiesenwetter) (Col.: Staphilinidae) and other
Coleoptera from North Somerset (ST/36).

Carpelimus halophilus (Kiesenwetter): On 27.iii. 1989 I was checking a large
mechanically-piled heap of shore debris that had been covered with a thick
layer of sand, and encountered several examples of this species. The species
is a Red Data Book entry, and it is suggested that there are few modern
records.* It has in the past been taken in ten English coastal counties, to
which North Somerset should now be added. Both I, and Mr A.A. Allen,
who confirmed these records, venture to suggest that woodland records of
this species require confirmation (as given by Fowler, 1888, Col. Brit. Isl. 2:
389. Likewise for C. foveolatus Sahlb., ibid.).

Immediate coleopteran associates of C. halophilus on the sand were
Dyschirius salinus Schaum, Bembidion minimum (Fabricius), B.
normannum Dejean, Cercyon littoralis (Gyllenhal), Bledius germanicus
Wagner, Stenus crassus Stephens, Rugilus orbiculatus (Paykull), and
Quedius pallipes Lucas.

Harpalus schaubergerianus Puel: Male, 26.v.1987, amongst Cochlearia
officinalis L. in limestone rubble, back of saltmarsh. This is a localised
calcicolous species of exposed environments.

Kissister minimus (Aubé): Breeds in large numbers (imagines numbered
in hundreds) in beach drift. The habitat, decomposing organic matter, is
more typical of the family in general than the regular finding of this species
at the roots of plants in sandy places. My only Worcestershire record
(SO/93, 28.11.1988) accords with the latter niche, but may be a dissipant
from such favoured coastal strongholds.— P.F. WHITEHEAD, Moor Leys,
Little Comberton, Pershore, Worcs WR10 3EP.

*I do not regard C. halophilus as particularly rare, especially in the latter half of this
century (I first took it in 1948); but it may be highly localised, and being very
sluggish is easily passed over on the surface of the mud. It was quite common here
and there in the Thames near Slade Green and Crayford, W. Kent in 1984.— A.A.
ALLEN.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 293

Hazards of butterfly collecting — Iraq 1972

I set off for Babylon from the Palestine Hotel in Bagdad on a fine summer
Friday, the day of rest in Islamic countries. The sun-baked flats of the
Euphrates-Tigris depression are not among the best butterfly collecting
grounds, but on the other hand few people have ever tried out a net in the
area. The day before I had been able to establish that the large Swallowtail
butterfly, Papilio demoleus, was well established in Bagdad; it hovered
about citrus trees in the garden in ministries and agencies, livening up
otherwise dull meetings. There was only one previous record, so it is an
interesting example of recent colonisation. Anyhow, Babylon was
probably worth the trip, butterflies or not.

At the time Babylon was not much of a site. The Tower of Babel was a
heap of rubble. The Hanging Gardens were a gleam in an archaeologist’s
eye (Russian or Polish). My most memorable memento of the occasion is
the photograph of a big sign proclaiming: ‘depArtmenT of anTiquiTise
-excavaTe and resToraTe KasHnogaTe’. I understand that the present
government is in the process of resToraTing the site to the point where you
can no longer see even traces of the original rubble.

Babylon was poor in butterflies as well. Colotis fausta swarmed around
caper bushes, and in small wadis with a bit of vegetation Junonia orithya
was not uncommon. This tropical species migrates into Iraq every year to
breed, in much the same way as Vanessa atalanta reaches northern Europe.
By two in the afternoon the temperature reached 35 degrees centigrade;
tourist and entomologist alike decided to get back to the relative comforts
of the Palestine Hotel.

A crowded minibus brought me to the main bus terminal on the outskirts
of Bagdad. A very large Buick taxi (of the fish-tail vintage) was soon
procured. An elderly man, almost blind, and his nephew asked to share it
— yes, to drop them at the Palestine would be just fine. Being nice to
people is often rewarded; after much argument the taxi driver and the old
man settled on a price less than half of what I would have agreed to.

On leaving the bus station we got stuck in a queue of cars. The traffic
police were checking driving permits, taxi licenses, or whatever. Progress
was slow. The driver was fidgety, more so than seemed appropriate despite
the delay. His foot hovered over the clutch. Suddenly he put the car in
gear, mounted the pavement, and gunned past the police check-point. The
grinning face of the Buick hit a portly Iraqi merchant, whose large buttocks
suddenly raced across the hood in my direction, glancing off the
windscreen. Police whistles blew. The siren of an alert police car went into
action. The driver obviously did not have some document that the police
wanted to inspect.

Round and round we went, cutting the wrong way round the imposing
traffic circles of Bagdad, named after countless coups and counter-coups,
the 13th October, 15th March, or whatever. Four police cars, lights

294 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1. 1990

flashing, horns blaring, sirens screaming, eventually joined the chase. The
driver was in a state of total panic by now, with good reason. Landing in
the tender care of the Iraqi police or other security services at the time was
no less pleasant than it is to-day.

It was when we crossed the same bridge across the Tigris for the third
time that I suddenly realised that I had forgotten to bring my passport —
the guys in the screaming cars behind would not like that at all. Just then
the driver got boxed in by some buses in a one-way street. The pursuers
stopped and advanced towards us, bristling with guns. The driver reversed
(at which point I left the cab), and went past them in the opposite direction
at great speed. All the police and militia piled into their cars and set off in
hot pursuit. I dived into an alley. Had they really missed seeing me
abandon ship? They had. I flagged down a cab and went to the Palestine
Hotel. I paid three times the regular fare without a murmur. The next hour
was spent phoning every person of any influence I knew in Bagdad, telling
them my story. I hoped it would also count for something that I had an
official meeting with the Minister of Health the next day. They must
eventually have caught the taxi driver, and I hate to think what they would
have done to him, but at least he had behaved with stupidity. I was more
concerned about the poor old man and his nephew; the innocent lift I had
given them could well become the basis of a spying charge. But there was
nothing I could do.

A few days later I left. There were no problems at the airport. I settled
down in my seat on the rickety Iraqi Airways Trident aircraft. Finally safe?
Suddenly a platoon of heavily armed police charged on board. Oh... my
god!!! It turns out they are the escort of a deportee, who is
unceremoniously chained to his seat. Some people are less keen to leave
Bagdad than others. Despite remonstrations from the cabin crew the
deportee succeeds in lighting up a cigarette before take-off. As the wheels
leave the runway I cannot say that I am unduly perturbed by that.— T.B.
LARSEN, 358 Coldharbour Lane, London SW9 8PL.

New Lepidoptera for Guernsey

On 7.vi.1989, two mercury vapour lights were operated in a dense stand of
tamarisk (Tamarix gallica) near Cobo Bay, Guernsey, in an attempt to
catch Eupithecia ultimaria Boisduval (Channel Islands Pug). Although this
species was not present in the catches, single males of Sideridis albicolon
Htibner (White Colon) and Eupithecia fraxinata H.-Crewe (Ash Pug) were
caught and these are new to the Guernsey list (R. Austin, pers. comm.).
The capture of E. fraxinata is particularly interesting as sea buckthorn
(Hippophae rhamnoides) is absent from the island and ash (Fraxinus
excelsior) is not present in this part of Guernsey (R. Austin, /oc. cit.). These
are the only currently accepted British foodplants for E. fraxinata. The
individual may represent the tamarisk-feeding race formerly known as E.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 295

tamarisciata Freyer, the Cornish Tamarisk Pug, recorded by Tutt (1906;
1908) from larvae collected by Holmes in Cornwall at the beginning of the
century. G. Prior (pers. comm.) also found an FE. fraxinata larva on
Cornish tamarisk in September 1979 and the identification of the resulting
imagine was confirmed by myself. The existence and status of the tamarisk-
feeding race of E. fraxinata in Britain should be further investigated as it
appears to have been overlooked in the more recent literature.

Thanks are extended to R. Austin for his help and advice on Guernsey
Lepidoptera and the status of ash and sea buckthorn on the island and to
G. Prior for allowing examination of his Cornish E. fraxinata.

References. Tutt, J.W. (1906). A puzzling group of Eupitheciids. Ent. Rec.
18: 157-158. Tutt, J.W. (1908). Eupithecia tamarisciata as a British insect.
Ent. Rec. 20: 102-104.- ADRIAN M. RILEY, Dept. Entomology and
Nematology, AFRC Inst. Arable crops Research, Rothamsted Exp. Stn.,
Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ.

Insects and swimming pools

I was interested to read the correspondence (Ent. Rec. 102: 4; 102: 152) on
the question of Purple Hairstreaks and swimming pools, and that both
writers should ascribe the attraction of the pool to its blueness.

I have abundant evidence for the attractiveness of sky-blue to beetles,
although I have no knowledge either of its mechanism nor the more general
understanding of it. It may however be reasoned that changes in the quality
or density of air over a large pool could influence flying insects to land in it.

On 21st July 1990 the following beetles were attracted to our sky-blue

sun-bed cover at Littlhe Comberton between 20.00 -21.45 BST:
Anotylus tetracarinatus (Block) 2, Gabrius pennatus Sharp 1, Tachinus
signatus (Grav.) 3, Atheta laticollis (Ste.) 1, Epuraea unicolor (Ol.) 1,
Glischrochilus hortensis (Fourc.) 3, Monotoma longicollis (Gyll.),
Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Ste.) 2, Atomaria lewisi Reitt. 2, Typhaea
stercorea (L.) 1.

My sky-blue parasol that apologises for a beating tray distinguishes itself
in a number of ways. Once, whilst inside a hollow oak, hearing an unusual
sound, I glanced outside and found that it had opened spontaneously
causing a herd of cows to stampede. Its more usual source of interest
however arises from the number of insects that fly into it when left opened.
Amongst beetles I recall in particular Paromalus flavicornis (Hbst.) and
Dorcatoma chrysomelina Stm. All of this supports a possibility that the
attraction is colour-based.

The beetle Meligethes aeneus (F.) has a particular perception of colour
occurring in prodigious numbers on such yellow flowers as Hemerocallis
and Centaurea macrocephala Muss. Pushk. and on such purple ones as
Allium giganteum Regel. In 1988, over 10,000 M. aeneus were in one blue
pool in Worcestershire. — P.F. WHITEHEAD, Moors Ley, Little
Comberton, Worcestershire WR10 3EP.

296 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi.1990

Unusual pupation site for Cerura vinula Linnaeus (Lep.: Notodontidae),
the Puss Moth.

As most Lepidopterists are aware, this species usually pupates in a deep
fissure in the bark of a tree or at the junction of branches of boughs.
Crevises in man-made wooden structures have also been used if a larval
foodplant is nearby.

Mr J. McWilliam, who operates the Rothamsted Insect Survey light trap
at Leverburgh on the Isle of Harris, recently sent me a cylindrical Puss
Moth cocoon which was attached to a slender Salix twig. This pupation site
is remarkable in its similarity to that of many of the burnet moths
(Zygaenidae) which pupate in similar fashion on grass stalks. The
accompanying photograph may be of interest to readers.

Thanks are extended to Gordon Higgins of Rothamsted Photography
Department for photographing the cocoon and to Mr McWilliams of
Leverburgh.— ADRIAN M. RILEY, Dept. Entomology and Nematology,
Inst. Arable Crops Res., Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden,
Herts AL5 2JQ.

Another case of mistaken identity?

A.A. Allen’s note (Ent Rec. 102: 198) on apparent inter-specific courtship
in butterflies prompts me to place on record a comparable observation.

In the morning of 7th June 1982, on a grassy bank at Cleaves Wood,
near Wellow in Avon (formerly North Somerset), I watched a male Large
Skipper Ochlodes venata repeatedly and persistently attempt to mate with a
Burnet Companion Euclidia glyphica, of indeterminate sex. The latter
would have none of it and after several minutes the venata gave up and flew
off. It seems remarkable that attempted inter-specific mating should occur
between members of two quite different families, until it is remembered
that glyphica has some of the habits and superficial appearance of a
skipper. Although there is evidence (vide Emmet & Heath, eds., The Moths
and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 7) that venata males can

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 297)

locate hidden females, presumably by scent, one wonders whether visual
cues may also be important. If so, this might explain how such a case of
mistaken identity could arise.— A.G. DUFF, 4 Amberley Close, Keinton
Mandeville, Somerset TA11 6EU.

More abnormal courting behaviour in butterflies?

A.A. Allen’s note (Ent. Rec. 102: 198-9) on apparent courtship behaviour
by a Small Tortoiseshell towards a Peacock prompts me to record that on
25th July 1990 I saw a small cloud of some twenty white butterflies
fluttering around a hedge near Harvel in Kent. Reaching that point I saw a
female Brimstone feeding on a thistle flower. When it flew it was
immediately pursued by two Small Whites which I think were males. They
fluttered in an excited manner just behind the Brimstone, but were not
aggressive. The flight lasted for about half a minute. However, as soon as
the Brimstone returned to the thistle the Small Whites lost interest, and
although many others passed close to the feeding Brimstone they showed
no interest in her whatsoever.— I.L. BRYDON, 128 The Drive, Bexley, Kent
DAS 3BX.

Early sightings of Red Admirals (Vanessa atalanta)

The Heathcotes’ observation of Macroglossum stellatarum on 23rd
February 1990, and their note of the high temperatures prevailing around
that time (Ent. Rec. 102: 185), prompts me to record a Red Admiral
sighting by our walking group on 18th February 1990, around noon, in a
garden near Walberton on the West Sussex coastal plain. A neighbour, Mr
Phil Tyler, also reported seeing a Red Admiral in Richmond Park on 25th
February 1990.

This seems too early for migrant specimens and seems to confirm Colin
Hart’s view, after observing a Red Admiral at Buckland, Surrey, on 18th
March 1990, that the winter was warm enough for this species to overwinter
in the south of England (Ent. Rec. 102: 193).

However, S.A. Knill-Jones suggested a migratory origin for his Red
Admiral sightings on the Isle of Wight, at Newtown on 18th January (1),
and at Luccombe on 22nd February (3) (Ent. Rec. 102: 197).

There is also a reference to early sightings by Richard Harrington in the
current issue of Antenna (Antenna 14, 3: 113).— R.C. DENING, 20 Vincent
Road, Selsey PO20 9DQ.

Further to the search for a safe pest-repellent

The other day I chanced upon an old clipping from the magazine New
Scientist (undated, but propably going back eight to ten years) pointing out
that a safe, cheap (my italics) and pleasantly fragrant substance, namely,
cedarwood oil, has powerful insecticidal and pest-repellent properties; that
it ‘‘inhibits moths and beetles [from] chewing clothes and carpets’’ (and,
one may suppose, natural history specimens) — the above presumably

298 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi.1990

includes their larvae — and kills mosquitoes, cockroaches and houseflies;
that the market for a cedarwood insecticide could be immense; and that the
soap industry extracts the oil in bulk from wood-chips of the Indian cedar.
(For details see Naturwissenschaften 71: 264). The latter fact very likely
accounts for my favourite experience with scented soap in this connection
(antea 185.) All this seems to offer great promise for a solution of the
problem to which I called attention, even if not a complete answer.— A.A.
ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

A safe and practical pest-repellent for insect collections

Smugness is always irritating (in others), and it is with some consciousness
of this that I write in response to Mr A.A. Allen’s note about protecting
collections against insect and mite attack (antea pp.184-5). The truth is that
I have never been troubled by Anthrenus and the like since adopting a
method of protection which I first encountered in the Entomology Section
of East Malling Research Station some 30 years ago. I have always been
puzzled as to why the method is not better known.

It is, in brief, to paint the internal edges of storeboxes or cabinet drawers
with a 4% solution of DDT (or Dieldrin: Aldrin and other organochlorines
would probably also answer) in an organic solvent such as acetone. These
days DDT and other organichlorines are difficult to obtain and this is
probably the most pertinent objection to their use.

To those environmentalists who shudder at the mere mention of DDT, I
point out the following facts:

(1) The mammalian toxicity of DDT is low.

(2) The small amounts impregnating storeboxes and cabinet drawers are
not volatile and pose negligible risks to the entomologist’s health.

(3) There is little or no risk of the DDT being translocated into the
environment.

(4) The protection given is virtually absolute and very long lasting. I have
not yet had to re-treat any of my storeboxes.

(5) The application is simple and not dependent on the frequent filling of
awkward cells or vials.

I do not have a supplier of DDT and do not know what I shall do when
my current supply of solution in acetone runs out.

And I have no answer to the problem of mould (though central heating
helps).— Dr M.G. Morris, Orchard House, 7 Clarence Road, Dorchester,
Dorset DT1 2HF.

Early occurrence of Red Admiral, Vanessa atalanta (L.) in Cardiganshire
in 1990

There is strong evidence for the survival of a Red Admiral butterfly,
Vanessa atalanta (L.) over the winter 1989-1990 following the appearance
of a specimen on 23rd February 1990 in Aberystwyth, Cardiganshire,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 299

together with a Small Tortoiseshell, Ag/ais urticae (L.). It is stated that A.
urticae appears on the first warm, sunny day after the end of February (the
italics are mine), (Emmet, 1989 The moths and butterflies of Great Britain
and Ireland Vol. 7, Pt.1). A warm front during the third week of April
resulted in the highest recorded temperature on this day this century in the
United Kingdom, 1959 and 1961 excepted, reaching 19°C (66°F) in some
places with Cardiganshire 18°C (64°F), but it seems not to have been
associated at this time with an influx of migrant insects into Britain. It was
on 17th March that A. urticae, and 28th March, V. atalanta, were seen
again — a lapse of thirty-four days.

The sighting of V. atalanta, a migrant not usually resident, suggests it
had overwintered. However, it may not have survived the subsequent
—1°C (30°F) frost and snow of 2nd March, and frost of 11th March, 3°C
(37°F). At the end of April a migration into the United Kingdom possibly
took place when Plusia gamma (L.) was seen on 22nd with V. atalanta on
24th and 30th in the company of a Hummingbird Hawkmoth,
Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) feeding at red dwarf Azalea flowers in my
garden at Cnwch Coch, while I was in the company of Adrian Amsden.

The earliest evidence so far recorded of migration of V. atalanta into
West Wales was from 2nd March 1952, only a week later than the sighting
now reported with over seventy observations on record (Miles 1952, Ento-
mologist’s mon. Mag. 88: 181).— PHILIP M. MILES, Werndeg, Cnwch
Coch, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales.

Possible overwintering in Britain of Autographa gamma Linn. (Lep.:
Noctuidae), the Silver Y.

On 15.11.1990 a final instar larva of A. gamma was found on annual nettle
(Urtica urens) near Stanford, Bedfordshire (TL 163 402). The larva was
brought into the laboratory where it subsequently pupated. An adult male
moth emerged three weeks later.

Single adults in perfect condition were caught in three Rothamsted Insect
Survey light traps operating as part of an ecology project on the
Rothamsted Farm, Hertfordshire (TL 120 137) on 3, 4 and 9.v.1990. No
other known migratory species was caught at this time which, along with
their condition, suggests that these individuals resulted from locally bred
stock.

Heath and Emmet (The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland, 10: 342-343. Harley, Colchester, 1983) state that, although there
are a few proven cases of winter survival by moths, the early stages of A.
gamma cannot develop at low temperatures and frost is fatal. However, the
discovery of a fully-grown larva at this time of year, and the subsequent
capture some 30 km distant of adult moths, provides strong evidence that
this species was able to survive the very mild winter conditions of 1989/90.
Further evidence of this species’ ability to survive our winter climate is

300 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi1.1990

documented by Cooper, B. (Overwintering of Plusia gamma larvae in
Yorkshire. Entomologist (1946) 79: 176) who states that single larvae were
found on 28.ii and 1.1i.1946 on cabbage leaves which were covered with
snow during a period of sharp air frosts and frozen ground. One of these
was accidentally killed but the other developed normally in the laboratory
and emerged as an adult on 8.v.1946.

This species is an occasional pest of vegetable crops and, as such, its
response to possible climatic change, particularly with respect to
overwintering survival, should be carefully monitored.— ADRIAN M. and
DEBORAH K. RILEY, Dept. Entomology and Nematology, AFRC Inst.
Arable Crops Res., Rothamsted Exp. Stn., Harpenden, Herts ALS 2JQ.

Cossonus linearis F. (Col.: Curculionidae) in Surrey and West Kent

This weevil, added to our list in 1939 from Norfolk, has since then been
found several times in East Anglia — mostly the Suffolk Breck — in
decaying poplar trunks. In later years it has been met with occasionally in
the south-east also: Deal, E. Kent, one by C. Johnson, and in E. Sussex by
R.D. Dumbrell and P.J. Hodge. Two further Watsonian divisions can now
be added. Prof J.A. Owen asks me to publish his capture of a specimen on
a log of Lombardy poplar in Richmond Park, Surrey, 7.vi.83 — a locality
which had earlier produced our other and more widespread (but still very
local) species of the genus, C. parallelepipedus Hbst. Finally on the night of
11.vi.90 I was much surprised to take an example of C. /inearis at my m.v.
light here — my first encounter with the species. Not very far away in
Maryon-Wilson Park, where some of the insects visiting the lamp must
certainly originate, are various kinds of poplar including two or three
prostrate trunks, barkless, hard, and deep in brambles and nettles.
Somewhere there, perhaps, a breeding-site may exist.— A.A. ALLEN, 49
Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

A ‘‘white’’ Gatekeeper — Pyronia tithonus var albida, Russell (Lep.:
Satyrinae) in Suffolk, August, 1990

The brown and white butterfly seemed, at first, a startling intruder. It
fluttered by like an exotic Helicoinid. But this was Suffolk, on the
heathland just south of Walberswick and the thrill for me was to see this
Gatekeeper butterfly, P. tithonus, var albida, Russell — the variant in
which the normal orange colour is completely replaced by white.

It was 6th August 1990. There had been a run of hot sunny days but that
particular morning we had had rain and I was not expecting to see many
butterflies about. However, the rain stopped, the sun came out and we set
off for a walk. I left the path to examine a clump of bramble. P. tithonus
was abundant; also about were L. megera, L. phlaeas, P. napi (and/or P.
rapae) and a solitary J. io. Then the brown and white butterfly came into
view. With the courtesy ‘‘inbred”’ in P. tithonus, it gave me plenty of time

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 301

for observation; it flew slowly; it kept to the same area; it alighted
frequently and, when alighted, it kept its wings spread wide for easy
identification.

For me, this the second sighting of an unusual “‘white’’ variation. In
1976 I took a L. phlaeas var Schmidtii in Cumbria. The interesting thing is
that too was a year of a sustained hot, dry summer. Is there perhaps a direct
connection with the summer temperature or is it simply that the hot
summer brings our more butterflies and, therefore, more chance of
variants?

Certainly, summer 1990 has been a good year. In that first seven days of
August I noted 15 species of butterfly in the Walberswick area:— P.
brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi, I. io, V. atalanta, A. urticae, H. semele, M.
jurtina, P. tithonus, C. pamphilus, L. megera, L. phlaeas, C. argiolus, P.
icarus and T. sylvestris.— G.G. BALDWIN, 22 Edgerton Grove Road,
Huddersfield, W. Yorks HD1 5QX.

Eudonia mercurella (L.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) and Kidney Vetch

Mr J. Robbins has kindly pointed out a record held in the Warwickshire
Biological Records Centre of a larva collected from Kidney Vetch Anthyllis
vulneraria L., reared by the late Dr K.C. Greenwood and identified from
the imago as E. mercurella by myself (Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 102:
166). This is indeed unusual as of the fourteen British species in the
subfamily Scopariinae listed by Goater (British Pyralid Moths, Harley
Books (1986)), only two are known to feed on herbaceous plants and even
then on the roots. However, the life histories of at least three of the species
are unknown.

What is also unusual about this record, but not commented on in the
previous note, is the capture of the larva in July. Emmet (A Field Guide to
the Smaller British Lepidoptera, BENHS (1988, 2nd edn.)) gives September
to April as the time of appearance of the larva.

These anomolies of foodplant and time of appearance are interesting as
so little is known about this group of moths. Larvae in July, on a
previously unknown foodplant, could perhaps explain the occurrence of
imagines well into September, as does occur in many years. However, other
explanations can be thought of for this record: a fully grown larva of E.
mercurella displaced whilst searching out a pupation site and not actually
feeding on Kidney Vetch or alternatively perhaps a pupa of EF. mercurella
inadvertently collected along with a larva of another species which itself
subsequently failed to complete its life-cycle.

Unfortunately neither the data label on the specimen nor the notebooks
of Dr Greenwood, now both held at the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum,
Coventry, detail whether the larva was full grown or whether it was
collected and reared in a moss-lined container. However, the fact that Dr
Greenwood, a very competent and well-respected lepidopterist, did not

302 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi.1990

publish this record himself, after I had confirmed its identification,
suggests an element of doubt. This record I would therefore suggest is
worthy of note as a stimulus to further investigation but not on its own is it
evidence for a hitherto unknown larval pabulum.— RAY BARNETT, City
Museum and Art Gallery, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RL.

Two further Kentish specimens of Pelosia muscerda Hufn. (Lep.:
Arctiidae), The Dotted Footman

In search of Scopula nigropunctata Hufn. on Ist August 1990 at the
Warren, Folkestone, Kent, the appearance of a male P. muscerda on the
sheet (sitting next to an immaculate S. nigropunctata!) at 23.30 hours was
most unexpected. To find another when emptying the traps in the morning
was even more surprising. Orthonama obstipata Fab. was also seen, a male
at about 24.00 hours, together with 30 - 40 Autographa gamma L. and one
Nomophila noctuella D. & S. These observations together with the
favourable weather conditions (light easterly winds with a minimum
temperature of 16 degrees), the lack of suitable habitat locally and the
occurrence of other specimens in Kent around this time must make
migratory origin certain.

Previous records of this species in Kent are for resident populations: at
Ham Fen near Deal at the end of the 19th century to 1911 and Appledore,
July 1898 (Chalmers-Hunt, Butterflies and moths of Kent 2: 92-93);
Fordwich, no date but ‘‘old’’ (ibid. 2: 362). More isolated records are
Lydd, 1 at light 14.8.1965 (ibid. 2: 362); Longrope, Ham Street, 1 male at
m.v. — 19.7.1969 (ibid. 3: 235); Orlestone Forest, Ham Street, 1, 16.7.1983
(Collins, Ent. Rec. 95: 222) and Bromley, 1 male at m.v. (Clarke, Ent. Rec.
96: 55).

On 4th August the site was revisited but apart from a strong flight of A.
gamma shortly after dusk and one Udea ferrugalis Hiibn. no more
migrants were seen; the most interesting moth was a rather worn example
of Standfussiana lucernea L. at actinic.— Dr JULIAN CLARKE, Oaklea,
Felcourt Road, Lingfield, Surrey RH7 6NF.

Evergestis limbata L. (Lep.: Pyralidae) new to the British Isles

I am pleased to record the capture of what I believe to be the first British
specimen of Evergestis limbata L. which came to m.v. light on Guernsey on
18th July 1990. This attractive little pyralid is illustrated in Palm (1986)
Nordeuropas Pyralider and has been recorded in the larval stage on
Sisymbrium (rocket), Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard), Isatis tinctoria
(woad) and Genista tinctoria (Dyer’s greenweed).

I am also pleased to record that further specimens of the Guernsey
Underwing, Polyphaenis sericata and Thera cupressata have also been
taken in my Guernsey garden.— T.D.N. PEET, Le Chene, Forest,
Guernsey.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 303

Some recent records of localised synanthropic Coleoptera
Cryptopleurum subtile Sharp (Hydrophilidae). An immigrant from eastern
Asia first recorded in Britain in 1966.

Compost heap, Little Comberton, Worcs. (SO/94) 7-8.viii.1989 (3)
Compost heap, Broadway, Worcs. (SP/03) 6.vi.1989 (1)*
Manure heap, Helmdon, Northants (SP/54) 18.viii.1989 (1)

Phacophallus tricolor (Kraatz) (Staphylinidae). First taken in Britain by Mr
P.M. Hammond on 9.vii.1980 in London (Entomologist’s mon. Mag.) 118:
231-232) as an immigrant, probably initially from the eastern Palaearctic.
This is a distinctive species with pale elytra, the suture bisecting dark
confluent triangles widening basally (Smetana, A. 1980 Ent. Scand.: 54).
Now almost cosmopolitan.

Compost heap, Broadway, Worcs. (SP/03) 4.viii. 1988 (female)*

Compost heap, Little Comberton, Worcs. (SO/94) 6.viii.1989 (male)

Myrmechixenus vaporariorum Guérin-Meneville (Colydiidae).

According to Faune de l’Europe et du Bassin Med. 8 (pub. Masson 1977)
this species is pan-European, rarer in the east, extending to Cape Verde
Islands, Morocco and Egypt, and is found in “‘les bouses désséchées,”’
doubtless the French equivalent of ‘‘old manure heaps.’’

Compost heap, Little Comberton, Worcs. (SO/94) 27.vii.1989 (1)* in
breeding colony Labia minor (L.) (Dermaptera, Labiidae) in friable
laminated decomposing vegetation with some lignified stems. One of the
few modern British records.

Anthicus tobias Marseul (Anthicidae).
Compost heap, Broadway, Worcs. (SP/03) 19.viii.1988 (1)

According to Hammond, P.M. 1974, Changing flora & fauna of Britain,
this species was first taken in Britain in 1935. This specimen was taken in
fresh lettuce leaves, with the clear indication in this case of aphidophagy.
My identifications were confirmed by A.A. Allen, M.L. Cox, C.
Johnson and R. Madge whom I wish to thank. Mr P. Hodge kindly
allowed me to publish his Northamptonshire record of C. subtile.
“**?> indicates species new to Worcestershire, v.c. 37.— P.F. WHITEHEAD,
Moor Leys, Little Comberton, Pershore, Worcestershire WR10 3EP.

Unusual flight times of FEupithecia tripunctaria H.-S., Operophtera
brumata L. and Colostygia multistrigaria L. (Lep.: Geometridae) in
Rothamsted Insect Survey light traps.

There have recently been several interesting articles in this journal which
discuss the voltinism of E. tripunctaria (White-spotted Pug). The
conclusion appears to be that this species is at least partially bivoltine in
Britain. However, a single male was caught at the RIS trap at Yarner
Wood, Devon (Site No., 266, O.S. Grid Ref. SX 786 788) on 29.x11.1988.

304 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 eyed 2.0)

This record constitutes a third emergence at Yarner Wood during that year,
possibly as a result of the mild winter of 1988/89. A single male O. brumata
(Winter Moth) was caught at the same site on 29.vi.1988. This species
usually flies between mid-November and mid-February at Yarner Wood,
though one late capture was recorded on 2. 111.1979.

A single male C. miultistrigaria (Mottled Grey) was caught at
Rowardennan, Stirling (Site No. O.S. Grid Ref. NS 378 958) on 5.vii.1989.
This species is usually recorded during March and April at Rowardennan,
with occasional specimens in late January and early May.

These unusual records may be of particular interest considering the
current discussions on climatic change which may affect the life cycles of
moths as well as their distribution and abundance. Thanks are extended to
P. Page and his staff at Yarner Wood and to R. McMath at Rowardennan
for their continuing support in operating Rothamsted light traps.—
ADRIAN M. RILEY, Dept. Entomology and Nematology, AFRC Inst.
Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Exp. Stn., Harpenden, Herts
AL5 2JQ.

Evergestis extimalis (Scop.) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in the Isle of Wight.

On 18th July 1990 I took a specimen of this species at light at Freshwater
which was presumably a migrant. According to Goater the last date given
for this species for the island was at Bembridge on 11.vi.1858 by Wall. The
only other migrant worthy of note taken in June or July 1990 was
Mythimna vitellina (Hiibn.) which I took on 26th June 1990.— S.A.
KNILL-JONES, 2 School Green Road, Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

Abundance of Leptura livida F. (Col.: Cerambycidae) in a S.E. London
locality

This season, 1990, the small but attractive longhorn beetle Leptura livida
L. has been extraordinarily plentiful in suitable spots on Woolwich
Common (barely ten minutes’ walk from my house). An idea of its
numbers will be given by the fact that, on an isolated plant of Heracleum
sphondylium in a bush area (24.vi) the average count of L. /ivida was a
dozen to each of several umbels. This profusion, admittedly, was not quite
equalled elsewhere on the Common, and the distribution though wide was
not uniform over the area; but still it occurred copiously in other parts too,
affecting chiefly (besides hogweed) rose, blackberry, and thistle flowers —
more especially in sheltered bushy spots.

This singular abundance bears all the marks of a temporary ‘‘outbreak’”’
and may well prove a one-year phenomenon, perhaps paralleled by an
immense quantity of familiar Cantharid Rhagonycha fulva Scop. in a
neighbouring locality, to be seen as a rule only sparingly in this district. The
Leptura first appeared on the Common in 1987 when, and up to this year,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 305

it was noted very sparsely. My only previous record for the district is of
singletons twice in my former garden at Blackheath on golden-rod flowers,
both in 1952. Its seeming absence, hitherto, from wholly suitable habitats
at Shooters Hill, almost adjacent to Woolwich Common and well-worked
by me, is not easy to explain.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lep.: Arctiidae), the Cinnabar moth larvae on
coit’s-foot

Whilst working waste ground locally on 7th August 1990 I noticed larvae of
the Cinnabar on colt’s-foot (Tussilago farfara).

Having in previous years seen larvae on this foodplant, normally in close
proximity to their normal pabulum, I thought little of it until I chanced
upon a soil-tip some two meters high, sparsely vegetated with, at the top, a
clump of grass and a few plants of colt’s-foot attended by larvae of the
Cinnabar. Although there were examples of grasses, Polygonum species
and goosefoot, neither ragwort nor groundsel were present.

My curiosity aroused, I began to search other colt’s-foot plants, well
away from ragwort or groundsel, and found larvae commonly in this
situation.

This record, along with those of Minnion, Wallace and Birkett (Ent.
Rec. 92: 26, 144) lends support to the suggestion that colt’s-foot is a natural
alternative foodplant for the Cinnabar.— A.S. BooT, 38 Balmoral Road,
Colwick, Notts NG4 2GD.

A Convolvulus Hawk-moth in West Sussex

The night of 29th August 1990 was very humid, the temperature around
18°C with heavy rain and thunderstorms. At 23.45 hours a Convolvulus
Hawk (Agrius convolvuli L.) flew into the house and settled on an oleander
plant in the conservatory. This was my first example of this fine Hawk,
despite many years of operating a light trap.— J.K. KNOTT, 9 The Brook,
Southwater, West Sussex.

Two interesting Carabid captures (Col.) in S.E. London (W. Kent)
Single examples of the two following ground beetles, seldom recorded,
occurred at my m.v. lamp recently, the first on the night of 15th July, the
second on that of 3rd August, 1990. Both species seem new to the Greater
London area.

Acupalpus brunnipes Sturm. — This species, which I had never
previously taken, is a very local rarity recorded apparently only from
Dorset (Studland and Bournemouth), Hants (Woolston and Hartley

306 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.xi.1990

Heath), a number of Surrey localities, and Herts — the source of the latter
record I do not know. The habitat seems to be boggy places in sphagnum,
but also damp sandy spots; in any case on acid and peaty soils. The nearest
localities to London are Esher and Wimbledon — records of last century.
The Charlton specimen, which should furnish a new Kent record for A.
brunnipes, is fully identical with some I have from Studland (ex Harwood).
I know of no likely locality in the area at the present time, and its
provenance remains a mystery.

Badister anomalus Perris. — The specimen, fortunately a male, was
determined from the aedeagus. The species was only in 1955 separated in
our fauna from its close allies B. peltatus Panz. and B. dilatatus Chaud.,
and would seem to be still known definitely from only Dorset, Sussex and
Kent. The present record is likely to be the first for West Kent and the
metropolitan area. It is not known (to me at least) to which of our three
species of the subgenus Baudia the old London record — ‘‘Notting Hill and
Hammersmith Marshes’’ (Fowler, 1887, Col. Brit. Is/. 1: 30, under B.
peltatus) — refers. The late Dr A.M. Massee and I took B. anomalus in
some numbers, together with Odacantha melanura L., on the Pett Levels in
E. Sussex (7.vi.53); I also found one male at Pond Lye near Cuckfield in
the same vice-county on the 13th.— A.A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road,
Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

CURRENT LITERATURE
Larvae of owlet moths (Noctuidae) - biology, morphology and classi-
fication, by O.I.Merzheevskaya. 419 pp 97 figs. Boards. E.J. Brill, Leiden,
1989. 115 Guilders.
This work was originally published in 1967, and the current English
language edition is one of a series sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution
Libraries in cooperation with the National Science Foundation in the USA.

Merzheevskaya deals in great detail with the larvae of 144 noctuids of
economic importance found in Belorussia, and in doing so she draws upon
and effectively complements Beck’s Die Larvalsystematik de Eulen,
published in 1960. Despite being restricted to Belorussia, the majority of
the species considered range across northern Europe and into the United
Kingdom although few are regarded as pest species here.

The book covers methodology, larval biology, external morphology of
larvae — copiously illustrated with line drawings — eggs and oviposition,
and systematic detail by subfamily. A valuable addition to the sparse
literature on the larval morphology of the noctuidae. Paul Sokoloff

Entomology : A guide to information sources by Pamela Gilbert and Chris
Hamilton. 259 pp. Boards. Mansell, 1989. £30.00

The first edition of this useful work was published in 1983 and reviewed in
this journal (Ent.Rec. 96: 135-136). In essence this is a compendium of

CURRENT LITERATURE 307

citations, references and addresses pertaining to all matters entomological.
In many respects it is the senior partner to A directory for entomologists
published in 1989 by the Amateur Entomologists’ Society (reviewed
Ent. Rec. 102:148).

Information is well organised, cross-referenced and indexed and as a
whole is easy to use. Inevitably, as the authors freely admit, some
information rapidly becomes out of date, but is was disappointing to see
several citations for UK journals and Societies chronically out of date
(including this journal, the EMM and the AES for example). Despite the
dubious accuracy of some of the entries this book remains a valuable, even
unique, source of reference for the serious entomologist. Paul Sokoloff

The Hebrides. A Natural History, by J.M. Boyd and I.L. Boyd. Foreword
by HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. With 21 colour and over 150
photographs in black and white. 416 pp. Collins. The New Naturalist
Library. £12.95.

This is an impressive volume, which must have involved a great deal of
work, not only in research but also in proof reading and indexing. The style
is both readable and informative, conveying the authors’ zeal for their
subject and for the conservation of wild life in the Hebrides. The amount
of information which is presented is enormous, but it is rightly not
presented as final. There is still room for further research, continuing the
work which was begun by Edward Lhuyd and Martin Martin quite
independently in the late seventeenth century.

As far as entomology is concerned, comparatively little work had been
done in the area before 1930; since when a great amount of information has
been obtained, especially since the coming of the mercury vapour light
trap. Entomologists will read this book with much interest, but I think they
will feel that in future editions their subject should have its own chapter. As
for lepidoptera, though the Bibliography contains about 300 entries, it does
not include any to the Distribution Maps published by the Biological
Records Centre under the editorship of J. Heath, nor to J.M. Chalmers-
Hunt’s invaluable Local Lists of Lepidoptera (1989), though this was
possibly not available while the book was actually being written. This
reveals that there was an article on the Macrolepidoptera of the Isle of
Barra published in the Scottish Naturalist in 1938, and one on the Macro-
lepidoptera of the Isle of Canna in 1954. This list contains a reference to
The Grey (Dianthoecia caesia) having been taken in a light trap in 1952
there, the first recorded Scottish capture (the moth was previously only
known from Kerry and the Isle of Man).

Nowadays the contrast is made between the Outer and the Inner
Hebrides; but anciently the contrast was between the islands north of, and
those south of, Ardnamurchan Point, the southern isles being Arran, Bute,
the Cumbraes, Islay, Jura, Gigha, Colonsay, Iona, Coll, Tiree and Mull. In

308 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 102 15.x1.1990

fact, the southern isles have more in common with Argyll than they do with
Skye and the Small Isles, the Northern Inner Hebrides. This is shown by
the Biological Centre’s 1982 map, which shows that out of a total of 24
resident species of Hebridean butterflies, eight occur only in the Southern
Isles, while a ninth, A. cardamines, is only noted in the Northern Isles by
an unlikely record for Barra (in the Southern Isles it is marked as recorded
from Islay and Bute).

Of these twenty-four resident species, only thirteen are mentioned in the
book, and only nine of them are mentioned in the “‘butterfly’’ entry in the
Index, which includes a moth, the Marbled Brown (D. dodonaea).
Including this, there are twenty-eight species of moths mentioned. One
which might also be included is the Dew Moth, S. irrorella, with its lichen-
feeding larva; a day-flying species found on warm south-facing cliffs on
Canna, Rum and Skye (Heath, 1980; Wormell, 1983). The migratory
lepidoptera, which come regularly, like V. atalanta, C. cardui, P. gamma
and N. noctuella, or occasionally, such as A. atropos, H. convolvuli, M.
stellatarum, or C. croceus, are not discussed. (If noctuella can get to Canna
with its wings, why not P. aegeria?)

Insect migration does not seem to be discussed in the book (“‘migration”’
is not a heading in the Index), but it may reasonably be suggested that the
distribution of lepidoptera in the Hebrides is a function of the wind and
weather as well as of the vegetation and the soil. In his Lepidoptera of the
Orkney Islands, 1983, R.I. Lorimer describes how interesting captures in
the Orkneys have often coincided with high pressure systems over
Scandinavia with north-east winds, with the immigrants occasionally
producing descendants which may persist over several years (pp.10, 13).
Precisely the same thing has been the impression of the reviewer as regards
the Isle of Canna, where a light trap has been run since 1951.

The authors are to be congratulated on reverting to the traditional
spelling ““Rum’’; the ‘‘h’’ was inserted after the “‘R’’ by the Post Office at
the whim of a non-native proprietor. But they are wrong when they say that
“little natural history exists in the Gaelic language’’; Gaelic poetry,
proverbs and folk anecdotes are pervaded by a sense of oneness with
nature; the beauties of nature were a popular theme with Gaelic poets.
Alexander MacDonald (1710 - 1770) has three long nature poems in his first
edition (1751), and translated many names of birds, insects and animals
from Latin-English word list in his 1741 Vocabulary. He was aware of the
contemporary idea that birds which, like the swallow, disappeared in
autumn and returned in spring, spent the winter hibernating in caves.

J.L. Campbell

References
Heath, J. (1982). Distribution Maps of the Butterflies of the British Isles. Biological
Records Centre.
Wormell, P. (1983). Lepidoptera in the Inner Hebrides. Proc. Royal Society of
Edinburgh 83B, 531-546, 1983.

Contents — continued from back cover

Possible overwintering in Britain of re gamma L. (Lep.: Noctuidae)

the Silver Y. A.M. & D.K. Riley 299
Cossonus linearis F. (Col.: Curculionidae) in 5» Say ane West Kent. Ae A. Allen Rone ees 00
A white Gatekeeper, Pyronia tithonus v. albida Russ. (Lep.: ae in Suffolk.

G.G. Baldwin . fas te 300
Eudonia mercurella L. ques Buagides) ae Sane cen R. Baer 301
Two further Kentish specimens of Pe/osia muscerda Hufn. (Lep.: Arctiidae),

the Dotted Footman. J. Clarke. : : 302
Evergestis limbata L. (Lep.: Pyralidae) new ie the British igles. F. D. N. Peet 302
Some recent records of localised synanthropic Coleoptera. P.F. Whitehead 303
Unusual flight times of Eupithecia tripunctaria H-S., Operophtera brumata L. aed

Colostygia multistrigaria L. (Lep.: Geometridae) in Rothamsted Insect Survey

light traps. A.M. Riley 303
Evergestis extimalis Scop. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in the isle sf Wight

S.A. Knill-Jones 304
Abundance of Leptura Bede Fy (Col.: - Cauiareae - ina S. ED Bondar

locality. A.A. Allen 304
Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lep.: Arctiidae) the Canaan adh ara on Veale S- ao.

A.S. Boot 305
Convolvulus Hawk- aot? in West Sassen. J. K. Knott. ee oe ae 305
OMnneMalbenaihemrcd: 2) Wi pet al in a Sia a A ney eke. ee Pies oh) ay eS 0O=S08

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4UD.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J.W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

Contents
The history, ecology and habits of Thecla betulae L. (Lep.: ee
in Worcestershire. J.E. Green . . « eo = 258
The distribution of the genera iimapkeyinn: Eales Gaal Sern, beets Soa
and Hylotrupes Serv. (Col.: See RITE Ta | in the British Isles.

R.R. Uhthoff-Kaufmann . . 267
The habitats of the Madeiran Saga, apgareten arsveus edieee (lst

Satyrinae). A.G. Smith & T.G. Shreeve . . . eS
Occurrence of three new pests of maize in India. L. M. ier M. C. fee

& M. Arif . . = ae) ae ee
Lepidoptera on Sslersey Aad Geese lens Hebrides: M. R. Young,

M.W. Harper & I. Christie . . (he eee
The Dotted Rustic (Rhyacia ee Sea. (lee Nochiaaey in “ihe as! ce

Scotland. E.G. Hancock. . . + 7
Dolerus megapterus Cameron, Eaves angerndee Eensee ane her rare

sawflies (Hym.: Symphyta) in Warwickshire. A. Wright . . . «eee
Leptacinus intermedius Donis (Col.: Staphylinidae), a species little nee in

BritaimncAA: Allene ooo oe ee a

Notes and Observations
A Small Tortoiseshell courting a Peacock butterfly? S.A. Knill-Jones . . . . . 266
Hemicoelus nitidus (Herbst) (Col.: Anobiidae) at Windsor. J.A. Owen. . . . 274
New microlepidoptera records from Nottinghamshire (v.c. 56). A.S. Boot. . . 278
Dystbenna stephensi (Staint.) (Lep. : Cosmopterigidae) in N.W. Kent.

DIG Keeffe, = DE te ee eM EE Ra 286
Epermenia insecurella Site. (es Epermeniidae) in Wiltshire. S.M. Palmer . . 290
Lasius brunneus Lat. (Hym.: Formicidae) rediscovered in Monks Wood NNR.

R.C. Welch & J.N. Greatorex-Davies ane tes 291
Carpelimus halophilus Kies. (Col.: Staphylinidae) and ne ee lecciers fon

North Somerset. P.F. Whitehead. . . a we le ae rr
Hazards of butterfly collecting — Iraq 1972. T. B. anger wow} a
New Lepidoptera for Guernsey. AM. Riley. 2 7.
Insects and swimming pools. P.F. Whitehead. . . . ye ee
Unusual pupation site for Cerula vinula (Lep.: Maredeaney the Ines Moth.

ANE RUE. a) ee weap gel as Suebbees yee aia rer
Another case of apisgken identity? A. G. Duff aera Sey a 6 er
More abnormal courting behaviour in butterflies? /.L. Brydon fon at 4 a er
Early sightings of Red Admirals (Vanessa atalanta).R.C. Dening . . . . . . 297
Further to the search for asafe pest-repellent. A.A. Allen. . . . gt rena
A safe and practical pest-repellent for insect collections. M.G. Wore Sa eae! 298
Early occurrence of Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta L. in Cardiganshire in

1990: PLN Milles’ ok Ee ee On Sn

Continued on inside back cover

SPECIAL NOTICE. The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited
number of back issues.

Printed in England by
Cravitz Printing Company Limited, 1 Tower Hill, Brentwood, Essex CM14 4TA. Tel: 0277-224610.

The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation

SPECIAL INDEX,

Compiled by Lieut. Colonel W.A.C. Carter

Newly described taxa (species, genera etc.) are distinguished
or newly recognised as British are denoted by an asterisk.

pre's O°8 "HST" to Britain

Vol. 102, 1990

Page
LEPIDOPTERA

ADGOMIIMNAlIS:=<os3o250h5s2cbscleeee bese 129-133
ADICEATIA Ce street se ie tetee eth cec ee deeeteees 138
ADICLALIA the Reset ieee ee eee 90, 238
Aleteliauasssesrsesers cess She siarey) 140, 217
AWSCISAINAP treat tite ta seh ee Setst i Geom ees 139
ADSIMEL AGO et tee el PAPI Oe SOR Oe 283
acampnadactylas! vss28255 22202. eee ese eet ee 196
AC COM re ere een T Ea en Re eencee noone 87
ACCIO SACI eaten eso hat ro tes cect 243
ACUMIMMTATCL anne Hosen eet arene ae 283
ACUILAT Ere eke ae 146, 153, 184, 224
ACR LUIS ees ieee eee a eee 140
AGelplieliamesacsssahshzs/ 221 cR ee eaees 140
E.G 0)0O. Babnbbaer abe beeRe eee ce ee nne ob Gsaee 265
AGMMCEUS Hae eee err Sa feo eeen tees 78, 82
AUS PEUSellaeea awn e fI0 0 OER rane noes 134
ACR CTIA een Stata ake eae ee cau casauee tions 105, 197
AcHUIlineAt AAD ssesc ee ee ene 109
EVEG(CCI RITE lad ncidartd ae eae aH aaNaaet rece 237
anhinitaba sss cceoree eee 44, 45, 85, 108
AD AUN setae seeee eee aes eie ee eee ee ee: 168
AD ESUIS ert ee MAR est SEC 45
Alva ee Nt eae tReet ae tees 788, 96
dhenella see ea er ee 141
AIDES AIAN Sears ee ae eee Nek Seed ease a same 46
ALDICAa pI aizsars facteas beak sale eee stone 283
albicoloneess eet hea ee 294
AIDICOStda eens tiene ranean eee eee en 107
Albiniactiias seats aaes eet aaa 194
albipunctaleeienss ee. 75, 143, 146, 153,
158, 159, 167, 221

AIDISERI ARS ee eee cee ee Seneca 283
Aliya eet Aerts as ee eee atk eee es 221
alehtemillata 2; 22222 eee 44, 84, 100
alehnniiellay cs chee eet eee eee 107
AICI MOMs AS SERIE oir ter ess oe 81
BIEXANIOR ee ae Re et 78
AMACATICHSISHS UE Sree ee ee 153, 218
ASU CAs Hoe eaten eset tcer esane eter ae med d
Alinik@liaemesss22scce ead eeerinc ii 134
APIA) 2 eee toes cease sees ceeseeedeeeee se 139
ilar lis | leew ncrire heactretc easier rascice 140
BISUINE SC. cae eee ee AES ene 108, 283
BISUSH cee Oe ee 253
altenMata ss sssssxeasese hed Sees ices ee 108
albicolellars sant esen sooner aateee 107
ANITA Gas res ee noe anmaeeeeecbasenees 78

HARVARD

bee, age

AmaurGe NIV C RS iy Ape te Se PA
BUMS UALS oie stare aerate Saat 108
AN CEP SHES Ae Sciea escent ene 75
ane ulifasciellass..<s-s.Gcceseee see eee 131
AMG UStAl aber sae seus Scene 108, 283
annulate lla iss csincideatdaccdotoru eee 283
ANOMALIES By vs.ostorccers a saradaoss assent 283
ANLCTOS sic oascuaceonhisoolonncee-we eee eee 81
AlItheleae esa he eeece ee See 78, 83
anthiyllidellaysaces.a5-c-4ccce toa 136
AMMO DA peor. char. cetossonaeceene 78, 83, 218
APT AG Ss ae ce eras coi owintaminactaca near ee 282
ANLIStACl AME 5.2 sec. nese ee 132
apicipunctellayccsec-.52case oscar 134
ANCANVAN. oe eS coh ace ee 79
ARGUINMN A. coef Gat ceed ees eee eee 80
ANCES a) as sagace caeeeseee eclocosn eee 276
APCENLCMAy. soar nenoee secs uocencee soeee ae 108
AROTONIScaannccetssst ena 4,40, 41, 45, 74,
118, 120, 146, 197. 238, 244

IU ia ands eine aaa Be acannon one icoce 78, 82, 253
ALL YE OPCZA. - sconce. csccssoesceenineoceeeeeee 130
PT ECO) pce Be 2 a Re ee mS 81, 255
ATHSCUS Goss h ou chiSaw daneGelneseceee ae eee 277
ALISCACUS Hoorn chennai eee 82, 83
AnISSACUIS IMAGEENSIS=25 444 42ese ee aeeaeee eee 275
@RMIDEKALs sss -acssenescce 36, 70, 76, 142, 146,
168, 184, 224

ALOAMICNSIS? ocala 78, 82
ARUEIMISE Boas week cane mumas cere ee tac eee 253
ARUN Cell ayn seaksdaee des sewdnessaws Medeteeaee 130
ASUS; os saeecckonscsssdassseacainsdeaneemee st 167
BIS) S) ISI(©) naan dn dosndoossescencocsoodunaccan5 253
ASDIGISCAIN arene nec cleee ce ees emcee 139
ASSECHAIT Argan co uence ee cen ona tenneeetee 138
assumtlellat.ccsc sc cates tee eee staece eeoaseness 135
atalantaeccs.. cose 45, 89, 96, 108, 114, 153,
155, 168, 193, 197, 297, 298

athtalarecn ecco once ne eects ae ca cisoe eee 80
Atheneiict eon cst etc acdece on catedke sues cemers 78
AGIAN See eae Sean Sete n es ooc eee ie weecee 137
Athat ale meee sos noes cece ee uaea naclensanee 108
atticomellarc -titent cee tccce einen een emece 108
Elirifal TG Cigsnoncasessesanotedaoooosccodeeaveadac 153
El 0) OOS deaasennnodstaeacdadopantcncneanse codd: 220
AWA tlAN Ato ee ete er cone ee ccee 139
AUPICOMA rere eee cet ear ce cence eonee Ueno WA

AULA eso hes secon cee sane: 76, 81, 174, 282

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aurocuttellar (a. te ee eet 132 Carmelita’. ferent ree ere eee eee 75
AUEORNMAs..ssscscc sasapyast ke Tid CEIUVEN TIES. 555536 30202900 2003935250054 1535219
AULUIMN ALA %. cccen face ch 7 Cavellan ed.o5. dish oe Seances ONE 132
AVErSata esas A sea tee ee HOTT 214 CeleriO 024. Pes See 153, 160, 221
Celtis BAe esis ee eee 82, 83

B centifoliella sic -tccccssceseeseeee eee 278

Babaultiteys. Cn tees eee 212 FoN TE 3 Uopasoos cos scogcoeess 023002 sc0882220%2 183
badistac.. Cw A reer 183 CETISY] «0. ..ccceceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeee eee es 82
Dadiclla ete to TES 135 Chhalcites ..............sseeeeseeeeeteeeeeesees 194
Daliod ACHy US orca secte ct enaece See 141 Chamomillae..............sssseseeeeeeeeeee, 201
Balk amicus. coos cccsoc.tcsstecnn cocker eee 83 Charlomia «0.2.0.0... ee eeeeteeeeeeeeeeenees 82
balieglellar ee 133 ChIOer ata... ee eeeeeee tsetse ee teeeetseees 235
bankesicllays:. wertcsscacha 3. Sees 141 Choragella.............sseeeeseseees 131, 190
bankiana ee Oe AEA, 70, 224 CHYIStY1..........eeeeeeeeesee sees ee eeeeeeeeeeeeees 7
Belenismene escceentccte teeta ee 40 CHTYSIPPUS «.....-.2.0+sesseeeeeeeeteseeeseees 210
Dellansuiseths 2s jsth ott mcrae tens 78, 82 CHIYSItIS ......-.-20-sseseeeeseeees 103, 106, 108
DemibeciOmnis 34 cid.car-cadennnonc se eee 236 chrysolepidella.................-+sesssesee- 130
ebulaer ieee iaencteathemancten name 258) CHIYSOPTaSaria........seeeeeeeereeeeeeeeeees 73
Detulania..2:thet stadia eee SU et 175 ChrysOrrhea .............sesesseseeeeseeees 218
Dettlella@ren Si asly. Gh Aucune ecumee 133 SUI IOLS aechoveaudec sora a: se)20 20023. 222 fae
Benihcolawer tte ateerebe. wae 283 cilialis FSinadiide wae fic voc aco See ae eee EEE 191
bicolotian incncitowa 8 crcescoss AES 36 Sn Ge eon ee ae
bifascianaies (sce. Secu emer 138 TRIAS AICS Bkcsooapsseceovasccz02 02.2. wee
Dain eile taven tek aes een ein ke nee 159 cmerosella’. 5... ..0.500 550.5 eee eee 141
Guintaevell age. oc st Meraice cose 2 «SO 141 cimiflonella................s.sseseeeseeeeees 244
bipunctellareaczsiccasasccssasceeccon wee 135 CINMAMOMEANA .........-+.2seeeeseeeeseeees 138
Die Thy ees seccee care lotta decease BEE 75 ora ee ee ore DorerAcoc conc 80
biselataztm eee ok te 105, 283 circe wien c/s Bee nleie aie ejeie'e ele ele eee vette oae nec Ee 114
bistrigella Wee AR er eet ee Se 131 citraria wt eceeceeceecescesccsccesscseccecsesecces 96
Bigalecliane vr es Seen eats 9) 135 Clava So eee 108
blandiatas. a 1S erters NYT ieticiahy 147 CIEOPAtrA........seesseeeseeesseseeeeeeeeeeens 7
Boeticuss ae ee eee 153, 171 f 218 climene sfofoleletaleloteialeleiclctolotsloielelelelereteleieietstotsteleisieisinieeiate 79
bonuetellam tite cdsakc os tecosasonocneec ae 283 CHIMEOME «....2..1..4seeseeeseeeeeeeeeees 136, 283
brassicae eee 10, 90, 100, 169, 197, 251 cnicana p000000NDI0000DNDDD DOO DODDDOONdONSDONNN 108
DESeiSy sis Mets: Sena ee RON 82 CoPIBUUMD: 5.4 rnin ee the sesiet tae s eee 279
Distannica Me VeO Aes. L Ree RR 108 COELESHONUS .........s sees eeeeeet reese tetas, 78
brockecllaeas Ase iayecken. cose 107 COZENS! cosodenucoeazauces sas oso22220022 37, 283
brumatare socntecnss. Ue 2a) eee 303 Colias 600000000000000006000000000000080000999900 86
DTN estat om Wear Pete eee ak 37, 116 Colotis pdd00DDDDDODDDDD OOD DDDDNDONDDOOI0S000000" 39
Brumnnichiella, 33n.5. sees te atoeeemen ee 134 COMATIAN Ae ib: 78 Posrekrccheraeemeameenae 138
buleanicay cesses tact sonst ecstl asad Loe 80 Com eae 70, 108
Bitlet sae ee ats he 87 OLN NE grantee COE Ab AIGI08 9022 Uo
compunctellay.ccs5.6-c78 este ener 107, 133

CONCINNALAN. 05.9256. sons ee eee 283, 284

C coneressariella ic: 0.5: 5csicctos0s oe peeeeee 136

CaGVNCUS eee teers tis tae crete eee 250 consobrinalis:::2:3.ccccsacsacanese ee eeee nee 140
CA ails. sec ese eaee. Seoee habe os 73, 100, 173 CONSOMATIA SE: i i snccone cree 195, 235
Cal buns FAC eee eee cose aan 103, 197 contaminella’....3..:.0:.2.4205:.5 cate seeeeee 70
caledoniana: 52. -25 5c nose eoteeoae 109 COMP PUA 5 oe eeiee occa ene eee 235
Camilla serene a). ee Ree: 224, 258 continuellace ine eee 131, 243
CAMA ee Eos oe cs enoeheuehe 108 Convolvulit esses 143, 167, 220, 305
CANGENS eee eea eons ccc: eae eee 80 CONWaAS ANA. nc. aceeene sere eA eeeee eee 108
CAROON ANIA Le, cia. essschcmhenac sees 175 CONGIQETA! oiejscecuileas owns se saece are eee rene 37
CALGAM MES) 0-3 sep weates eee accra 193, 197 CORMMA yo: 336o3 con na ahh cake cere eee eee 33
CanGitellat Waseca caste einer see ee eee 135 CORY soe 52 vasctigagashacescesecs court eee 108

CAnCUie crc cece 78, 87, 96, 155, 168, 197 CRASSA is 450 oan cea eee 153, 221

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CHALACCE Aveo sn entoMe eses pans bueenesees cons 283
CTEIAGOT oh) Barco Beye nee See eee reat 80, 253
CHEM ALAM nos ote acta nab eube eose eae ee 108
CREPUSCUIATHI Ac sehowscvlonoccsenswase teen 108
STG S CAEN AW eyes ie tooo lavsTolerbisianerersiavonetckosls SEE 118
ETO CCAD Olt eter tatosarclovepolayer-raiciayassiesoree ei eee 236
GENOCEUSH eee «,<5:cineoaciemris cetera 78, 114, 154
CHOCSIIS Ry cieitocierielerteiewinnmcaemte ene 199
CUT CIO GMS a oecesie,sio.s oieiseinrnos ommeeeee 236
TAN DPN IIe oo slsvorsincorsvororaieraia rave shart 183
CUTS AP Meroe iwwracienide scdeocaun tans 108, 243
CUIPNESSAl ames ecninekiodestermoroierls 84, 220, 302

D
GAT A Clase ss 5 shies bc.0 nels Maw ec BEN Ui
LUPO DIA Sis ses crasibernd headlands nnstcns MeL 82
Gap IGIC Cx sessns iaccunsionswascenle Gee 83, 218
GISAIITR VS) | Rs ee ae 8 os hs A 187
GLECSP EO TIA e Ne opis ciestewiadunarnivocmeninsenmadee 72
GECOLOREM Aisa erissiissisislorneisiekeroisis os ASE 113)9/
GECKEDICANIS Ae casei ates socriesemsddeorcen 140
LOTIN ANIME IN Ale vac eseresese oiorsrsvorctororsisboloeisenioee 139
GEM OE O CUS cer) vaornsientereloianiviiosissn ate 207
GLSTINO LE LIS sjaseyarasavantorsictorotsrersiavcrctonnvanrars Ree ee 293
GEM ONIN AB Aer rk sont enamine kun crass ne 18
GeIMAIS PR sina do Misleccewases vee 70, 140, 188
GEMUATE Aeris Ne aslasan kisses MOR 183
GESCHUCII Aner somes sscuate hone teccika sme 136
Gest ona ay can s-pysoeeio da eto 108, 183
CO ETUNVENS Fe tee So ae nme ASK oon ANNA)
GONPAUDNG sc Boe Se DORR OE COR MERE Ma wea 236
GNU ES aresc ene Scene Ramen eee Rs 25 7
CHITA CA sists creche oct o 85, 214
LITIAT ATO All Bs oserdierescrarcrercrsiarererioisinrioO ae Nome 108
CISD ales ocenas a sutaessaenadetaciom 96, 254
GIS CATS etaeags es sonsitana asic anced BARRO 141
MET APE ZANTE yaar clon saerspeiesreceiion Sesame Meee 284
GIVERSAN Atanas saline aoe 138
GOGCCEA iene een Ee ee ee 135
DOGO AEA! aes cctcaiceisrmoisicoeuncacc MENON RSs 108
GOMOMCAL AL So eo scsi oicias-oneicedcinschaaee 2355
GOMESHI CAS ecdecacedeeheanscackceeec eee 193
MORVIAS 4s sees netianmasnis desea cose SEO 82
Gulbitellawceciecth ens. soc PATO 278
GIMITINS Bali aban eee a icra torasnciasre Saco ee 138
Gupomehe|ltiasceneckinchecnnsicces Pee 79, 82
VSO GE Aan casiincinenaamiaaakcaclianeuPede eee 75
E

COIS Aisas adaware orients oasaen ta ee eee 96
CCA Bt Nh 5 ahr ssrnpelecodsajeraseiert ais aa ee AAO 82, 83
Ekeb lad ell aiscie .ieiatassrestrcursttaeleto: See 107
ClOCAUAR ssicsiseswtias aera Nejc eee oo 36
elon eelhasscessei co saccsccssagosics eee 132
EMMbEDIZACPeNellae nase sae eee eee 107, 132

SUT Aape he 2. ciiereee a cwiniconcion ee 7

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BVeDIae see eee 86
CEOANC HS Re eee 78
ShIClANA 22 sacc8 ks oe 139
enxlebellass4tiesecscctstsetee eee 133
ESChe nb son tir rete se cee se U5 ts¥2
ESK OIG She cou annnst on Scere keane tae 134, 192
eCupltorbiaevAe.cccicsnee see eee 37
CUpPhFANOLsAtAlceisek se 207
evonyinellanet eee een 65, 153, 283
exclamatiomis......0.-. 20, 70, 85, 106, 108
CRIDER at tse Sarena te 146, 191, 223
eExSoletaisss seein aici sack 20, 183, 223
CXUCESAMIA ser aidsesiarsee ee 160, 235
EX GTI ANTS stone cise eee 217, 304

F

PAD RM CIAM Ai: a scicinsccotanadesenateencaceeeeeee 107
MAS ANIA es easly eee hoarse sists soils RO 214
AG Cll aerate doje cckrracecuckecenecceeeeeee 44, 283
hagiglandana, ssw ssacssnccsMeeere ee 107
falconipennellayece-n seuss ace eeeeee 132
PATINAISY osd.-i.caccscileisiemoneoene tee ee eee 70
PALIN OS Akisrctvascswscidicssancee Mee eee 77, 82
PATEREMES wisioriclecnd.ciotouh oeieinaiecen See eee 133
PAS CLAM A eiaccise iiss se cuGanenewceisouese eens 108
PASCIUIMICUIA, cecwedces cicckieew meceneenceeeeeen 108
PAWS PAHs. os cele desecinds oncclneate ene 293
PAA COLOR so ej5ie:010icscseucioioiainiorereisinioe Be 70
fenchawltella ..cccjccosccesocosnosen cancers 278
fEGhUSaliSiceeseececeeoee ee 108, 142, 158, 167,
191, 214, 302

HOTU ACA Go, .c.cicisnicterierciaelebece nem nine eee 200
PALO TATINTM ATH A io) ecses terse sereleieeieese ce eee 193
hiltpenGulae vera. o-eseceecsseceaceeee tere 75, 109
HINT LATS ca. isos idioielarcistocieis sos eee ae eee 75
HMMD EL ALAG socio bseiesieiscicione eee eee 108
HUTATGUTTVE LAS foissoc seveicsveiet assess e MeeRRRe 1372
LATINA es po aees cmecee een non eae EEen ree 214
PIATMIMEATS:. acct Mtancsccesdtones chet ceeeeee 223
Plane ay Te ooo ee aas cacieunnios oo ceeeteneee 153
flaminveali's:.oscmcsetwnsencccnecte eee earns 243
PAV ALIS eo. codsesdkcecens ae cmeesesae oan 140
PAW ICITNC tia, tceewiieoion ee esmcemnien ee eeee 167
PlaAWAG OFSANM Af is:1chccecwwewnecisecooeceeneee 139
FAVA. CIEBIS) j.ssij0.s1s; is niciocvaciee eieiocies See eReee 235
POSIACEALA sccnascisouvicacewanecaeoneeenreee 108
HMCOWA AR cso ccatee estes 108, 127, 282, 283
iL D; G2 eee rhe Se rs SARE Sane 235, 255
fOTMOSATIUS see ccs cacisnce sowie Cee eee 147
ROFStELEN AL. ie icicae cesesiaese sac Mee 133
FOUNTAINET. coccécwiecnisesacsccex dae Oeste 78
PE ACCLMAM A ois opie ioisisrereseisrerenie MORI ee 139
PE AKAM ALA, cia sia esiorc.ciciniciereierercioeienae ce eee 294
fitpAXATVES Ae, .0:c:20sssszosejesioierslateisielolarelevere eee ene 107
PATI oc ssereraicisieidseiioeseinsee See oes 171
frISCHEMAY BF ossiocecimasenceco teen 134

1V

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PUCTERORIMIS oenrc ste ceee te oe ees 196, 235, 253
(ial Dentin ae eee eeaeam econo maomsae sees 199
AMI PINTOS Ae sa-cee ete cence acca cmsace 20, 152
FU eae) Ie oe aereraconseantanaenmaaasseadsaos 283
HUNG ALAL Ae ene sna-cancionosss coast cote meneaater 193
MARC ee ee ee no aes coe sloseens Mergobac 20
PUTA GAT tacts cass Surana dando gas eaten alow 139
HES CONS essa saserce va ndacstaciocs dea sadiebieica tan 108
huscatellaiscasssscessuarcssseiwsaadmacoassue 131
MUSCEl la atts stittace a sssaco gsm secaaetins 132
NLISCESCEM Sh cenetectiran town aemcnn sebeeenen Ne 135
PUISCOCM PRE Ava cerssccnsdnecironiatosces argues 134
HUSCONEHULOSAssessscsrscscsasscecesecsacees 107

G
PaAltatame cas ecese eet cccno nen come tees seas 96
Palliiice.secen<cctaccaoecostesat as Re eeeee 220
PalMacescccceccicen 108, 142, 167, 214, 299
SEMMMAM As sca ceccsonceanocieunenetec ethene 139
SEMIMIPUNCtAses.c.cncsccs ses eecee eee nee 7285)
PWEMISCAC sence cncucnwenenacon ee ceee eee e ee 134
PTIWVACOMANE ts oe serene dasseces cee -ROREL Ee 138
plapratellass.-2iic.c cess seeesces scbeeeeee ee 133
PlAUCINEMA D.nnaccccccecceecanerer sede eeee 133
PIV IMICAeeaece encore eeeeecce cee ener Ree 296
PMOMMA pcatroccconccsoowcrocmcoes deca eteene 200
PoOcdantellarecica.ccccceaees.ceeeseeeee 282, 283
PONOdacCtylaccacccteoss norms ose eee eee 95
MOUNT CA saree cscs ceenecccuee meneame 20, 96
PT ACCA Nate at sajosaialeiatolelsinaielocwne Hoa eae eee 81
BEANE Ase cesses cence eee circ eects 131
PRISCALAG. scoeceneccea-raeenc neces hore 105, 214
QTISEIAY acroraclsiciormmpcenmaceisc cee eee eee 118
SRISCOlA. cepotsaccesweecmoeaotece Teen tee 20
PLOSSULATIACA nenicicaswarinls lew tanec 20, 144
ory phipennellaccsscc-cm-cs-cs-cceh eee eee OF
BY SSCIEMIE lA snanccmccncccaccecncoe enter ne 133
H

NASLAtApe ren aoe 17, 89, 235, 283
NaAWOrehii Ec coc ccoscc onc r eect 130
HECALE Rarer en eee 82
ME CEA ae een A csr inciawlaca TE ine 107
NeleM as oroscerecccnsceeceusecc Mame eee Vis, ths
hellenellag acasacseawvssonccinsosen tee 108
HEIVOl ay prsicterionicrescinisopreccnssc Rae eRe 168
ME DATICNAL seb P acc. oe nccwnse steele 133
Ne PANIC aes ccc. cenactsenonke cence aoe 235
ELS INUIT AL A i crrcrorsiteraravocroreierrcicleia OE 131
DIPPOLN OC yeccenccasceceddserwocandee ee ee 80
NISPIG AGI Av. a sl sch esos dhst oon OE ee 193
Hohenwantianalesmeceausescccco Beene oe 108
FAN A CO sites was aria sists atin dic sic wid sw EERO 87
HITS) aac tsmnecattomisiunactubic eee 134
HV DEG el a iaaiscicichrsatoarcBseiesioce ae 138

Hy PeranGusaa- eee 82, 108, 109, 282

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I
NCATUS:. ssccieeicnmsniccn nee stee 108, 109, 114, 168
IGS 0'as0i ocassss evn ece. cane ene ee 81
UHI. osc ois caincnee aeiccacience RE eee 40
ASM Ais. ojo sosarcsc.syscew doieie sls Ae ee 132
INIT AT IAL dan cscasmieccmeeneee 85, 105, 109, 214
immaculata A.p.......:...s0s00002005seeeeee 32.
MMMUNG AMA: «.5.s0:05c.ccusucsoremeneeseeeeeeeeee 283
TMIMUCALA,.......2.50000c0005s010 0c ee 85
i200) Nt ce Ween ee aMeE Een cnoGcootsodcce 44,214
MACANANA \ o6.c0.0¢. ie senses ese eee 283
IMACAPM ALES A... .5.5:s.e1e:o.:016.0.0010,02/000 Le 133
HIN COTA ccs ds0.515:0:5:5:0r0ioicie herd nes Ree 183
IMSecurellar .<cs.6%.ccb Secs cadeeeee eee Eee 290
INSUIATIA foo. oie 56)0:0:50:07015).056000 ee ee 175
INFERMANMAS,. 2. «:< caccinocawotcnseeeee CREE 139
IMterEN ella ® a. sesciacis.ctes cies e eee eee 129.2135
DPIEUT DALAL oie socc.c.0sc.0:0c0.sielsisieinessieisooe eee eee 236
Op ahas ccisenossi eee 96, 197, 198, 282
IPHIVENI1A .....'... 0. + <0.0 000 oe seeace ee eee eee 79
PSION =. .2-42-2% 199, 142, 165, 167, 191, 283
METS (oj: 20a ctacioptne Bhinc couse bene Meee C ee eEEEee 254, 266
TT TU QU ACA, eso sereisierDescinrcsersinaeriee eee eRe 235
TS OTEAN iE ojos0ie.0icdusituinssoloee eee eeee eee Eee 283

J
ACODACAE 5 5.,5,s:00:0;5 «1,500.0 sere 70, 305
FANCtHINAG......55.. 05. s<ceeencsasce seems 20
WAST SB oSiac\-ioisscisa soe acee eee eee 77, 207
JOSEPNINAE osn.e:.cciarsisseeesemeeemie eee eee eee 135
OLA sassisjeinweia NaineiscanemeccnE ee eereeeer eee eeeee 108
PUTA igo nial ois aierscssinsieleniee EEE EEE Eee EE REE EEEEe 218
JUNCICO] | Ac 5.3, ssisc.cis:s Sascicrosonee ee eeeeeeeee 169
FUMIP CAA ois ocscsnc.sisiowoeis ecieie iene ee REE 283
GILLEN O GL 2:5 cpeisirsieracisis ecssiccosioree eee EEE EEE eee 208
PUTO MIA’ 6, 0's:s:s;50; 00:00 nesleetinge eae eee 40
ITEM) .cs.ccienccoreceneeereeeee 4,10, 108, 249

L
laburnella i... cocci ssecncscwsensene eee eee 283
VACCCATID ooo: io.cs.c.e'e.c.jeje 0.01cie.0/0 010 01 108
lacteellas..cicicscescccsacusiesds bes eee oeeeee i377
TACUMAMNA, 6 <.0.0.06:5 5.50 none avisemeciekee eee eeeee 108
laevigatelll ais. ccisceiccsanccecreesceteeeteeeeneee 133
|EFlloiihoneecccseccaseces: 69, 76, 143, 167, 222
lamb della) oi iiio.c..cs ois se0soecnpeceeeeeee eee 135
TAM ES EIS Siaio:acicereterece sone ace eneeee 159, 236
langiella ...c2. 2206 soanesce cece cancer eeneeeree 137
lantanella oo. .cecccdeesseessssee seeeeeeneeee 132
lApPOMICA., « <.'26s.vecesn0> 2506 ene e ee eee 283
MATES SA cign as oc cession eet eee eee CEE enEe 77, 83
DASSOU AD iais.o5.ss0:ssaisisiicioiese crew oisie posse hen eee eee 134
WAGE ANA. 6.50.0 oi0:cc.5cc00 dco sie doses eee cee RC eee 193
LALMONIA 5, 55/scossscais sicsaseosse sence Renee 78, 151
LAtHONIeMUS, «.is.i:0.oncosane tence ee eee 108
lavatherde-casc.cecccercuscecee ce eee anes 80, 82

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| ESR TGR CUD ea hece AR aa tana setters expat 18
IGA CI ee erie nee 79, 81
LCAUIBICKIR tec ecte ce ese cee: 76, 118, 168
EC TEAYLE arses rere emir seiner ites 108
WWEDIGOCHTYSOPS.. css es eee ss scce eects 209
lepomlitdeermns soc astern ct ote oes 118,214
FEMA peMMellats nce nce csc cesses ne tesee. ce 132
femcatellamee cotce eter e ror te ccs tcn ceca 136
Fencoonapliderisctcrssceseetceeescee sects 235
leweoerraphiellariss. Sectels lc ccsee 42, 143
lemvenmn@ekellarn 2.0.05. ccecnceccccces cs 137
licheHedtenercn eater 76, 167
WemioramStsrttrt cee. cache ceec eset cee a eee 141
Hiemotecllatecetctcsstectonctccacercecet eres: SH
fim dtasatasmte etc conc ccescececrei one te 302
| INGEN hacs sescraelen eee aCe eee eer 192, 221
Hidecelliaverrer ttn cc creee tetas eee. 17,
Lintc@lagE Er ete estrone tierce 140
lithtaneyminellaycen-cc re. cccocecescscsecere ces 134
liphrodactylate ter. css eke scr seks woeere come 195
Wtonalispere the certo mec occ cocatenenss 106, 118
INCUROSE, AaneeanRReactneenassanAceememomeacca 135
lV GORING An oec cers s scat tec cesateree tee 1593)
USCS). espagratet cena a cee een einen ate Aree 244
| TOOTS see cescennenie eerpeeanere sania ean 9, 188
WOMOSTADMAtssce octets ceases. deceee sso <r 159
lOMICChaer eee re eee ye era cae US
Lopibynellaveececcsstetteee costs eteroccnece 137)
lONGYIerr teens seen 69, 142, 146, 191, 223
l@nauintandersnnr.st. freee ocak ceccwcuesn ee. 138
lu TCIpeGama--4--ccdcsnekereiee: 75, 106, 108
| UV SIAL veel eren cere Re cr Pie 285
uicittavrrercre arte te eats concen 253, 265
lWennaneerencc ict eee cete teen honncse tere ce 108
lurntttlaverreec ce ere e ener cence 171
MCCS INU Sys cegeoocnantoncenamncsasseneancesacmses 83
lfageae ere ee ee ree 134
teaertnen tater: cotnt tr eencr tee cretiiee 108
lnmteolatdeeccccecct.ccsttesecete 20, 108, 183
| RENE OUCI TD ese veeee ster aren ar eace atria arnt a 85
hnicomellarcc er cee eee 134
liMlentateers cc ces ec meee 96

M

Mra cHhAGMOISENerAatUS-sses esse seoeesee ee 218
MlaCWAGIAycce cet ee ee ene 109
Macdalenaeersseccee scene emacs 283
malttoltcllarstste te ee ee 132
IMAlineCllUSs cee eee oe eee ee 278
LOVE eseychegsers Seta scien GANS Pe Nelo 82, 83
Mlaneanitatac- ccc sces oe eroee oe 95, 108, 183
MALS AREAS tctec cote seer cree omnes 140
MAGMA Acts eee tee sete chon ener 108, 200
IMALIUIMMUS ect eee ctor cones eee 235
MEGICASIMNIS* tet. csctcrte cece coe toee ate 139

MCAUSA ete erecta tee ee 79, 81

Vv

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IMCVCRAer ee ee ee erase 105, 114, 167
MelANO Pa ec. oS sees eon 27
mellonellatstsssiasseeshiisssseee pence 140
WICH ICA Ss 6s dees Se Sei aise edlakaeeieees 108, 201
Mmenrcunellayr: ssksss.siss ee ee 166, 301
MIESSamnTe la sasec ca eccessohasasee ee eee ee 132
Metall abint Mires ssacerskndeaaosnocndesseree 1311
Mletaxellasarsfese2 soos esses esas asta s cee 131
NretrCwlOSalzesestich ese eee nee 20, 108, 142
MIChOSrAMManNay hee eee eee ee 139
Mmilhauserl <assnceee os Oe 76
HM lVipPennis}ssh2 4 srssesense-eecesseiee eee 134
MMVII. Fok oe rawetaes sod Soon dee. c ee 108
IMMUNITY seek esses ea tetes eee 137
mitniniellgr::secceees ete et dees sealers 131
IMMEMOS NCP assess aeaceseesceneaesnsceese 78, 81
TMNOMACH A ade rere Oooo eee 20
mOmiliferassy sezedss ashes cossenecdost se aeeoee 278
monodactyla zt Aeitshisti Mi RES 108
MONO Sy PM Assiies esses sce eessseSeseeee see 108
NIOMPAM a hess 55h s502 ies ees settee ae see ee 283
miontanata <sbi sen tec ees eee 108
MIO OSA jose dares oes os ee oes dadeae de 131
Morpho' hiss 245.65 26 s25s ovedecsssascees eee 181
mucronellus Ack) techinweske cece eee 282
mullinvellawnsrs es eee eR eee 136
MiuUltiSeriganias..ceessesc0s cesecaces beoee eee 303
mind ellarsaos so seccks x sdeee sess eee eee 136
MUTI Ata cd. eaeaededeee es ca eee ce eee eee ee 236
IMUSCendabaie-a-: cosas ssans doscderecdeaeae 69, 302
INUISCOSEll arene trade ness ee ee ere 136
TUES CUlOSa assoc rete ecu oneee cn ee cere 236
miyrtil amass ecestes cesses asaseacaeecceeeeeee 139
miyrtillellavsssesess28stecsessccecossecs eee 131

N

Mamatellag.wer cc cccncaemetactsacceesereren 135
TNA Meer Pree ects acacia cise sn See ceaeaaetnaae 82, 108
Nem One lla ee a cece cices ewes soccnece 133282
NEMOWMVAC AM eso <ceecciare pcmcia shee sesemce 283
TOT Met ces ser sek oes Giseno.s sae il
TCI O Sasser its, os cccrsise eee ca seeoawineiscere Gl aaeene 135
Ti lceepst SSE Row oc back soa sass 146, 172, 191, 224
Nie DWN Gis saes ese sus cons ace soe ae eee 141
TS AWA yap ates oie os 2d coin wjneietain’seresrateio seats 76
MIPMEMSCEMS Kojo ee alco icicles siesta seiat-iseelaeer 17
NiPFOPUNCtatach..cc.ccaceecsess-caeeeaacsese 302
TROD CN ecco oe GE eee 78
Nitentell ata. scsscsesases cas seideaaeee es eee 136
TUNER ANN Aeros are aiassrers sia ceiaci clonidine eee 282
noctwellayee.sse- see 36, 142, 157, 167, 191
NOGICOleM Ac escsse cence eee eceece 137, 278
NOCH AM oc otonee ee oon eee nen ee eee 713)5)
nubilalise ee eee Pd
TWP CAES toes secs Soros ac ees een eda oe ara 36, 96
hnylandricllass.222scesecsecscsccssses see seee 283
NYyMPlMaeAatarsecaes sare: cess sos se teeene sete 108

vi

Page
O
ODAUC tea enc eto. encrrnntieeeumemee 140
OWEliSCataks: <ssesasdesstessscssssavexc 183, 237
ODSCURAN ATES. 22s sete cide leaker ea 139
obscurepunctella coy, ceeece eins 134
ODSIGANS. 425 eosscns desc sesssesness shee 153, 224
ODStIpATAM ccc ce cneeasseetseetess 191, 220, 302
ODtUSaNla seis sewers oe 139
obumbratanascs..4. be. eee eee 139
OCCUIEDE sc35 sasrsetnee shes esesee 44, 221
OCEAN GH ih sires ces ncneenin wien eee remedies 183
ocellatellar reteset ceestlon eee 136
Oe SatE eek secs recneaeen 139, 147, 217
Oenlmanmiella: ss. . 6c2d.choses0.c00ees eee 283
OlERACC AMIN ic... scoot ieeseac ss oo eS 106
OMV ANAS F355 vaso ecclesia tionsncnnceneeeernere 138
QuOMATI Ae. see a hea ems ae aee sees 171
OOM os ossssnsdsssa donc ewe 234, 236
0) acd SCO CU GER AoE REAR Crine aot os 235
ORDIULS Re ood acsics se sakeseselcee 78, 82
Onpitellaw so ans cs Saccoase awa 134
ORDOM AM Pre ss. e sa odacdee cs Soene ee: 236
ONES CCS PR oes ois ssc cas sunnentataeeeee 82
OMGNAICEA ss) sseceectcccscecdedseccecs 143, 224
OnlentaliGy oe senso eos cae 78, 79, 82
OMG asso oa eins Soe ce sehen oer cee 293
Onmatellaet yoo. .50 5 cnawocenscacceeeeenee 141
OMMLOP USHA ee. 53 Secs soencsesceassacscle eee 118
OSUIN AM ioe choca sctatee cone co eee 172
OMONIANA 5 een Ssccoseeeeeccaest se eee 81
P

Pacdellaee ae von cise tee cecksscmee eee 283
DAIACTHONE 3. coho tescee. eee eenee 254, 266
palleaceastesiee iin. cae bisa asssnesnee sees 223
Palealispermmrye tt: ho to cacsaa ocsseeeoaceee 217
pPallenswer ees st tees Als} 1538}, Dia!
Dallidaee tt cee 243, 283, 284
palligatar Serratia anne esse ees 140
PallSGnisee SNe Ny Ase es oe sass Sere sere 189
palpellawyee eerste eee 4
[OPEL OY UT | Sayseniyrse te pera a RPM edie x met 20
palustranary... face. eo eee 138
Pamiplaliset tore h ce loses 108
DAMA OT Ae sharks ok rk ey seuss! 33, 81, 83
Paphiarec see eee 31, 96, 224
Pampnetellavre sso otee cece ee ee 136
Daiderrte cee eee eeeeauce cree eee 224
paupercllam Wess etter eae eee: 136
PAVOMIAR cc orcsacceccesom heer ee eseee 108
PectiNataniac.. a wvcculeacnscee <eoeeeeee 108
pelicll artnet sccccupnanscscucwuslacenicc 136
PClOD IER as ace Gesssecahcoui sacks oeee comer 78
DOMMIS Cnr seek acini eet ae 191, 224
penaulanias....5: 5552255 sci sswcacsseaet 106, 236

Page
perlucidalis.....:..52.0.ceaooeseoeeeeeeee 140, 217
PELASIIS....« ois sia5c05.s vs wainainswek eee eee eee 152
petavenel la sari soec.s concn saeeee eee 139, 283
phiacellla ... ..0...5c.ienieonconne- eee een eeeneee 135
|e 01s eee OK BARNS Ra bidiac sadcoc 87
PMlacAStee co.cc eae ses 105, 114, 167, 197, 282
phiaeasiabschimidtit\..5..--ssee see eee 301
[0] )1C (10) eer enn eR EE EE i lac 80
phragmitellus......2.0.5.40ssessseee eee 139
Phwygamell a oi cic:c' sss caciesree scree REPRE DEERE 44
PICAECPENINS. ....55.0:.,.500.05 600002 oe eee 137
PICRCS las 8s no. o.cisia.00 connec ee ERE EEE 138
O12 (eo | Eee me eRERNaae Eb Ge Gocobcocsonceo- 132
Di Gihadesse-. Mes sccwasawecoeae aber eereeen 236, 283
PUL OS ATMA a5 wise secs oesiees Sone Ree eee 193
pimpinellatay..3...c...cceccees eect eeeeeereee 236
pinguinalish. .......2..5-c.-scecsee Seer eenee 140
DIMI ctaies ii. secu sownaes SAE eee 153, 218
PUMATIA 60.0.0 osc 0nacc0s ooo ce eee 108
PIMIPETGO As. « 6-5.000.05 sveeesss cose eeer eee EEREr Ee 96
PINIVORANA 3... ..s4ees08-bee eee Cee 108, 139
PIS. ose. cioye ad ore Samco cisee tens see EERE 70, 108
Plebej ana isos: ...ceccseciencee see ee eee eeeee 184
DIECHA na: senate cos case eee ee eee 20, 108
DICXID DUS ..05 css osews oo sec eee eeer eee eeneee 218
plumbell o.2.5.c.s02.eckensses eee eeeee eens 133
pPlumbeolata is... s02 cee. necee ce eee eee reer 236
Poecilmitis......s.<:cse0-sss00sesn eee neeeeee 209
polychloOnosy. cs ssceses 78, 83, 253, 265
POlycomMata. «.2:....eccese coum eeeeeEeeee 236
poly dectalltSx:,<s05005..0sccunsqoes cee eeeeeee 140
polygonalis.. ec --ce eee 140, 153, 217
POP UWlAN Bios: 05: sse/-towreecsnunieenee eee eee 282
POPU Cthessere cis reressiisioe.siosisnee eee ROR 235
populetorum: ....2:..0455.00-e eee 132
POPU s. ..5isccs0de.saeciewesen eee enenene 108
PORALA vn cccceccscbcessccse ss case eee eee CEE EEee 95
POPPHYINA ».:..0.05,00ssseaeqosemcnee eee eeEeeee 127
POSH CANA. sees sos cacdeo conten ee beeen EE Eee 139
POStWittana:... .cecccsceseacnecee 9, 73, 118, 167
POCALOMA «0. .22.. s+0:01 05 50 some soenhe eee epee 85
POFENHNTAES 0.5. cccscisied cass sanscee eee meee 134
joX01 12) 0) een eer Aner ene NAD ABriddNacoidnosocse 131
PRE CS rented brationas sisi ace suelo sec omeee none neee 2
proboscidals «52.0% :.clsceeestee secre 106, 108
PEOCETEllaixs: 55 céseccsaeneciesec cee eC eeneeeeee 135
DEOCESSIONECA + ...5. 4.56 <ccacracnee 84, 153, 221
PROMMISSA) os scisrcme-seisascaveseosee sae eeee 234, 236
PRONUD Alii. ssiscscealecmececncun seers 20, 108, 118
PRONUDANA! . 6.2)5,5::i0:00s 000s seceeee eee 138
PRUMi pete s-29- Bann casacacoaasacste 253, 2585205
PRUMAN .05cecsadine oacccanccenoe eee eens 108
pseudospretellaicss. s.ase-ceescueeeeeee 108, 135
DS Vighpssctorsf thers s/s cinsciafclssoeyciois asaya cies tere Gee 108
pulchellanaci.:.:.2.:0020cceen0scegeeeeeeeeeeee 9
pulchellata.2 sc... sonceeesesesoeaeee 108, 200

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UU CHT A. vesaec ceeds sare accedssceees 108, 153
PUIG ATIACS Bees o) cjocen snes saanicaretegun addons 133
PMUIRMERATH AG Scr testo nore cet cn cecetie dees aan. 127
PUEWCROSEl Ales. Seti ciscincieni-cacenirss seceaeens 130
PUMNCUMAC AGS. sos ccacnsne cust ncoseereaeutas 200
PUP PUATI Ar ..cckenacssathnenccweson ae 75,218
PUB RAIS ps. tSer. .2i5cte eames cies atanats sieeve 13)
PUSH CAs ctice. dara 07 nie ne nccame tenses 37, 213
PUTA ero sock a crinamastactncesesascsse eae 147
PORES eo a oes tcc cro see cicie nial ciniclalece waten ao athoISS 108
PIV OR GS Abas. sosistines ccneneea ceo. Oeitaneeetees 118
pyemmace law ease ssmcecchnacceatsaeasstiseent 133
PN LMIACONAN say se tase iarisdnsaexvesaneeeuees 172
EMIRICTUITEY Go geance seme itc cee pen arc 91
PL AOM ees. sae cos sec osdeccne oSninetackens 78, 79
PMMA AeA esac hicee a cuics Sara atoetelesoomoar's 90
[OME OG See Basa comme aermeanenen: nAaaner oe 167
PON LOS Asrrestisnksc hac tscteciaisis vais aie a vicletranersicebing 181
pynrhulipennella. -... 6.2: <.nces0sc00 134, 169

Q
QUAGMIMACUIAMA 25.06). o:5:0:010 00,05 000 reise eee 283
GUMS TC UTS ME cates atarayarsrazsnsnsoisinjois 5:0 sincnse wiaroin pelo
QUERCUS O85 ccciecachescceinws AS15292 5892601
Guinquegiuttella.ps.5.2c4..0-22.s000608 132, 283
R

HAMM ALIS Pyaaeeeiciets s asisssose dees siceas 140, 217
ABA Clement ste eerie Serene as biaeaues oem 108, 172
TEL OES Dt RRR oC tc ort te nee ee aera ome 80
ROCINCC Ar Necross steict aolatsvin'o's c.cinwtomiclsieien ween gett 33)
NEMA SS AiAaseetrrs er wcict atiassiscwnonne ae oaeee 108
REPANG AN Asses ermeracetienieeinscsasiebes cesses 283
HEDANG ALA cas shee erysdseat ck stenie neeisiacewatiens 108
mespren cell aan Meee oe etecncteconnene 131, 283
MERIC U at Ayre: see sisenete cad owe ciinok oes aaeaeeee 236
Rebel aw<...:= Mees Mis dato vesiek aisle 107, 283
REUS Abe: sa sse)sArcecineemrrs diacsisisesee cine Soaee en 236
(A nzIT Cle Sake oho een enene eee 77, 197
POCO ACtY lakes sehaccsaiisscie. ewelacosedoces 69
TMNHOMOPENSIScerwattoseaseciecossaacaoaseas 81, 83
BHOMIO OIG AL Acces ocresesicis/acrcein serene ees 108
Tem DOI dell aeaetc ysis sciences «ns dscmes 187/
Pletal ness meee ease cic ciacislolarsseaiels seesstasor 235
PDAS gloss ence eee eee een gates 147
TAVUATAS sc aiamcerietasom sapien a iiiae siesiaiseseaen 201
BO DERS OM acer ee ieee aioe iene t mans oeies 209
NODOLATIAY. wactemascaes ssa cenccences cose: 236
MObuUStellay. aes sostecs avast sacs: 32
oyna l hWaaereocoecdos cman osoenene 655675 117,,153
KOSACCAIN A yaprisere eastern sasseionosasekeuaess 138
KOSI ALES si cawree apres baron taunt cea 236
EOXEIAN A sca.a enerendeasade cio steteecn seen 77, 79
FULD 1D heen teenth atueassssoanikocisakebnine send 20
PUbIdata:s; asses certeetien ees eh eA eea sis: 236
RUDE Ayss a ieetiiaetteew tes .ccasuonay stands 107

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TUUDI GAN Ais «te a cee ede cteas ss isceumes ee Sse 283
Rubi Pinata -aG-es6sa nee 69, 153, 218
RUDI SIMOSANA yao hee nec aniinse au eee 139
MICHIANA Fhe. 8e 6 occa dincestoscen eee 138
Tudipenniellawistencccseseeaee 132, 201
TUM CIS ec AC ioe ees oa cs da a 108
TU ANTE 25 «3 Ai ocias oaeree oc aE 20
MUTESERAN A Aayesweaneeeasecice aceuelcacinemee 138
BUCA eras 5 assed canseeeesaeeene eee 129
THUIEHNUS: 5 bape eens oe coos, eee tatc er eee 81

S

SacGhatials....25. 146, 147, 153, 158, 184, 218
Sallbiana Cites oes. oot Ss oo econo eee 141
Salaciea escna.cidtescos assoc aclbakice ese 283
SAlICA tars eet 2 Beane o/c tah ccc EEE nS
Salicellay sccsnctumacsae scat eee 138
SOSA CIS Ass ceectehate cies ceria ae ee 283
Salo picllan ds. sostetasenncic vee ves condense 30
Samad ENSIS-ewesss pee sk siaccisans eee 135
SAMIDUCAMA:« 1053.4 doc seston cooosscen eee 43, 70
Sammi atell a nels seespca sotso essere as eee 131
SAN Oe. ons cx tortor sser eides viorsrmnattmancieseeee 130
SAMO WINANS oss ctontets wiosna sz oe ec eee 140
Sarcithellay ecerssen .:scccesasoc cous ceoettectes 108
SAUCIA. rresateathscvacsacsbocms. 143, 156, 167
SARICOlLA Per eetietirts. csaeedstameseeaa meee 141
SaxiColellavmsta esc osicc scones ees saeenae 134
Schallenian ann tissc.3 occ ccos cates comssedatar 138
SCHOENICOlE Aree eased oscceicts sop htseeee 283
Schutzeellawngenet ti selees<cceedeesecsteteans 140
ScOpaniell asses. 255. shoncaseussacacaeeeeee 132
SCOROG OMIA Seemeits oo 0 Sor sivasaacen sce soe 136
SERCH MM rsemssa ssc seee sib occ esew soos sictetene 106
SEHEStedI aN aM aya ciasnnes 5 scciroseiosne eee 132
SCLSH Cee oes Seas corte cx arderysliieisistiit aicihs aciolerene 108
Semel Os cas ce eee eee ao sonceucacieak teens ALT)
semblateliay.csaeroasttaciessenincac caesar 196
Semifwlhvell averse acne wcasecaeeeeees 283
Seminubellayxs.het-c et ease saccess scat 70
SCNECION AN Beers seeecien ios c ces ssc see 138
Semectel laters cen Meee carsnvic ss onscreen 136
S@NGHES SSP). sssicn ence tactee ean = osae soca eeoee 82
Senticetellanrns.. 252 ee ccuccncssacacnseteaaet 136
sentembrellat acceso. accssccacccs aeceeer 131
SORCM ree seks ose sce rica se penne 131, 243
Sehen aan mal. seeps sss acacia 141
SOM at ass. eerste occas aes eunenameseeee 214
SeniCatavs.. sa eereisciass 84, 153, 223, 302
SCHIC@ AIS ase sc cxssctc doxosnaantenameeee 108
Sennratell a accu sscoreRedesisint geechas cameo 134
Setmatul dessa. sccocccocts onsen eee eee 78
S@xmubtel ay saerperst ace ws alelcies gales sadccmecebies 136
ShephereGan a gecncesscenanve sacnten sucess 138
SIMAG eras. sos alse hasnt eee 79

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Stivellasreteecss iti neste stots ree 243
Surreal ae eee Eee eee 140
STITMT SHEE eater ean ts conn en 70, 71, 105
dijo ORIG wes ne eee ea AMAR an 139
Simp lictellawsss esis oss chee eee 107, 118
GUTAV LE AES eae, et eee eae eee 2355255
SilarapGaniass:c2esncccccesse eee cee eee gil
SOC Tania teens iaecetetenadeceieeeee 235
SOR biel areas ee Seances ase ee See ee 133
SORGET SARS AN ISI EAST IE ae ES 08 EN 108
SOUORCUI A ya cecoskineceent scents ames 236, 251
SPAGICCATIA = .ccsuscccese ase tes sat tere 200, 283
SHaMMlannetlaasens.aascosss eo eae ee 130
SCAM AaaMnes es amer Neca ee eae eRen ea aeee eee 284
SEAL CESARE a OAL AR ER Ane eee ee 235
stellatarum......... 102, 143, 156, 168, 185,

191, 238
SSD OG ya teaein sce ae aaeoe seria enc accena 286
SELCLLC ALIS MA eee ae ees DAG
Sitmatipenniellassssccssssaet tee eee 134
Shiva amsssss aes sai ere rind yee ior eee 235
SOTO Sennen race seas etaa teens 108
USE LEAL el capt eee aenaatae dean terecenerea a 2352 5i)
Sto GinsSellatecsrsenrressasaie sor ae es 129, 137
Seb eaSele lates sass nee sete ena Rien «ieee nee 133
SUDMISC Ane tren rea Nena a mere 118
SUDMUSEAtAMT ANIA Ch OR Tee eae eee 108
Sub MaStatanrti nierws cael enna oles ee! 17
SUBIUISERES eAHyAa tant (awess in adeanas somencees Enns 235
SUITS El aAssenA ata sntsac concer meee eee 134
SubOcellan aud irri ehitid rants Biheree 108
SVEIISSOMIs saa eeen ne ene eshte Ss aeene ee 131
SVM APAREAS oA thee sae ent h Aner sre a se wel eee 108
SyivicOlanialss-ss7scsssaceesssee en ee eee 139
SVMS ATI AM I SII AS IERIE 43, 73, 118

T

(aeinidtasanteers Saks ae te skys Rea 243
CAR ESMRE mR sas esses eeaeee Sea sane 108
Matochilar scene eaten 86
ede liatterrstsosselsascsccancasansdaees 108, 109
LEMME T Aras ices dahon sae een eens 159
tenebrell amy tie. nee 136
termamellarcsis2 21552555" 671695155157 4153
LEStislAlisne nes siseseess esse sIS AGzISS = li)
CHAS Siar enya e eas Net ge ep anees S88) 108, 248
thenmellarers see eee 189
{HEESAMIONES Foss 2s tees eels nen yes bees seen 79
CHEESICESIME ER ee eS Se eee 79
BUTE V2) a5. nathan Ne later Mee tine ooh ein ae Rg Sot 90
tithonustabmalbidanaiecess eee eee 300
CILVAISER ha ae TTa EA eae 236
[RAD CALS AM tas) ae rh teks CNS 944.0 5s eee 75
CRAVE ZINA asa olOeee 252
Ee rl anes fe toca se Aes ttn Gn ere a4 20, 200
trianculinie eres eee eee 283

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trideNns eons eee 17
trimaculaniasit rere eee 108
tPIMMEM Toe coo e tes nee eee eee eee 207
tripUMctariahcs. tse. se 49, 87, 184, 303
triseniatella eee eee 134
PRISTON ANIA Seri ohie ae otaee cose eeeroee 236
[HD d fe chien ea AeA ee ei 5 5502 80
[6 gt 0 uaa ain ain era erm ary Set om coc 236
tulliarr ee ere eee 109
tussilaginis. oc. 136
typRaeet isso: LoS Oe Seine eee eerie 76

U

ulintariae eee eee eee 131
WItIMVAr a) eos roa cee eee 294
ultinvell a re eee eee eee 135
UlysseSn cc rencee cence cer net coe nec eee EeEe 181
umbrosellaee ee eee eee 136
unangulatarsi2: 0s ego eosne nee eeeee 76
uneula 2 eee 235
UNGAlIS) eee r eee 140, 146, 153, 217
UNGulanae ee este eas eee eee ee 108
unicolorellatry ge eee ere eee 135
UNVOMAISE ee eee eee ee 20, 142, 146, 184, 217
WMP UNTEtaAeeeree seer 36, 76, 142, 146, 153,
1575 674222

Una ee eee 244
ULWCAC ee eee renee 197, 198
wstalellay re Se eee 137
WStulangy eee eee 138
Wtorre lla ee eee ase eee eee 135

Vv

valesinataby’ (iseetiiie itt eee 31
Vanlatellasi72 3 eee 131
VAMC Palla.cccsccc.ceesaer ceo eee eee eereeee 283
vaniegata aby {2cu tii ie eee. neseeeeeere 160
Vata a ene eae are t eeeeeeee 38, 159
vectisana’... SA eee 137
VEIRAt ares eo eee cocina nem erotar 108, 296
VETSICOLOE erin eee eee 69
VETSICOlOLA eee eee eee 255
VELL Calis renee 140
Vetilatay eee re eee 235
VICKaN a en ee eae eee neers 79
VIULTTIVALTS eee een ere 96
Vite lla eis tea ei Shot See Oe eee 137
VINA estar ee tee ae 76, 296
ViOlACE Air eee ee eree 134
VIE@ACAN coos aoe eces ober eae eee eeee Eee 96
VILGAUT ECAC Se scecccc ener ote eee eee eee 80
VILIG aT are eee ee ree eee 108
Vitellitamer ett eect eee 76, 184, 222

yulgamayrtcres at ateeeeee cosmos ase anne eer 108

Page
Ww
BUAICMSIS AD ccs rraccnstee te eens 195
WiealD UTS Sasscccce ese eee 74, 253, 261
WHIKGIRAY y.Gertoneeaeet tees ee ocean ae 135
xX
MAMt HO Sapa eer. \secco se detlnioeacee res 118
RAMP OMNIS CAM... von neceeeheee eee eeeoeeaes 167
My lOSteliaiestsacosscsansset eee ee 146, 158
ye
WS AUN AR Aerie) catch ic earshot toe ae Soe eee 135
Z
Al (ial Pla 5 Vela eA een Aa RBA Sa RR aay ees S77
ZINCKENEl Arar. .ncswe eter ek 53
AREANEAE
Araneasexpunctatascn...cieaieessee eee eT
Gis ORSiMliSssseaeccees nade Meteors ten wec tens 111
Sesestia MOReHtiNat:22:2cc-2- seeset teens 111
COLEOPTERA
INbracus: SlIODOSUS:..sseermec esses eee eee 170
Acupalpus Drunnipes:....cc.s0s sees ee 305
FNCHIGIANUS eee, esse eee 170
Adalia bipunctata = .2..00 32 5...000600- 23, 164
ANGEEUS POPUINE USHA een ee teens oe eee ee 186
Agathidium laevegatum .................. 198
Agonum mMarginatuMm es .....3...52..5-. 170
AMWASVerUS ad Venacicancsstec steerer tence: 170
Aleocharabilineata ss ©. coe2t a seeee oes 22
binOfata®escssccsnesscee 225227
bipustulatatee 25 4 Pipes \y AAT
brunGiniraeey ese 230
Pauxillaees. AE 230
pustulatareee es. Bees 229
VErNan eee eee D25 227231
Aloconota gregarial:iaeten eos eske 170
Ampedus balteatus2.s2:25: eee eset see 121
Cardinalise 2. eae 121
cinnabarinus seen 122
NIQEHHIMMIS 2 see ee ee 126
NISKIMUS Hse eee Re ae 126
pomonacs eee. SoS: jan
Pracustust.J200- eee eee: 122
quercicola. 222302 Soe S 121
PUPIPENMISte ee Mae os .cecee 122
SANIGUINECUS rece e ces Sacco soars 123
Anaglyptus mysticuS =... -o.-0 ene eee 112
mysticus v. albofasciatus..112
Anistoma orbicularis...................00. 291

Page

Anotylus complanatus......... oh RS 169
INUStUS Sees Bese ..cctoccee 170
teLnacaninatuseseerees «0-6e-r 295
Anthicus floralissasess2e we. eee 170
tobiaswtenwaei Mice 303
Aphodiusiobliteratus t3eyeerse.secacese 169
NUAIPE™S a2. SIS Ese 20
Sphacelatus Gc ees-csecscaer 169

A PIOMERVi2 ae A eek onan 45
UPCICAGIIM ah: cau esas ee ee 248
Athopalus2sscG ae een oe 267
Arhopalus mustieusms-wess-sseeee ee nee 55)
CLISHISIS Fo sccrannet et eee. 55, 56

ATO MMA. is, ceases ee eeasna ose Oo 267
Aromia:moscehatay ...s.cseenctteree eee Pap
moschata v. cuprata............. DA
moschata v. nigrocyanea....... 271
moschata v. versicolorea....... 271
Asaphidionicurtum: .jc.c-.ecess0: eee 197
fLAVIPESHsss... Fw se cco 197
ASEM INE sc SI eS LE eee 55
ASEMUNL SEMAtUIM coc-ss-besedae eee 55557
striatum ab. agreste............. 58
Atenus bimaculatusstessetasscccseeee ener 198
Athetaaternima ss: .sc:<noncSeeeneeeeneeeer 198
excellenszcercartee. Sa eeee 169
MINDIVOTARE TAA. ae 170
Harwoo dic sereeee os. haere 187
laticollis ses ckace eee 295

IQEC OMMIS AE eeaee ne seen 187
PUNCHICOMliS: eee wastseoceeemeaeee 46

OCEIS TT Vg oeo a 198
Atomanialewist:,.: Sake cscens 170, 295
Badistenianomalus 2 seeeshs <.<scceeneer 306
bipustulatuspeee%..--c-coscese 170
Bembidion femoratum.................... 170
MIMI Ree ooo oo-eercoreet 291
HOMMANNUME: =. .-scceer 292
PLOPEerans wisi e.Se 170
quadrimaculatum ........... 170
Bledius germanicus .................- 226, 292
Brachipterolus linariae ..................... 16
pulicaniulsHecsee hee 16
CalliGiniteaikcncseccassenescteee ee 161
Callidiumiviolaceum42::.20.--2--2 2s. 161
Caprochara:.22232k ie eee 227
Carabus aEVeNnsisyeee ce sevecensece.caenueee 214
clathratus...<:o20e2. Sao 214
eranulatusiareits. 2 214
TOMS cocci eee ee 214
nemoralis 262 seRsee neat 214

NCES asisie cvs PRR ORST. Beene 214
Carcinopsipumilio:. 259s cee 187
Carpelimus faveolatus ..................4. 292
halophilusiess 2022-eee 292

Carpophagus sexpustulatus ............... 88

Page
GCatops:tuliginOsusmeesess..2ie-c seas 170
PranGicollis, 2., HIPs. cased 170
MISTICATISAAS ERI eoeee- oe shee 170
Gercyonjbifenestratus a se54.s22eees seer 247
haemorrhoidalisi-o2..22..7. <2. 170
lhittoralis 2622 eee 292

IMANINUS:..5 ca POs soa ee 247
melanocephalussc2..-:......22- 170
LETMINALUSacheecasn-emen eee eee 170

{TL SES ition Re Ee eas cs whee 198
UnIPUNCclatUSs)..4:-<.245-ees. ee 170
Chaetocnema hortensis .................+. 169
Gisidentatuss. <Asnccsjact ee cwaeee-ceee er 179
fESTIVAIS vox ccicincmacistaesaemaccinMeeteee 177

PY IMACHS e---5--- eee ee eee eeee eee 7,
VESEIEUST SAE 33e. aS RE 177
Clambusipulbscens: 4.20 eaesee. 8 170
ClayigentestaceUs: 4 ei sues ses co ke 23
GlytUS ATIC Sica. c00 SSPE eee eee Pit
AnletiSw/..clOUctittean: ance o-ce ee 112

arietis v. medioniger.............. 12
Coccidula ruta .5.5:..Peeee See 198
Goccinellays=punctatare i222... 5-2 ce 63
Corticaniaimpressaceel sees 12
(COMICATIN ACS c5 wicesececdcette eee eee 11
Corticarina baranowskii ................... 11
biharensisweeeetre 26. i 14

blatchleyi sees .. 2... 2. 13

CATINILOMS, 22.5625 seco. a0 14
Cavicollisaeeae ts... 5-5 13

Clayae:s SOS ee. 3 2 13

COMM ALA cass tees sees: 14

fukiensis .;..2523 Seer: 13

hoegeil... See eee 12
kraussiietesarie sates 3S. 13
reidivessrsnet. eis. 12
Strandisseeeie ss secssssoendee 14
Subhuscaeseteet asses scccdna. 12
@ortinicaragibbosalteenen-c-0.--so2ce- 16
LNZONICA LES... 5i2522-55 eS. 14

@ossonus linearis.....e::2 eo eee 300
parallelepipedustys2e.5-) 22a. 300
(rataraca SUtUMAMS Uso: 222222222. cceeene 170
Cimocephalis?.:caccteoa-bitosboeeeteed eee 5
Cryptolestes fermugineuss:.22202-0-0.222- 295
Cryptopleurum minutum................. 170
subtilesc#ee8. See 303
Dinaracaaequatar.ieee eee ence nce n es 291
Dorcatoma chrysomelina................. 295
DyschiriusSalinis)......c0+seetes- 225. acne 292
Dytiscus,manpimalis 2) s2gMestt .c..0«-de5- 19
PlaterncOccinatis sicceccstee re ease ee 121
lythroptenus tresses eee ences 122
Encephalus complicans .................+. 170
Ephistemus globulus ....................+. 170

Epuraea unicolons st eee eee 295

Page
Exochomous quadripustulatus..... 235092
Gabrius pennatus. ..... ...-.<<-.6e) eee 295
splendidulus ....;...--.-peeee eee 291
Glischrochilus hortensis .................. 295
Gnathoncus bulyssoni <:--.--+-5-e-eseeeeee 187
Gnorimus variabilis: ..2..--ssesseee eee 126
GA CUI 5 sos sss, oasis 0s 5s See Ree 267
Gracilia minuta\....c3..-c--ccosereeeeee 239, 268
Gyninus MINUtUS ...2:..2.2...52--ee nee 64
Haplogiossa picipennis 32:-22-------2-eese 186
Harpalus schaubergerianus.............. 292
Hemicoelus nitidus <...)------e-essheee eee 274
Hylotrupes:.....ccc20555..2sse=- eee ee eee 267
Hylotrupes) bajulanuss--------eeeeee 56, 269
Kissister minimus .....:.-0<--2-seeee eee 292
Leiosoma deflexumi........----e--eeeee eee 170
eistusispinibarbis)..css..2se-eeeeeeeeeeeeee 170
Keptacinus batychrus:.-.-.----:---- eee 289
INtenmedius -e-s-seeeee eee 289
PUSINWS! AS. osc -2c-nse-eeeeee 289
Leptura livida.......csctseseee eee 304
PUDTA ..0.0:0)00:5..ds54s ces ee eee 55
Lestera heeri.......:.s.03seeeeeeee eee eee 198
leathocharis ochracea...--- -.-eeeeeeee cere 170
Longitarsis absymthiii., 2 -:.--5-eeeeee eee 24
Lygisopterus sanguineus.................. 111
Malacius bipustulatus ..................000 60
Meligethes aeneus -.>. s-ee-4-e-ee ee eeeeee 295
Molorchus ....:::..sse=<:nec525-Seeeoe eee 239
Molorchus minOtennen oes eee 240
umbellatanuim-seseees eee 240
Monotoma londicollis..................... 295
Mordellistena nanuloides .................. 24
parvulasaiccs. ae 24
Mycetaea hirta’.<.s:... mere esas eee 170
Myrmechixenus vaporariorum.......... 303
INathirius..:..42c5-nceeee eee eeeee 239, 268
Nathrius brevipenmis::<.s-:22:.-.-.----2-5 239
Nossidium pilosellum ..................... 170
Notiophilus biguttatus .................... 170
Ochthebius auriculatus ................... 198
Odacantha melanura.=eese---- eee ee 306
Omalium oxyacanthaer-s-2e-- oe 170
Onthophilus striatuss.-se--:-ee+--eeeeeeeee 170
Orthopterus mundus Seseeeeee eee eee 88
OFryCtes NASICONNIS 3354 seeceassee see 76
Oxytelus laqueatus ----se-e-ss- ose eee 169
Paromalus flavicormiSm-cc:seessn.-0=- eee 295
Peranus bimaculatusy--2.c--eseee--- eee 170
Phacophallus trcolotascasces- eee ee 303
Philonthus atratus .cte-eesssee- eee 242
GiscOideuSzysesteees- oa eee 170
longicornistes-a-ee-.-e- 169, 170
Phyllotreta nignipesiz-n:s---e5-e-eereeeeeee 170
Phymatodes\testaceus--ess-ee-2 eer 163, 268
Poecilium alni..:... .ciendsosiebon, doraeeeeee 164

Page Page

Popillia pulchrips Sreteletatetoletetatetefaterslsteteleteicielslelere 280 HYMENOPTERA
Ptenidium fuscicorne Lea screen patra 198 Amauronematus trautmannin........... 288
pusillUM...........0..eeeeeeeees 170 Aspidogonus diversicormis ............... WP
Pyrrhidium sanguineum.................. 162 /- NEMS TOONS TOW TENIO Seats ddddBosodenoesaddouser 60
@mediws! Crwentus.s. 5-01 soc wectcuais sees 170 sculpturatus ......--.....e00+- 60
FUMALUS ...-----eeeeeee eee eeeeeee es 170 Bac acisidissimiilis: way asat seen ee eee 59
MesOMeliNus ..........+.0eeeee0e- 170 BrAacOmtrunconumess secre eee ae 162
molochinus poconprsoocsopeuaoneDeS 170 Gaenocryptus minatOLr-ssisc.2e. eee wee oe 270
NEMOFALIS ..........0-0eeeeeeeeeeee 170 Chasmias mutatomnusy.e--scoscsee esses 56
pallipes ....... sees eseeeeeeeeeeeeees 292 Cheiropachys colon ...........0666. 162, 163
schmatzmayfi ........--.++++++++- 169 Claustopyeasaubeniesvert...c2-0/ eee 60
Rhagium bifasciatus .............++00000+++- 58 Cleonymus depressuS.............0s000085 240
RH agOnica fUlValcoscsccsace ste eesoeeeeseeees 304 Coelobracon caligatus ......::.0:00ccccseee- 59
Rupgilus orbiculatus:...... 22-2... 170, 292 denigrator, .....5-.. 25 59
Scaphisoma agaricinum .................. 116 initialOne eee 58, 59, 60
ASSIMMLE ascent: 116 TCeGT sy eee ee 56, 60
Doleti............eceeeeeeeeeees 116 Coleocentrus caligatus.............. 161, 163
Sciodrepoides fumata ............++++44++- 187 Giyiptusidianacs ise eee 270
SEV CMACMUS GUTS: << cmccen- emcees soeeene 88 SATO eS ee 270
Staphylinus melanarius ................... 170 Deuteroxorides albitarsus................ Dil
SEEMS) OGUTIMTP ES ya50 sis els a sisi i-toisisiicie'=t 170 Collarigeer ee 59, 60
CERISE) cosgeeceoada2 Bee 9S6S0S 00000900 292 DIDTACHYS CAVUS cen: -ninacc nome nwsecccece 162
FUSCICOIMIS «...-----eeeeeeeeeeeeseees 169 Dineuta testaceipesisns..sae.ee sees 288
| WIND) soopecosocecnrocsocsasecoqaqconcee 198 ID OLERUSTANUICUSTso cee cerccs cece er ore 287
THAG NITINS QTE TANG Saposeandosseeseeecensadcs 295 bimaculatus’. seo ee 287
MCEROPIUTM eee sce ssc etecm ee ncseiacer as 267 BESSHLELI ee we ccc 287
Metroplumlcastaneum 25220... 56c-.-- 666+ 59 MegapteruS ...........000000000e 287
castaneum ab. fulcratum ....60 VUKONEMSISis.ajc-ce eee eee 287
gabrieli................- 55, 59, 60 Doryctesigallicus t-nss1--s5-0+ see 162, 163
Thanasimus formicarius .................5. 60 leucogaster............ 59, 163, 270
TMM OGES MITCUS: co eececieesescicsscieieiocier «ome 186 mutillator ........cccccceceeeee 59, 60
SU TTTOP My MTS - eees ae orssesceiccriass asses 26 Obliteratus .......ceccececesees 59, 60
Trinophylum cribratum ............163, 267 Striatellluse se aeeesaseee ce see: 161
AlitiplaxcACNG ar. .ece-ceccacesceessaeinonsssse 248 Dromius quadrinotatus.................+ 291
Typhaea stercorea................se0eeeee 295 Echthrus reluctator ..............00cc000000 163
Entomostethus gagathinus............... 288
DIPTERA Ephialtesraciculatusmacn-cscc-ce = ecaeenee 60
Billaea triangeuliferatc--ces-.sesscse- 5-5 162 manifestor.......... 161, 163, 270
Cephenemyia auribarbis.................. 201 MESOCENEIUS ......ceceeeeee 60, 163
{LOMPE.....-eeeeeeeeeeeeeees 201 THeESSOLee eae 240, 271
Decachaetophora aeneipes............... 279 teNuiVeNtris ........cececeeeccee 163
Dilophussebrilissecss.cseecesas acest 10 tuberculatus........ 163, 270, 271
Ditomyia fasciata .................seeesee 190 EBuura testaceipes\s....00.00..0:0ssssceseee 288
Homoneura hospés ............--011000000 127 FOrmicastuiSCa..uccosssesses cece cece ee 97
TIM EA «.....1eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 127 fifa: eee 100, 268
Hy podenma Gianalis.cs.c- eect ace oir 202 SATVEINITIGA consocessoceccoenno: 97, 240
Mesaseliainitipesi-ccs tt. - emis -cncnnsistay sie S1/ Hanbigiamigra st ae ee 288
Riiny Mew Ul Gans). ac cere cw ereeeceseneuoas 162 elconlacquaton 1) iesceeesseseeese 59, 60
Sciophilaluteaiairs tcnscmesssck msec: 190 ATATIIALIC OLMIS acess eeoe ss ee 111
Stevenia umbraticalse-s-+--- se eeeeecc 161 CATATIATOL ae oe 161, 163
Gentaton 3.325 cteeseaceeae 59, 60, 161
EQUAtOR sans ccesee eee eeees 161
HEMIPTERA PUIG SH UIOT? socagennccd60s0050532000¢ 161
Temnostethus gracilis................secs0s: 21 fardatoniececo:catealt coer: 59, 163
PUSIIIUS......--seeeeeeeeeeee 21 Helcostizus/albator «22. -0--scee- eee 240

tiDialis .....-...eeeeeeeeeee 21 fphiaulaxetlavaton.-essseeeseeeeee eee 163

xii

Page

ApaiaulaxciavatOhers- aces cccccs ses ee nae seee 163
IpobracOn ODSCULIPennis....----.----¢-- 162
IschmOcerus MHCOnMS. .....ccc5-0. 06. 163, 271
TUSEICUSE setae. cesise octane Dil

Fe ASIUS AHEMUSKS.3; 5 <esaseosetesesecds—ss 24, 100
DEANE NS 2 52 scenes scenccepre eee 291

MAVUS kote eo acter. scstcmsaen 23, 24

MISER veces . rete Seebenses 57, 97, 291
Meptothoraxcacervorumsts..25s0 5225255052 97
INCERRUP CUS chs. Ae ee 97
Listrodromus nycthermerus ............. 120
Mesoleptusitoredo ayes Bee 59
WA VEIN CA x dianxeaest eee naee sad ha ecco neal 97
Miyrmica’ scabrinodisy2 3 soo scsssccecce5 20: 24
INCOdIpMHOMN' Sertifien sero eee nesses ce ose 287
Neoxorides niotens ..:.... 59, 111, 162, 163
Odontomeus appendiculatus.............. 56
DINECORUMT eeeeeee ae ee 56
OpilordOmeEStiCUs. occ ccasse cs asccees one eee 270
amiplilius balteatusy..cac.sesce rescence. 288
] SHOT SUI AM 0} SESS SS ea eee 288
Renthousi@ivinatOn s..5.2scessseecn 240, 271
HE CIATOR classe tess acters tae ss 271
SEPLEMCINCLORUSy. --.-e-660 5. «on 240

Pimipla henicolars.sa-csszasecaciaers.+ 2s 271
Poemianotatavescc:. aceeesickivs cs: 56, 58
Rolyengus lncigus 2a ...csesetee eee 100
Pontaniatubenculatazss: etieitesecsecess 287
Pteromalus bimaculatus.................. 163
Pyracmon austriacus....... 59, 60, 111, 271
JTC) (6 (Ue a 60
KOTIGITOFMIS Ts? .eeoese es 56, 162
KOFIGOIGES hee: esa eee JU hg cp
RaGinopimpla athascs-see ste 56, 59, 60

Page
brachilabris=722 59, 60
RHoptocentrus sic2533.52 cscs ee eee 270
Rhyssa persuiasonialy......-:--seeeeeeeeeeee 60
Rossomyrmex proformicarum .......... 100
Spathius exaraton ..-+..00--cesecesaeeeeeece 163
ferrupatuS::: 2. ssscccseceeeeeeeeee 163
FUDIGUS . 2522. cae eee 162, 164
Mapimoma erraticUm..: ass-ceeeeer cere eee 97
denthnredo olivaced’ 2... ..+c-e--eeeeeeer ener 288
Retramoriuny caespitunmie---e-eeeeeeeeeee 97
Vespa-crabro ...s5...-<.< 593533222 ee eee 168
Mipio nOmInatOL.....<..---450ee eee 240
Maphidnia.camelus....-2:432+s--e es eee 288
longicollisii-2.2528. Ses 274
Norides filifornmisss..24 eee 162, 163
AI PINALON sca Spee eee eee 56
IPM Pator se See eee 60
NIVEL Ss Pee 59, 240
praecatorius..... 59, 162, 163, 271
Xylonominus gracilicormis ............... 240
NEUROPTERA
Ghrysopa caltea’...2-: css see tee eee 67
PAV A’... 00500 bonnes scene eerie 67
Raphidia notata-:.-.c...c- seco ee reeeeeee 60
ORTHOPTERA
Chorthippus brunneuss.-sss--seeoee eee 39
VABANS 2 oie aceon eee 39
Euchorthippus pulvinatus ................. 39
Eorficulayauniculania.;.---+-seecseeeeeeeeee 60
Inis:Oratoria ce... . +-++atecenqsseenneeeereee 85
@edipoda caerulescens -2-.5--4--s-eeeeeeeee 39
Platycleis albopunctata..................... 39
TRICHOPTERA
WeEptoOcerus tineiOnmiS-s--e-eee eee MSS

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